Longitudinal changes in body weight of breastfeeding mothers in the first year after delivery and its relationship with human milk composition:a combined longitudinal and cross-sectional cohort study

Objective:Postpartum weight retention(PPWR)is a common problem among women after childbirth.The main objectives of this study are to understand the changes in body weight of breastfeeding mothers during long-term follow-up and preliminarily explore the relationship between maternal body weight and human milk composition,including macronutrients,leptin,and adiponectin.Methods:The study included a longitudinal cohort(122 mothers),and a cross-sectional cohort(37 mothers).The human milk,maternal weight,and dietary surveys were collected in the longitudinal cohort at different follow-up time points(1-14 days postpartum,2-4 months postpartum,5-7 months postpartum,and 12-17 months postpartum).The maternal body weight was analyzed using the responses in the survey questionnaires.A milk analyzer based on the mid-infrared spectroscopy(MIRS)was used to determine milk composition,and nutrition analysis software evaluated dietary intakes.In the cross-sectional cohort,participating mothers were asked to provide blood and human milk samples and pertinent information related to maternal body composition.Maternal body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA),while ELISA analyzed leptin and adiponectin in milk and serum.Results:At 5-7 months postpartum,the PPWR of breastfeeding mothers was(2.46±3.59)kg.At 12-17 months postpartum,the PPWR was(0.98±4.06)kg.PPWR was found to be negatively correlated with milk fat content within 14 days postpartum and positively correlated at 2-4 months postpartum.In addition,the maternal weight and body muscle mass were positively correlated with leptin and adiponectin in milk.Plasma leptin was positively correlated with the mother’s body weight,body mass index(BMI),FAT percentage,and body fat mass,while plasma adiponectin did not correlate with any parameter.The results also indicate that the PPWR did not correlate with leptin and adiponectin in plasma or milk.Conclusions:Breastfeeding mothers may retain considerable weight gain one year after delivery.Human milk composition may be related to changes in maternal body weight.Leptin and adiponectin in breast milk and leptin in plasma are associated with the maternal body composition.This study supports the notion that maternal nutritional status may affect offspring health through lactation,and future research should focus on exploring weight management of postpartum mothers.

3DT-CM: A Low-complexity Cross-matching Algorithm for Large Astronomical Catalogues Using 3d-tree Approach

Location-based cross-matching is a preprocessing step in astronomy that aims to identify records belonging to the same celestial body based on the angular distance formula. The traditional approach involves comparing each record in one catalog with every record in the other catalog, resulting in a one-to-one comparison with high computational complexity. To reduce the computational time, index partitioning methods are used to divide the sky into regions and perform local cross-matching. In addition, cross-matching algorithms have been adopted on highperformance architectures to improve their efficiency. But the index partitioning methods and computation architectures only increase the degree of parallelism, and cannot decrease the complexity of pairwise-based crossmatching algorithm itself. A better algorithm is needed to further improve the performance of cross-matching algorithm. In this paper, we propose a 3d-tree-based cross-matching algorithm that converts the angular distance formula into an equivalent 3dEuclidean distance and uses 3d-tree method to reduce the overall computational complexity and to avoid boundary issues. Furthermore, we demonstrate the superiority of the 3d-tree approach over the 2d-tree method and implement it using a multi-threading technique during both the construction and querying phases. We have experimentally evaluated the proposed 3d-tree cross-matching algorithm using publicly available catalog data. The results show that our algorithm applied on two 32-core CPUs achieves equivalent performance than previous experiments conducted on a six-node CPU-GPU cluster.

Sox2 enhances the tumorigenicity and chemoresistance of cancer stem-like cells derived from gastric cancer

Gastric cancer stem-like cells（GCSCs） have been identified to possess the ability of self-renewal and tumor initi-ation.However,the mechanisms involved remain largely unknown.Here,we isolated and characterized the GCSCs by side population（SP） sorting procedure and cultured sphere cells（SC） from human gastric cancer cell lines SGC-7901,BGC-823,MGC-803,HGC-27 and MKN-28.The sorting and culture assay revealed that SP cells proliferated in an asymmetric division manner.In addition,SP cells exhibited a higher potential of spheroid colony formation and greater drug resistance than non-SP cells（NSP）.Moreover,the SC were found with enhanced capabilities of drug resistance in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo.Sox2 mRNA and protein was highly and significantly overex-pressed in the SP cells and SC.Importantly,downregulation of Sox2 with siRNA obviously reduced spheroid colony formation and doxorubicin efflux,as well as increased apoptosis rate in sphere cells in vitro and suppressed tumori-genicity in vivo.These results suggest that both SP cells and cultured SC enrich with GCSCs and that Sox2 plays a pivotal role in sustaining stem cell properties and might be a potential target for gastric cancer therapy.

