“条块并举”发包制下的基层治理——以T区乡镇政府的精准扶贫工作为例

【问题】有关中国基层政府治理实践的已有研究提出了行政发包制(适用于块块维度)和“控制权”理论(适用于条条维度)两种视角,但实践中的基层政府会同时承接来自上级政府和各个部门的发包。近年来,中央启动的一系列改革举措改变了既有发包制的运行。那么,如何概括变化之后的基层政府治理实践呢?【方法】以T区所辖乡镇的精准扶贫工作为个案,在实地调查和深入访谈的基础上,详细呈现了当下基层政府治理的新特征。【发现】中央层面近年来发起的一系列改革举措从三个维度改变了发包制的运行,它们包括行政权限的分配、内部控制和检查验收机制的运行,以及激励机制的设置;这就导致了既有理论模型与现实的偏离。【结论】论文提出了一个新的“条块并举”式发包制的分析框架。这一框架可以很好地概括近年来基层政府治理实践的新特征,并有助于我们理解精准扶贫相关实践中的矛盾现象。

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with acute leukemia

Objective： The purposes of this study were to assess the efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation （HSCT） for acute leukemia （AL） and analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of these patients. Methods： The clinical and follow-up data of 93 AL patients （median age, 30 years） undergoing allogeneic HSCT in Xiangya Hospital over the past 12 years were collected, and the potential factors affecting the efficacy and prognosis of allogeneic HSCT patients were determined. Results： Hematopoietic reconstitution was achieved in 90 patients. At the last follow-up, the incidences of severe acute graft versus host disease （aGvHD） and extensive chronic GvHD （cGvHD） were 14.0% and 20.0%, the 3-year cumulative incidence of transplantation related mortality （TRM） and relapse rate were 16.8%±6.1% and 21.3%±6.7%, and the estimated 3-year overall survival （OS） and disease-free survival （DFS） of the patients were 64.6%±5.4% and 56.5%±5.5%, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that age older than 40 years, HLA mismatch, and severe lung infection within the first 100 days after transplantation were risk factors for severe aGvHD, age older than 40 years, HLA mismatch, severe lung infection within the first 100 days after transplantation, and severe aGvHD were risk factors for TRM, high-risk AL and lack of cGvHD were risk factors for relapse （all P〈0.05）. Survival estimation showed that HLA mismatch, severe lung infection occurring within the first 100 days post-transplantation, high-risk AL severe aGvHD and lack of cGvHD were risk factors associated with poor prognosis （all P〈0.05）. Further multivariate analyses revealed that severe lung infection within the first 100 days post-transplantation, severe aGvHD and lack of cGvHD were independent risk factors for unfavorable outcomes （all P〈0.05）. Conclusions： Allogeneic HSCT can improve the DFS of AL patients, and severe lung infection within the first 100 days post-transplantation, severe aGvHD and lack of cGvHD are independent risk factors affecting the prognosis.

Multi-objective optimization of methane production system from biomass through anaerobic digestion

This work addressed the multi-objective optimization of a biogas production system considering both environmental and economic criteria. A mixed integer non-linear programming(MINLP) model was established and solved with non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ, from which the Pareto fronts, the optimal technology combinations and operation conditions were obtained and analyzed. It's found that the system is feasible in both environmental and economic considerations after optimization. The most expensive processing section is decarbonization; the most expensive equipment is anaerobic digester; the most power-consuming processing section is digestion, followed by decarbonization and waste management. The positive green degree value on the process is attributed to processing section of digestion and waste management. 3:1 chicken feces and corn straw, solar energy, pressure swing adsorption and 3:1 chicken feces and rice straw, solar energy, pressure swing adsorption are turned out to be two robust technology combinations under different prices of methane and electricity by sensitivity analysis. The optimization results provide support for optimal design and operation of biogas production system considering environmental and economic objectives.

