Ultralow charge-discharge voltage gap of 0.05 V in sunlight-responsive neutral aqueous Zn-air battery

Rechargeable neutral aqueous zinc-air batteries(ZABs)are a promising type of energy storage device with longer operating life and less corrosiveness compared with conventional alkaline ZABs.However,the neutral ZABs normally possess poor oxygen evolution reactions(OERs)and oxygen reduction reactions performance,resulting in a large charge–discharge voltage gap and low round-trip efficiency.Herein,we demonstrate a sunlight-assisted strategy for achieving an ultralow voltage gap of 0.05 V in neutral ZABs by using the FeOOH-decorated BiVO4(Fe-BiVO4)as an oxygen catalyst.Under sunlight,the electrons move from the valence band(VB)of Fe-BiVO_(4) to the conduction band producing holes in VB to promote the OER process and hence reduce the overpotential.Meanwhile,the photopotential generated by the Fe-BiVO_(4) compensates a part of the charging potential of neutral ZABs.Accordingly,the energy loss of the battery could be compensated via solar energy,leading to a record-low gap of 0.05 V between the charge and discharge voltage with a high round-trip efficiency of 94%.This work offers a simple but efficient pathway for solar-energy utilization in storage devices,further guiding the design of high energy efficiency of neutral aqueous ZABs.

羧甲基纤维素钠在醇水混合溶剂中的流变性研究

采用Anton Paar MCR 302流变仪,研究了羧甲基纤维素钠在甘油质量分数分别为0%,20%,40%,60%和80%的甘油-水混合溶剂中的流变特性。发现甘油-水混合CMC溶液为无屈服力非牛顿流体,具有剪切稀化特性;随甘油质量分数的增加,CMC溶液黏度增大、剪切稀化特性逐渐明显、结构恢复变慢;溶液从黏弹性流体逐渐向黏弹性固体转变,内部结构增强,刚性增大。经高温处理后,CMC混合溶液的黏度均会显著增加,且增加值随甘油量增加而增大。亲水性多糖类聚合物的分子主链带有羟基,具有形成氢键的能力。甘油带3个醇羟基,与水形成氢键比水与水之间的氢键更强,可促进体系中羟基间氢键形成,增加氢键数量以及氢键作用力,增大了聚合物分子链缠绕、分子链段缠结。

Scattered Co-anchored MoS_(2)synergistically boosting photothermal capture and storage of phase change materials

Pristine phase change materials(PCMs)suffer from inherent deficiencies of poor solar absorption and photothermal conversion.Herein,we proposed a strategy of co-incorporation of zero-dimensional(OD)metal nanoparticles and two-dimensional(2D)photothermal materials in PCMs for efficient capture and conversion of solar energy into thermal energy.Highly scattered Co-anchored MoS_(2)nanoflower cluster serving as photon and phonon triggers was prepared by in-situ hydrothermal growth of ZIF67 polyhedron on 2D MoS_(2)and subsequent high-temperature carbonization.After encapsulating thermal storage unit(paraffin wax),the obtained composite PCMs integrated high-performance photothermal conversion and thermal energy storage capability.Benefiting from the synergistic enhancement of OD Co nanoparticles with localized surface plasmon resonance effect,carbon layer with the conjugation effect and 2D MoS_(2)with strong solar absorption,composite PCMs exhibited a high photothermal conversion efficiency of 95.19%,Additionally,the resulting composite PCMs also demonstrated long-term thermal sto rage stability and durable structu ral stability after 300 thermal cycles.The proposed collabo rative co-incorporation strategy provides some innovative references for developing next-generation photothermal PCMs in solar energy utilization.

RNA-sequencing expression profile and functional analysis of retinal pigment epithelium in atrophic age-related macular degeneration

The retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)is fundamental to sustaining retinal homeostasis.RPE abnormality leads to visual defects and blindness,including age-related macular degeneration(AMD).Although breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of neovascular AMD,effective intervention for atrophic AMD is largely absent.The adequate knowledge of RPE pathology is hindered by a lack of the patients'RPE datasets,especially at the single-cell resolution.In the current study,we delved into a large-scale single-cell resource of AMD donors,in which RPE cells were occupied in a substantial proportion.Bulk RNA-seq datasets of atrophic AMD were integrated to extract molecular characteristics of RPE in the pathogenesis of atrophic AMD.Both in vivo and in vitro models revealed that carboxypeptidase X,M14 family member 2(CPXM2),was specifically expressed in the RPE cells of atrophic AMD,which might be induced by oxidative stress and involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of RPE cells.Additionally,silencing of CPXM2 inhibited the mesenchymal phenotype of RPE cells in an oxidative stress cell model.Thus,our results demonstrated that CPXM2 played a crucial role in regulating atrophic AMD and might serve as a potential therapeutic target for atrophic AMD.