A MoS_2 nanocatalyst with surface-enriched active sites for the heterogeneous transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes

A highly efficient and reusable plane‐curved and interlayer‐expanded MoS2nanocatalyst with increased exposure of active sites was prepared.The catalyst was used for the heterogeneous hydrogen transfer reaction of nitroarenes with hydrazine monohydrate as a reductant under mild reaction conditions without pressure and base,which was different from other hydrogen transfer systems that require the presence of a base(e.g.,propan‐2‐ol/KOH).The sandwiching of carbon between the MoS2nanosheets increased the distance between the layers of MoS2and exposed more Mo sites,resulting in superior catalytic performance compared with that of bulk MoS2catalyst.The active hydrogen(H*)generated from N2H4could directly transfer to the–NO2groups of nitrobenzene to form aniline followed by N2emission,which was confirmed by detecting the gas emission with mass spectrometry during the decomposition of hydrazine or the co‐existence of nitrobenzene and hydrazine.?2018,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Phosphate modified carbon nanotubes for oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane

Catalytic performance of phosphate-modified carbon nanotube（PoCNT） catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation（ODH） of n-butane has been systematically investigated. The Po CNT catalysts are characterized by SEM, TEM, XPS and TG techniques. We set the products selectivity as a function of butane conversion over various phosphate loading, and it is found that the PoCNT catalyst with the 0.8% phosphate weight loading（0.8PoCNT） exhibits the best catalytic performance. When the phosphate loading is higher than 0.8 wt%, the difference of catalytic activity among the PoCNT catalysts is neglectable. Consequently, the ODH of n-butane over the 0.8PoCNT catalyst is particularly discussed via changing the reaction conditions including reaction temperatures, residence time and n-butane/O;ratios. The interacting mechanism of phosphate with the oxygen functional groups on the CNT surface is also proposed.

Formulation strategies in immunotherapeutic pharmaceutical products

Development of immunologic-based biopharmaceutical products have strikingly increased in recent years and have made evident contributions to human health.Antibodies are the leading entity in immunotherapy,while chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapies are the advent of a novel strategy in this area.In order to enable antibody candidates or cells available as products,formulation is critical in terms of stabilize molecules or cells to achieve practical shelf life,storage and handling conditions.Here we provide a concise and contemporary review of ongoing formulation strategies and excipients used in approved antibodies and cellular therapeutic products.Excipients are categorized,and their function in formulations are discussed.

The levels of osteopontin in human milk of Chinese mothers and its associations with maternal body composition

Objective:This study explored the content and change trend of osteopontin(OPN)in breast milk and analyzed the relationship between OPN in breast milk and maternal body composition.Methods:Breast-feeding mothers were recruited in Xinhua Hospital to collect breast milk and provide pertinent information.The content of OPN in breast milk was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Determination of protein content in human milk was performed via the BCA method.The maternal body composition was determined by the bioelectrical impedance method.Serum glucocorticoid receptorα,adiponectin,insulin,and leptin were determined by ELISA.SPSS 25 was used for statistical analysis.Results:In the longitudinal cohort,106 mothers provided 318 milk samples at different lactation periods.The results indicate that the OPN showed dynamic changes.OPN levels were(343.2±163.5)mg/L during 1-14 days postpartum,(228.4±121.5)mg/L during 2-4 months postpartum,and(204.8±100.6)mg/L during 5-7 months postpartum.The content of OPN was very high in the first 1-14 days postpartum and then decreased.Compared with early postpartum milk,the OPN content of mature milk showed a significant relationship with maternal weight-related parameters.Additional body composition analysis was performed in 88 women at the mature milk phase.The results show that the OPN in milk is related to the mother’s body composition,especially the content of skeletal muscle mass,but not to relevant humoral factors.Conclusions:The levels of OPN in human milk of Chinese mothers showed dynamic changes with the extension of lactation time.The OPN in human milk was related to the mother’s body composition but not related to related humoral factors.

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural: A key intermediate for efficient biomass conversion

Biomass has been widely accepted as a ＂zero-emission＂ energy carrier to take place fossil fuels, while its catalytic conversion is still limited by low efficiency of carbon atoms. Biomass conversion via 5- hydroxymethylfurfural （HMF） as a platform chemical is highly attractive because almost all carbon atoms could he retained in the downstream chemicals under mild reaction conditions. Here we summarize recent fundamental researches and industrial progresses on all involved processes including biomass degradation to hexoses, HMF formation, hydrogenation and oxidation of HMF.