An investigation of the influence of intestinal flora in external traditional Chinese medicine therapy

External therapy,which has been used for millennia to treat disease,has now become the newest member of complementary and alternative therapies.A growing number of clinical studies and animal experiments have shown that external therapy exerts a positive effect on the intestinal flora.In this paper,we review the research related to external therapy on various systemic diseases and focus on changes in the intestinal flora.We found that studies on external therapy are dominated by acupuncture and tuina,primarily aimed at the treatment of digestive and neurological diseases.However,the deeper mechanism of regulation of the intestinal flora by external therapy has not yet been experimentally confirmed.

Effect of pediatric tuina on hypothalamic metabolites in young rabbits using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Objective: To investigate the changes in the hypothalamic metabolites of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) febrile young rabbits after the treatment with pediatric tuina.Methods: A total of 30 young rabbits were randomly assigned into three groups: the normal group, the model group, and the tuina group. Both the model group and the tuina group were injected intravenously with LPS. “Six antipyretic manipulations”(pushing Tianmen, pushing Kangong, kneading Taiyang,kneading Erhougaogu, clearing Tianheshui, and pushing Jizhu) were administered 1 h after the LPS injection in the tuina group. The rectal temperatures of the young rabbits were monitored during the experiment to explore the antipyretic effect. Three hours after the injection, the content of interleukin-1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-a, and prostaglandin E;(PGE;) in the serum was detected. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) was used for the hypothalamus metabolomics.Results: Compared with the model group, the rectal temperature of the tuina group was decreased at 2 h and 3 h after the LPS injection(P =.04, P =.03, respectively), and the content of IL-1β, TNF-a, and PGE2was decreased(P =.03, P =.003, and P =.008, respectively). The metabolomics results showed that there were 23 potential biomarkers after the tuina intervention, enriching 27 pathways. Lipid metabolites,especially glycerophospholipids, were a majority of the altered metabolites. The primary metabolic pathways affected by tuina included the arachidonic acid metabolism, the GABAergic synapse, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, and the glutamatergic synapse.Conclusion: Pediatric tuina reduced the temperature of the febrile rabbits and downregulated the expression of IL-1β, TNF-a, and PGE2, and the antipyretic mechanism may be related to changes in metabolites and metabolic pathways in the hypothalamus.

Matrix metalloproteinase 2 contributes to adult eclosion and immune response in the small hive beetle,Aethina tumida

During the pupal-adult eclosion process of holometabolous insects,the old cuticle is shed and replaced by a completely different new cuticle that requires tanning and expansion,along with extensive extracellular matrix(ECM)remodeling.In vertebrates,matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs),a class of zinc-dependent endopeptidases,play key roles in regulating the ECM that surrounds cells.However,little is known about these extracellular proteinases available in insects.The small hive beetle(SHB),Aethina tumida,is a widespread invasive parasite of honey bees.In this study,6 MMP homologs were identified in the SHB genome.RNA interference experiments showed that all 6 AtMmps are not required for the larval-pupal transition,only AtMmp2 was essential for pupal-adult eclosion in SHB.Knockdown of AtMmp2 resulted in eclosion defects and wing expansion failure,as well as mortality within 3 d of adult eclosion.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that knockdown of AtMmp2 significantly increased expression of the Toll and Imd pathways,chitin metabolism,and cross-linking(such as the pro-phenoloxidase activating cascade pathway and the tyrosine-mediated cuticle sclerotization and pigmentation pathway).These data revealed evolutionarily conserved functions of Mmp2 in controlling adult eclosion and wing expansion,also provided a preliminary exploration of the novel function of regulating Toll and Imd pathways,as well as new insights into how MMPs regulate insect development and defense barriers.

Current situation and development of hematopoietic cell transplantation centers:A nationwide survey in China

To the Editor:Hematopoietic cell transplantation(HCT)is a vital modality to cure severe hematological disorders.[1]Global or regional summarized data of HCT are annually reported by the Chinese Blood and Marrow Transplantation Registry Group(CBMTRG),European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation(EBMT)and Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research(CIBMTR).It is shown that the number of transplants is continuously increasing,particularly in China in recent years.[2]Since the donor accessibility is significantly addressed by the well-established protocol of haplo-identical HCT(haplo-HCT).