Signet-ring cell carcinoma of the transverse colon in a 10-year-old girl:A case report

BACKGROUND Signet-ring cell carcinoma(SRCC)is a rare subtype of colorectal cancer.The incidence of primary colonic SRCC is relatively rare in pediatric patients,with a limited number of reported cases currently available.The prognosis for this specific tumor type is unfavorable,and the preoperative diagnosis presents challenges,potentially leading to misdiagnosis.This case report describes the diagnosis of primary SRCC in the colon of a 10-year-old girl.CASE SUMMARY The patient was admitted to the hospital due to abdominal pain and vomiting.A computed tomography scan revealed an irregular mass with soft tissue density in her transverse colon,showing uneven density and multiple calcifications.The patient underwent surgical resection of the affected bowel and lymph node dissection,which was confirmed by pathological examination to be SRCC infiltrating both nerves and the entire intestinal wall.Additionally,tumor thrombus formation was observed in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels,multiple cancerous nodules were found in the omentum,and metastasis to 18 of 26 mesenteric lymph nodes examined.Immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair gene protein demonstrated microsatellite stability.No mutations in KRAS,NRAS,BRAF,or PIK3CA genes were detected through molecular pathology analysis.After surgery,she received standard chemotherapy for 8 cycles without tumor progression or other abnormalities during a 12-month follow-up period CONCLUSION Primary colonic SRCC is a rare malignant tumor with atypical clinical symptoms,and timely identification and intervention are crucial for improving the prognosis.

Based on non-targeted metabolomics for differential components screening of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos and their quality evaluation

Background:Rosa chinensis Jacq.and Rosa rugosa Thunb.are not only of ornamental value,but also edible flowers and the flower buds have been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as traditional medicines.The two plants have some differences in efficacy,but the flower buds are easily confused for similar traits.In addition,large-scale cultivation of ornamental rose flowers may lead to a decrease in the effective components of medicinal roses.Therefore,it is necessary to study the chemical composition and make quality evaluation of Rosae Chinensis Flos(Yueji)and Rosae Rugosae Flos(Meigui).Methods:In this study,40 batches of samples including Meigui and Yueji from different regions in China were collected to establish high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints.Then,the fingerprints data was analyzed using principal component analysis,hierarchical cluster analysis,and partial least squares discriminant analysis analysis chemometrics to obtain information on intergroup differences,and non-targeted metabolomic techniques were applied to identify and compare chemical compositions of samples which were chosen from groups with large differences.Differential compounds were screened by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot,and finally multi-component quantification was performed to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Yueji and Meigui.Results:The similarity between the fingerprints of 40 batches roses and the reference print R was 0.73 to 0.93,indicating that there were similarities and differences between the samples.Through principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis of fingerprints data,the samples from different origins and varieties were intuitively divided into four groups.Partial least-squares discriminant analysis analysis showed that Meigui and Yueji cluster into two categories and the model was reliable.A total of 89 compounds were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry,mainly were flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides,as well as phenolic acids.Eight differential components were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and S-plot analysis.Quantitative analyses of the eight compounds,including gallic acid,ellagic acid,hyperoside,isoquercitrin,etc.,showed that Yueji was generally richer in phenolic acids and flavonoids than Meigui,and the quality of Yueji from Shandong and Hebei was better.It is worth noting that Xinjiang rose is rich in various components,which is worth focusing on more in-depth research.Conclusion:In this study,the fingerprints of Meigui and Yueji were established.The chemical components information of roses was further improved based on non-targeted metabolomics and mass spectrometry technology.At the same time,eight differential components of Meigui and Yueji were screened out and quantitatively analyzed.The research results provided a scientific basis for the quality control and rational development and utilization of Rosae Chinensis Flos and Rosae Rugosae Flos,and also laid a foundation for the study of their pharmacodynamic material basis.

Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 16q in Wilms tumors predicts outcomes:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND The research findings suggest that the prognosis of children with Wilms tumor(WT)is affected by various factors.Some scholars have indicated that loss of heterozygosity(LOH)on chromosome 16q is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with WT.AIM To further elucidate this relationship,we conducted a meta-analysis.METHODS This meta-analysis was registered in INPLASY(INPLASY2023100060).We systematically searched databases including Embase,PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane,and Google Scholar up to May 31,2020,for randomized trials reporting any intrapartum fetal surveillance approach.The meta-analysis was performed within a frequentist framework,and the quality and network inconsistency of trials were assessed.Odds ratios and 95%CIs were calculated to report the relationship between event-free survival and 16q LOH in patients with WT.RESULTS Eleven cohort studies were included in this meta-analysis to estimate the relationship between event-free survival and 16q LOH in patients with WT(I^(2)=25%,P<0.001).As expected,16q LOH can serve as an effective predictor of eventfree survival in patients with WT(risk ratio=1.95,95%CI:1.52–2.49,P<0.001).CONCLUSION In pediatric patients with WT,there exists a partial correlation between 16q LOH and an unfavorable treatment prognosis.Clinical detection of 16q chromosome LOH warrants increased attention to the patient’s prognosis.

Effects of Microbial Fertilizers on Soil Improvement and Wheat Growth Characteristics in Saline-alkali Land

[Objectives]This study was conducted to further enrich the research on saline-alkali land improvement,and explore the effects of biological bacterial fertilizers containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis HM-3 in saline-alkali land improvement and crop growth promotion.[Methods]Wheat was planted in saline-alkali land in Huanghua City,Hebei Province,and a mixed application experiment was carried out using biological agents from Hemiao Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.[Results]Compared with the field of control check(CK),water-soluble salts and pH value in the experimental fields decreased,and living bacteria count in the soil increased.Meanwhile,the economic characters of wheat in the experimental fields showed excellent performance,with yields increasing by 39.09%and 27.49%compared with the CK.It could be seen that the application of biological bacterial fertilizers achieved obvious effects of improving saline-alkali soil and increasing wheat yield.[Conclusions]In this study,the effects of biological bacterial fertilizers on saline-alkali land and wheat growth characters were clarified,providing some technical support and theoretical guidance for wheat planting in Huanghua saline-alkali land.

Study of the Effects of Glucocorticoid on Growth and Adult Final Height in Children with Primary Nephrotic Syndrome

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of growth, as well as factors associated with growth retardation in children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and to investigate the effect of glucocorticoid (GC) use duration on growth retardation in these children. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data of 353 PNS children treated at our hospital from July 2014 to June 2015 were collected through the medical record management system. Height, weight, and GC usage were recorded. Follow-up assessments were conducted in August 2022 for the original group, recording height, weight, and GC usage. Height and weight were evaluated using standard deviation scores (SDS). Categorical data were analyzed using chi-square test while continuous measurement data were analyzed using t-test or rank-sum test. Linear regression was used to assess the association between two single independent variables, and logistic regression analysis was used to screen for risk factors related to growth retardation in children with PNS. Results: Among the 353 PNS children enrolled in this study, male-to-female ratio of 2.64:1 (256 males vs 97 females). A total of 119 children exhibited growth retardation, incidence rate of 33.71%. The duration of GC usage among those with growth retardation was significantly longer compared to those without it (762.81 ± 934.50 days vs 263.77 ± 420.49 days;p Conclusion: PNS children treated with GC have a high incidence of growth retardation, and a high proportion of short stature in adulthood, especially in children with growth retardation in childhood, most of them have short stature after grown up. Time of GC usage is a risk factor for growth retardation in children with PNS.