Diffusion of a Nonvolatile Fuel Spray in Swirl Flow

The diffusion of fuel spray in swirl flow is vital for the combustion of diesel engine,however,the researches on this is still mysterious due to the obstacles on direct investigations on a real engine.The research of intake swirl in engine at present normally use CFD simulation or based on data analysis of combustion and exhaust emission,the specific mixing process of fuel in swirl flow still not very clear.In this paper,a rapid compression machine(RCM)with an optical combustion chamber was established with the mean compression velocity of 7.55 m/s.Three kinds of flow fields,including intense swirl field,weak swirl field and turbulent field,were conducted to investigate the diffusion characteristics of injected fuel,the mixing processes of fuel spray in the swirl flow fields were recorded by the high-speed camera.Experimental results show that the mixing of fuel spray in air consists of four stages:fuel injection,wall approaching,rapid diffusion and final diffusion.The fuel spray is firstly bended by the lateral flow of the swirl field,then liquid fuel is blown onto,and coats on,the sidewall.The fuel on the sidewall is finally enrolled into the chamber plenum afterwards in gaseous phase via the spiral arms(in swirl fields)or random routes(in turbulent field)At last the fuel disperses all over the chamber.The results give an intuitive observation and help better understand the air-fuel mixing process in diesel and direct inject gasoline engines.

Artificial intelligence for brain disease diagnosis using electroencephalogram signals

Brain signals refer to electrical signals or metabolic changes that occur as a consequence of brain cell activity.Among the various non-invasive measurement methods,electroencephalogram(EEG)stands out as a widely employed technique,providing valuable insights into brain patterns.The deviations observed in EEG reading serve as indicators of abnormal brain activity,which is associated with neurological diseases.Brain‒computer interface(BCI)systems enable the direct extraction and transmission of information from the human brain,facilitating interaction with external devices.Notably,the emergence of artificial intelligence(AI)has had a profound impact on the enhancement of precision and accuracy in BCI technology,thereby broadening the scope of research in this field.AI techniques,encompassing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)models,have demonstrated remarkable success in classifying and predicting various brain diseases.This comprehensive review investigates the application of AI in EEG-based brain disease diagnosis,highlighting advancements in AI algorithms.

Terpyridine-Grafted Nitrogen-Terminal Endowing Cyanine with Metal-Ion-Regulated Photophysical Properties for Cancer Theranostics

Heptamethine cyanines(Cy7)are one of the most important dyes in bioimaging and phototherapy,but they often suffer from poor photostability or limited photothermal conversion efficiency.Here,a facile molecular engineering approach to regulating the photophysical properties of Cy7 by metal ions is demonstrated.By innovatively modifying the nitrogen with functional groups,a novel terpyridine-grafted nitrogen-terminated Cy7 scaffold(denoted as CydtPy)was synthesized and exhibited tunable photophysical properties when chelating with various metal ions(Mn^(2+),Fe^(2+),etc.).In comparison with metal-ion-free PEGylated CydtPy(LET-11),Mn^(2+)-chelated LET-11(namely,LET-11-Mn)exhibited the increased fluorescence emission intensity,and Fe^(2+)-chelated LET-11(namely,LET-11-Fe)showed the enhanced photostability with~2-fold increase in photothermal conversion efficiency.By simply switching the chelated metal ion species,LET-11-Mn or LET-11-Fe could be used for near-infrared fluorescence imaging,magnetic resonance imaging,or photoacoustic imaging.Furthermore,LET-11-Fe displayed superior synergistic efficacy of photothermal therapy and chemodynamic therapy both in vitro and in vivo.This work not only provides a new strategy for regulating the photophysical properties of cyanine dyes but also establishes a versatile nanoplatform for cancer theranostics.

用于伤口修复的无二次损伤的保水可撕断粘附水凝胶

作为新型伤口敷料,粘附性水凝胶已被广泛研究.然而,由于易失水和敷料更换时二次损伤的问题,粘附水凝胶敷料的临床应用仍然是一个重大挑战.本文中,我们设计了一种基于双键化丝素蛋白、单宁酸和聚氨酯二丙烯酸酯的具有保水性能和可撕断性能的粘附水凝胶敷料.通过复合具有大量儿茶酚基团的单宁酸,使得水凝胶具有增强的机械性能、良好的组织粘附性能、止血性能以及生物相容性能.随后将疏水性的聚氨酯二丙烯酸酯涂层聚合在水凝胶表面,该涂层的存在可以使水凝胶长时间保持高含水量.此外,由于该水凝胶的粘附能高于断裂能,其在剥离时可以被撕断,并最大程度减小对伤口部位的影响.动物实验结果表明,这种具有粘附止血性能的水凝胶可以通过提供长久的湿性愈合环境和无二次损伤的换料来加速伤口愈合.这些结果表明这种多功能水凝胶是一种具有临床应用前景的伤口敷料.