蜜蜂球囊菌菌丝和孢子中环状RNA的鉴定及比较分析

【目的】本研究旨在明确蜜蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis,简称球囊菌)菌丝和孢子中环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)的数量、种类和表达谱差异,并探讨共有circRNA、特有circRNA和差异表达circRNA(differentially expressed circRNA,DEcircRNA)在菌丝与孢子中的潜在作用。【方法】基于前期获得的球囊菌菌丝(AaM)和孢子(AaS)的高质量RNA-seq数据,利用find_circ软件预测circRNA。通过Venn分析筛选AaM和AaS的共有circRNA和特有circRNA。根据P≤0.05且|log2 fold change|≥1的标准筛选AaM vs.AaS比较组的DEcircRNA。通过比对GO和KEGG数据库对circRNA的来源基因进行功能和通路注释。利用TargetFinder软件预测circRNA靶向结合的miRNA及miRNA靶向结合的mRNA。采用Cytoscape软件对竞争性内源RNA(competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA)调控网络进行可视化。通过RT-qPCR对DEcircRNA进行验证。【结果】AaM和AaS中分别含有13210156和19011000条短序列读段(anchors reads),其中分别有6124922和11392886条能够比对上球囊菌参考基因组。在AaM和AaS中分别鉴定到1868个和2225个circRNA,二者共有的circRNA为1098个,AaM的特有circRNA为770个,AaS的特有circRNA为1127个。AaM和AaS的circRNA长度主要介于1000–2000 nt,基因间区circRNA为主要环化类型。AaM vs.AaS比较组包含456个上调circRNA和97个下调circRNA。共有circRNA的来源基因可注释到29个功能条目和14类通路;AaM的特有circRNA的来源基因可注释到31个功能和17类通路;AaS的特有circRNA的来源基因可注释到34个功能条目和16类通路;DEcircRNA的来源基因可注释到29个功能条目和40条通路。调控网络分析结果显示,36个共有circRNA靶向4个miRNA进而调控6个与内吞作用通路相关的靶mRNA;4(255)个AaM(AaS)的特有circRNA靶向2(2)个miRNA进而调控8(2)个次级代谢产物生物合成通路相关的靶mRNA;9个DEcircRNA靶向2个DEmiRNA进而调控3个MAPK信号通路相关的DEmRNA。RT-qPCR结果显示10个DEcircRNA的表达趋势与测序数据一致,证实了测序数据的可靠性。【结论】球囊菌菌丝和孢子的共有circRNA、特有circRNA和DEcircRNA可能通过调控来源基因表达和充当ceRNA的方式调节球囊菌的物质和能量代谢、内吞作用、次级代谢产物生物合成和MAPK信号通路,进而影响球囊菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发和致病性。

Comparison of the clinical outcomes of hematologic malignancies after myeloablative haploidentical transplantation with G-CSF/ATG and posttransplant cyclophosphamide:results from the Chinese Bone Marrow Transplantation Registry Group(CBMTRG)

This study compared G-CSF/ATG and PTCy in myeloablative haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(haploHSCT)for hematologic malignancies between January 2013 and March 2018 reporting to the Chinese Bone Marrow Transplantation Registry Group(CBMTRG).For each PTCy,G-CSF/ATG subjects(1:4)were selected using the nested case-pair method.In total,220 patients including 176 in G-CSF/ATG group and 44 in PTCy group were analyzed.The incidences of 30-day neutrophil engraftment(88.6%vs.96.6%,P=0.001),90-day platelet engraftment(84.1%vs.94.2%,P=0.04),the median time to neutrophil engraftment(17 days vs.12 days,P=0.000)and platelet engraftment(22 days vs.17 days,P=0.001)were significantly inferior in PTCy group.The incidences of grades 2–4 and 3–4 acute graft-versus-host disease(GVHD),chronic GVHD and severe chronic GVHD were comparable.Among G-CSF/ATG and PTCy groups,the 3-year progression-free survival,overall survival,cumulative incidences of nonrelapse mortality and relapse was 74.3%vs.61%(P=0.045),78.3%vs.65.2%(P=0.039),12%vs.27.3%(P=0.008),and 14.9%vs.11.7%(P=0.61),respectively.G-CSF/ATG can achieve better engraftment,PFS and OS,and lower incidence of NRM compared to PTCy in myeloablative haplo-HSCT for hematologic malignancies.

Haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation for severe acquired aplastic anemia: a case-control study of post-transplant cyclophosphamide included regimen vs. anti-thymocyte globulin & colony-stimulating factor-based regimen

Dear Editor,Haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(haplo-HSCT),a curative therapy for severe aplastic anemia(SAA)patients,has been used clinically for decades.Two models,not involving ex vitro T-cell depletion,have been adopted for haplo-HSCT in patients with SAA.The first is referred to as the"Beijing protocol"(Xu et al.,2017),and comprises a conditioning regimen using busulfex(BU),cyclophosphamide(CY).

Applying RNA sequencing technology to explore repair mechanism of Tuina on gastrocnemius muscle in sciatic nerve injury rats

To the Editor:Peripheral nerve injury(PNI)refers to the injury of the peripheral nerve plexus,nerve trunk,or its branches undertheaction of externalforces.Skeletal muscle-derived cells servea strong secretory,function while they can differentiate into Schwann cell-like cells or other ceil types,so that it can,effectively promote regeneration'of peripheral nerves.llUsing some specific acupuncture points with mild mechanical stimulation on the surface can have a positive effect on nerve repair.2i Tuina helps relieve symptoms such as muscle spasms and pain caused by nerve damage.There are three points belonging to the Bladder meridian of foot Taiyang(BL)and the Gallbladder meridian of foot Shaoyang(GB),which usually are selected to carry out Tuina.According to the anatomical nerve position,Yinmen(BL37)is on the sciatic nerve trunk,Chengshan(BL57)is on the tibial nerve,and Yanglingquan(GB34)is on the common peroneal nerve;meanwhile,the three points are on the sciatic nerve or its branches.The three points are on the biceps femoris,gastrocnemius,and tibial anterior muscles.

Impact of genetic patterns on sorafenib efficacy in patients with FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a multi-center, cohort study

Sorafenib therapy improves overall survival(OS)in patients with FLT3 internal tandem duplication(ITD)acute myeloid leukemia(AML)undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.We explored the efficacy of sorafenib therapy in this population with different concomitant genetic patterns.In this multi-center,cohort study,we enrolled patients with FLT3-ITD AML undergoing allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation.Patients with sorafenib maintenance post-transplantation for at least four weeks were allocated to the sorafenib group,and otherwise to the control group.

Intraday Volatility Spillover between the Shanghai and Hong Kong Stock Markets—Evidence from A+H Shares after the Launch of the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect

Using minute data of eligible A+H stocks under the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect(SHHKSC),we investigate the volatility spillover between the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock markets based on a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity-X(GARCH-X)model with four exogenous variables,namely,volatilities of the corresponding stocks on the other market,volatilities of the indexes of both stock markets,and volatilities of the correlated stocks,which are selected using the dynamic conditional correlation model and bootstrap approach.Results show that after the launch of the SHHKSC,volatility spillovers are significant in both directions almost all the time,and the volatility spillover between the two stock markets tends to be larger when bidirectional capital flows under the SHHKSC increase or when important financial events occur.We also analyze the influences of the volatilities of correlated stocks and industries on the volatility spillover and volatilities of A+H stocks.The bidirectional volatility spillovers between Shanghai and Hong Kong stock markets do not change qualitatively after incorporating the volatilities of correlated stocks and industries in the GARCH-X model.Moreover,the average volatilities of the correlated stocks are shown to have significant influences on the volatilities of individual A+H stocks,and the influences increase when the local stock market shows a sharp rise or fall.Compared with the market indexes,the correlated stocks could be regarded as a more important and indispensable factor for individual A+H stocks’volatilities modeling,which may carry more information than the industry.