论诸葛亮北伐被司马懿“拖”死

诸葛亮在《隆中对策》中规划了夺取中原,“兴复汉室”,恢复社会安定的正确策略。荆州之失与夷陵惨败,大伤了蜀汉元气。诸葛亮惨淡经营几年后,从原作为偏师以呼应的秦川出兵进行北伐。从第四次北伐开始,诸葛亮遇上了司马懿。善于隐忍和低调的司马懿,在了解了诸葛亮的情况后,采取了最老谋深算的办法——坚守不战,硬是“拖”死了诸葛亮的北伐事业。

Pedunculoside promotes oral ulcer healing in mice by upregulating STAT3 and Smad3

Background:Pedunculoside(PE)is a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin found in the dried barks of the Ilex rotunda Thunb.In traditional Chinese medicine,the juice extracted from various Ilex species is commonly used for treating inflammatory diseases.Objective:This study aims to investigate the potential of PE in promoting the healing of oral ulcers in mice and to explore its possible mechanism.Materials and Methods:A mouse model of oral ulcer was established to evaluate the healing promotion effects of PE,and an in-vitro inflammatory cell model was established by using primary fibroblasts isolated from mouse oral mucosal tissue.Gene transcription and protein expression related to cell proliferation,migration,and collagen synthesis were measured.Results:PE showed the highest cure rate of 85.7%for oral ulcers in mice within 7-days treatment.It significantly promoted cell proliferation and collagen secretion in fibroblast in-vitro model.PE also upregulated the gene transcription of Smad3,Col1a1 and Col3a1.Furthermore,PE antagonized the inhibitory effect of WP1066 on STAT3activation,but did not affect cell migration.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that PE has potential therapeutic effects in promoting oral ulcer healing in mice.The improvement was achieved by the increasing collagen synthesis through the upregulation of STAT3 and Smad3 in mucosa fibroblasts.These results provide a preliminary pharmacological work for developing PE as a potential treatment agent for oral ulcers.

In vitro Anthocyanin Induction and Metabolite Analysis in Malus spectabilis Leaves Under Low Nitrogen Conditions

Anthocyanins are the most widely produced secondary metabolites in plants,and they play an important role in plant growth and reproduction.The nitrogen source is an important factor affecting anthocyanin production,but the nitrogen concentrations on metabolism and the underlying genetic basis remain unclear.In this study,in vitro anthocyanin induction was conducted on Malus spectabilis.The leaf explants were cultivated in media containing different nitrogen concentrations.The results suggested that when the nitrogen contents decreased in limit,the color of leaf explants turned from green to red,and increased anthocyanin accumulation led to a change in phenotype.Furthermore,the content of other flavonoids,such as dihydroquercetin,epicatechin,and catechin,increased under low nitrogen conditions.The transcription levels of the general flavonoid pathway genes,from phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL)to anthocyanidin synthase(ANS),were associated with the concentration of corresponding flavonoid compounds and phenotype changes.In particular,the expression level of ANS increased substantially under a low nitrogen treatment,which was significantly and positively correlated with the anthocyanin levels(R2=0.72,P<0.05).The increased expression patterns of anthocyanin pathway genes were similar to that of the transcription factor MYB10.We further verified MYB10 played an important role in the anthocyanin pathway in leaves of Malus spectabilis.These results suggested that we can improve the desirable ornamental plant phenotypes by controlling nitrogen content.This process may offer clues to further development of new agricultural practices.

“考古”陶片中酒类残留的分析检测

通过对陶器中酒类残留的检测分析,介绍了化学技术手段在考古工作中的应用。在实验中,学生通过萃取、抽滤、离心、旋转蒸发等实验步骤提取酒的标志物——有机酸,并对其进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测,最后结合陶片的考古背景分析陶片的可能用途。该实验依托于考古化学这一新兴交叉学科,面向化学、考古学等专业的学生开设,有助于学生了解并掌握分析化学中样品分离和制备、液相色谱分析等基本概念与操作,并对考古学的研究内容形成一定认识。

家族企业公司创业:家族成员与非家族成员互动的视角

家族企业公司创业是家族企业成长的重要方式。现有研究多将家族成员和非家族成员视为相对独立的个体,分别探讨控股家族成员和非家族成员对公司创业的影响。极少研究从家族成员与非家族成员社会互动的角度进行深入分析。然而,家族企业内家族成员和非家族成员之间的良性互动是家族企业公司创业成功的重要前提。本文围绕一项国家自然科学基金面上项目,在综述家族企业公司创业相关文献的基础上,围绕家族企业内家族成员与非家族成员社会互动如何影响公司创业这一研究问题,总结所取得的研究进展与项目成果,并为未来家族企业公司创业研究提供思路与方向。