Spin-related electronic pathway through single molecule on Au(111)

Spin properties of organic molecules have attracted great interest for their potential applications in spintronic devices and quantum computing.Fe-tetraphenyl porphyrin(Fe TPP)is of particular interest for its robust magnetic properties on metallic substrates.Fe TPP is prepared in vacuum via on-surface synthesis.Molecular structure and spin-related transport properties are characterized by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope and spectroscopy at 0.5 K.Density functional theory calculations are performed to understand molecular adsorption and spin distribution on Au(111).The molecular structure of Fe TPP is distorted upon adsorption on the substrate.Spin excitations of Fe TPP are observed on the Fe atom and high pyrrole groups in differential conductance spectra.The calculated spin density distribution indicates that the electron spin of Fe TPP is mainly distributed on the Fe atom.The atomic transmission calculation indicates that electrons transport to substrate is mediated through Fe atom,when the tip is above the high pyrrole group.

Recent Progress on Organic Near-Infrared Photodetectors:Mechanism,Devices,and Applications

Comprehensive Summary Near infrared light organic photodetectors have attracted tremendous attention due to their tailorable response,ease of processing,compatibility with flexible substrate,room temperature operation and broad applications such as remote sensing,health monitoring,artificial vision,night vision,and so on.Recently,the great improvement obtained on the important figures of merit performances has made organic photodetectors catch up and even surpass those of inorganic photodetectors in some respects.In this review,after a brief illustration of the organic photodetectors'figures of merit performances,we summarize the research progress of panchromatic and narrowband near infrared light organic photodetectors from their working mechanism,strategies to achieve narrowband near infrared light organic photodetectors,to some practical applications.Finally,we discuss the development challenge of the near infrared light organic photodetectors.

Integrative cytology and proteome alterations unravel the multitarget effect of a novel alkaloid antofine against Penicillium italicum

Penicillium italicum is the causal agent of citrus blue mold,which is a major threat to the global citrus fruit industry.Antofine,a natural phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid,is water-soluble and exhibits a broad range of biological activities.However,whether it can inhibit P italicum growth and the potential inhibitory mechanism remains to be elucidated.This study aimed to investigate the antifungal mechanism of antofine against P italicum using scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),propidium iodide staining,and tandem mass tag-labeled quantitative proteomic analysis.Antofine was found to exhibit its preeminent antifungal activity against P italicum with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.56 mg/L and a minimum fungicidal concentration of 6.25 mg/L.The challenge test revealed that antofine inhibited the development of citrus blue mold during a 6-d P italicum-infected period.Antofine acted on its potential multitargets to inhibit P italicum growth by synergistically activating oxidative stress through accumulating excess reactive oxygen species,impairing membrane integrity.inducing membrane lipid peroxidation,and disrupting mitochondrial function,thereby disrupting the membrane system and reducing cell via-bility.Moreover,antofine treatment downregulated most differentially expressed proteins involved in carbon metabolism,pyruvate metabolism,and the tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA)in P italicum mycelia,which may explain the mitochondrial decomposition observed by TEM and the de-clines in ATP levels as well as the activities of TCA-related enzymes.These results indicate that antofine treatment inhibited P italicum growth by targeting the cell membrane and mitochondria.

Construction and electrical control of ultrahigh-density organic memory arrays at cr yog enic temperature

Investigation into the structural and magnetic properties of organic molecules at cryogenic temperature is beneficial for reducing molec-ular vibration and stabilizing magnetization,and is of great im-portance for constructing novel spintronics devices of better perfor-mance and scaling the device size down to nanoscale.In order to explore the possibility of fabricating molecule-based memory chips of ultrahigh density,two-dimensional close-packed molecular arrays with carboxylic acid molecules were constructed in the current work and the magnetic properties in a low-temperature scanning tunnel-ing microscope were also investigated.The results demonstrated that each nonmagnetic molecule can be controllably and independently switched into a stable spin-carrying state at 4 K by applying a voltage pulse with atomic resolution.Benefiting from the small size of a single molecule as the basic storage bit,the two-dimensional molecular ar-rays allowing controllable electrical manipulations on each molecule can behave as a platform of memory chip with an ultrahigh storage density of∼320 terabytes(Tb)(or∼2500 terabits)per square inch.This work highlights the potential and advantage of employing or-ganic molecules in developing future cryogenic information storage techniques and devices at nanoscale.

活性层形貌可控的三元有机太阳能电池

近年来,由多组分材料共混构建的三元体系有机太阳能电池受到越来越多的关注.由于三元器件主要是通过各组分共混,采用溶液加工的方法制备器件的活性层,因而如何通过第三组分材料的引入来调控各组分分子间的相互作用力、分相方式、聚集尺度、以及分子以何种方式排列等是人们关注的焦点.这些因素对三元有机太阳能的器件的开路电压、短路电流和填充因子等参数和太阳能电池的最终效率具有较大的影响.本文主要总结了基于PC71BM受体的三元体系有机太阳能电池,包括:通过第三组分材料的引入来实现三元器件中"类合金模型"的形成;同一三元体系中,在不同共混比例下"类合金模型与平行模型"的共存现象;同一三元体系相同共混比例下,"类合金模型"与"级联(Cascade)模型"之间的转化,以及哪种工作机制更有利于激子的分离与电荷的收集.本文为深入理解三元体系有机太阳能电池活性层形貌结构与器件性能之间的关系,进一步提升器件性能提供了参考.

Model test and discrete element method simulation of shield tunneling face stability in transparent clay

The stability of the shield tunneling face is an extremely important factor affecting the safety of tunnel construction.In this study,a transparent clay with properties similar to those of Tianjin clay is prepared and a new transparent clay model test apparatus is developed to overcome the“black box”problem in the traditional model test.The stability of the shield tunneling face(failure mode,influence range,support force,and surface settlement)is investigated in transparent clay under active failure.A series of transparent clay model tests is performed to investigate the active failure mode,influence range,and support force of the shield tunneling face under different burial depth conditions,whereas particle flow code three-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted to verify the failure mode of the shield tunneling face and surface settlement along the transverse section under different burial depth conditions.The results show that the engineering characteristics of transparent clay are similar to those of soft clay in Binhai,Tianjin and satisfy visibility requirements.Two types of failure modes are obtained:the overall failure mode(cover/diameter:C/D£1.0)and local failure mode(C/D≥2.0).The influence range of the transverse section is wider than that of the longitudinal section when C/D≥2.0.Additionally,the normalized thresholds of the relative displacement and support force ratio are 3%-6%and 0.2-0.4,respectively.Owing to the cushioning effect of the clay layer,the surface settlement is significantly reduced as the tunnel burial depth increases.

MXene复合气敏材料:进展与未来挑战

过渡金属碳/氮化物(transition metal carbon/nitrides,MXenes)作为一类新兴的二维材料,由于其独特的层状结构、可调的电学特性与丰富的终端基团,在传感、储能及电磁屏蔽等领域得到研究者的极大关注.近年来,MXenes基气体传感器被广泛研究与报道.本综述聚焦于MXenes及其复合材料在气敏领域的研究现状与最新进展,从以下3个方面进行概括:(1)MXenes的基本情况,主要包括结构、分类与特性;(2)MXenes的制备方法,包括典型的氢氟酸刻蚀法、插层工艺以及无氟刻蚀法;(3)MXenes及其复合材料基气体传感器.根据检测对象主要分为氨气(ammonia,NH_(3))、二氧化氮(nitrogen dioxide,NO_(2))与挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)气体传感器.最后,本文对MXenes及其复合材料在气敏应用领域所面临的问题与挑战进行了总结与讨论,并对其未来的发展方向进行展望.

Carboxyl groups trigger the activity of carbon nanotube catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction and agar conversion

Ozone treatment is a common way to functionalize commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes （CNTs） with various oxygen functionalities like carboxyl, phenol and lactone groups, in order to enhance their textural properties and chemical activity. In order to detail the effect of each functional group, we correlated the activity with the surface density of each group, and found that the carboxyl groups play a pivotal role in two important catalytic reactions, namely the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） and agar conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural （HMF）. During the processes, the hydrophilic surface provides a strong affinity for reaction substrates while the improved porosity allows the efficient diffusion of reactants and products. Furthermore, the activity of functionalized CNTs for agar conversion remained almost unchanged during nine cycles of reaction. This work highlights a strategy for improving the activity of CNTs for electrochemical ORR and agar conversion reactions, as well a promising application of carboxyl-rich CNTs as a solid acid catalyst to produce high-purity HMF--an important chemical intermediate.