铁死亡在高糖诱导的视网膜色素上皮细胞损伤中的作用及机制

目的:观察铁死亡在高糖(HG)诱导的视网膜色素上皮(RPE)细胞损伤中的作用及机制,为糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)的治疗提供新思路。方法:将体外培养的ARPE-19细胞分为正常对照组(NC组)、高糖组(HG组)、高糖+铁死亡抑制剂组(Fer-1组)。采用CCK-8法检测各组细胞活力;使用ELISA试剂盒检测白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-1β及单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)的表达水平;使用化验试剂盒检测丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)水平;使用铁离子检测试剂盒检测细胞铁含量;通过透射电子显微镜观察细胞线粒体变化;通过Western blotting和免疫荧光染色技术检测铁死亡相关蛋白长链脂酰CoA合成酶4(ACSL4)、GPX4以及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白的表达。结果:与NC组相比,HG组细胞活力显著下降,细胞上清液中炎症因子表达水平升高,细胞中氧化应激指标MDA和铁含量显著升高,GSH含量和GPX4活性显著降低(均P<0.01),且线粒体皱缩,ACSL4及VEGF蛋白表达增加,GPX4蛋白表达降低(均P<0.01)。与HG组相比,Fer-1组细胞活力明显增加,细胞上清液中炎症因子表达水平下降,细胞中MDA和铁含量明显下降,GSH含量和GPX4活性显著提高(均P<0.05),且线粒体形态改善,ACSL4及VEGF蛋白表达减少,GPX4蛋白表达升高(均P<0.05)。结论:铁死亡参与高糖诱导的RPE细胞损伤,抑制铁死亡能改善细胞活性,降低炎症及氧化应激水平,减轻高糖诱导的RPE细胞损伤。

Exosome-transported IncRNA H19 regulates insulin-like growth factor-1 via the H19/let-7a/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor axis in ischemic stroke

LncRNA(long non-coding RNA) H19 is a transcript of the H19 gene that is expressed during embryogenesis.We previously discove red a role for circular lncRNA H19 in the onset and prognosis of cerebral ischemic stroke.In this study,we used serum from patients with ischemic stroke,and mouse and cell culture models to elucidate the roles of plasma and neuronal exosomes in the regulatory effect of lncRNA H19 on insulin-like growth factor-1 and its mechanism in ischemic stroke,using western blotting,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Plasma exosomal IncRNA H19 was negatively associated with blood levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 in samples from patients with cerebral ischemic stroke.In a mouse model,levels of exosomal IncRNA H19 were positively correlated with plasma and cerebral lncRNA H19.In a cell co-culture model,we confirmed that IncRNA H19 was transported from neuro ns to astrocytes by exosomes to induce downregulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 through the H19/let-7 a/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor axis.This study provides the first evidence for the transpo rtation of IncRNA H19 by exosomes and the relationship between IncRNA H19 and insulinlike growth factor-1.

Tightened1D/3Dcarbonheterostructure infiltratingphase change materials for solar-thermoelectric energy harvesting:Faster and better

Extensive use of thermal energy in daily life is ideal for reducing carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality;however,the effective collection of thermal energy is a major hurdle.Thermoelectric(TE)conversion technology based on the Seebeck effect and thermal energy storage technology based on phase change materials(PCMs)represent smart,feasible,and research-worthy approaches to overcome this hurdle.However,the integration of multiple thermal energy sources freely existing in the environment for storage and output of thermal and electrical energy simultaneously still remains a huge challenge.Herein,three-dimensional(3D)nanostructured metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are in situ nucleated and grown onto carbon nanotubes(CNTs)via coordination bonding.After calcination,the prepared core-shell structural CNTs@MOFs are transformed into tightened 1D/3D carbon heterostructure loading Co nanoparticles for efficient solar-thermoelectric energy harvesting.Surprisingly,the corresponding composite PCMs show a record-breaking solar-thermal conversion efficiency of 98.1%due to the tightened carbon heterostructure and the local surface plasmon resonance effect of Co nanoparticles.Moreover,our designed all-in-one composite PCMs are also capable of creating an electrical potential of 0.5 mV based on the Seebeck effect without a TE generator.This promising approach can store thermal and electrical energy simultaneously,providing a new direction in the design of advanced all-in-one multifunctional PCMs for thermal energy storage and utilization.

Comparative study of functional optical zone:small incision lenticule extraction versus femtosecond laser assisted excimer laser keratomileusis

AIM:To investigate the size of functional optical zone(FOZ)after small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)versus femtosecond laser assisted excimer laser keratomileusis(FS-LASIK)for myopia correction and potential associated factors for FOZ.METHODS:A total of 133 patients who received corneal refractive surgery in our hospital between November 2018 and July 2021 were retrospectively enrolled.There were 63 patients(123 eyes)in SMILE group and 70patients(139 eyes)in FS-LASIK group.The size of FOZ was measured using Pentacam 3-dementional anterior segment analyzer before and 3mo after surgery,so as to analyze postoperative achieved functional optical zone(AFOZ)and its contributing parameters.RESULTS:When planned functional optical zone(PFOZ)was 6.5 mm for both groups,AFOZ was 1.45±0.27 and 1.67±0.25 mm smaller than preoperative FOZ in SMILE group and FS-LASIK group 3mo after surgery.AFOZ in SMILE group was significantly larger than that in FS-LASIK group(P<0.001).Variation of FOZ was negatively correlated with preoperative spherical equivalent(SE)and positively correlated with variation of mean keratometry value(△Km),variation of spherical aberration(△SA),and variation of Q-value(△Q,all P<0.001)in both groups.Multiple variable linear regression equations were△FOZ=1.354-0.1×pre-SE+0.336×△Q+1.462×△SA in SMILE group and△FOZ=1.512+0.137×△Q+0.468×△SA in FS-LASIK group.CONCLUSION:AFOZ is significantly smaller than preoperative FOZ in both SMILE and FS-LASIK groups.With the same PFOZ,larger AFOZ is achieved in SMILE group than in FS-LASIK group.

Role of Iron Accumulation in Osteoporosis and the Underlying Mechanisms

Osteoporosis is prevalent in postmenopausal women.The underlying reason is mainly estrogen deficiency,but recent studies have indicated that osteoporosis is also associated with iron accumulation after menopause.It has been confirmed that some methods of decreasing iron accumulation can improve the abnormal bone metabolism associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis.However,the mechanism of iron accumulation-induced osteoporosis is still unclear.Iron accumulation may inhibit the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway via oxidative stress,leading to osteoporosis by decreasing bone formation and increasing bone resorption via the osteoprotegerin(OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand(RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B(RANK)system.In addition to oxidative stress,iron accumulation also has been reported to inhibit either osteoblastogenesis or osteoblastic function as well as to stimulate either osteoclastogenesis or osteoclastic function directly.Furthermore,serum ferritin has been widely used for the prediction of bone status,and nontraumatic measurement of iron content by magnetic resonance imaging may be a promising early indicator of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

贝叶斯推理和动态神经反馈促进先天性心脏病智能诊断的临床应用

先天性心脏病(CHD)是婴幼儿死亡主要原因。基于人工智能的先天性心脏病诊断网络(CHDNet)是一种基于超声心动图视频的二分类模型,用于判别超声心动图视频是否包含心脏缺陷。现有的CHDNet模型表现出与医学专家相当甚至更好的判别性能,但它们在训练集之外的样本上的不可靠性已成为模型部署的关键瓶颈。而这是当前大多数基于AI诊断方法的共性问题。为了克服这一挑战,本文我们提出了两种基本机制——贝叶斯推理和动态神经反馈——分别用于衡量和提高人工智能诊断的可靠性。贝叶斯推理允许神经网络模型输出CHD判别的可靠性而不仅仅是单一的判别结果,而动态神经反馈是一个计算神经反馈单元,允许神经网络将知识从输出层反馈给浅层,使神经网络有选择地激活相关神经元。为了评估这两种机制的有效性,我们在包含三种常见CHD缺陷的4151个超声心动图视频上训练了CHDNet,并在1037个超声心动图视频的内部测试集和从其他心血管成像设备新收集的692个外部视频集上对其进行了测试。每个超声心动图视频对应于一位患者和一次就诊。我们在多种代表性神经网络架构上展示了贝叶斯推理获得的可靠性如何解释和量化神经网络内部与外部测试集之间的性能显著差异,以及尽管输入被噪声破坏或使用外部测试集时,设计的反馈单元如何帮助神经网络保持高精度和可靠性。