The hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline at the SSRF

The hard X-ray nanoprobe beamline BL13U is a phase-Ⅱ beamline project at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.The beamline aims to enable comprehensive experiments at high spatial resolutions ranging from 50 to 10 nm. The X-ray energy range of the beamline, 5–25 keV, can detect most elements in the periodic table. Two operating modes were designed to accommodate the experimental requirements of high-energy resolution or high photon flux, respectively. X-ray nanofluorescence, nanodiffraction, and coherent diffraction imaging are developed as the main experimental techniques for BL13U. This paper describes the beamline optics, end station configurations, experimental methods under development, and preliminary test results. This comprehensive overview aims to provide a clear understanding of the beamline capabilities and potential applications.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Two Tomato Cultivars with Different Shelf-Life Traits

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)is a perishable fruit because of its fast water loss and susceptibility to pathogens in the post-harvest stage,which leads to huge economic losses every year.In this study,firstly from 19 tomato cultivars,we screened out two cultivars,Riogrand and SalarF1,having long and short shelf-life spans,respectively.Secondly,shelf-life analysis was carried out for both cultivars at room temperature.Results exhibited that Riogrand showed higher firmness and less weight loss than SalarF1.The ethylene production was higher in SalarF1,compared with Riogrand during post-harvest storages.We performed transcriptomic analysis of both cultivars in different storage stages.We discovered 2913,2188,and 11,119 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)for three post-harvest stages(0,20,and 40 Days Post-Harvest(DPH)),respectively.These genes are enriched in ethylene biosynthesis and response,as well as cell wall-related genes.Ethylene response factor(ERF)ERF2 and ERF4 were highly expressed in SalarF1 with a short shelf life in 40 DPH,and the ethylene biosynthetic genes ACO1,ACO4,ACS6,and ACS2 were significantly upregulated in SalarF1.Regarding cell wall loosening and cell wall-related genes XTH3,XTH7,XTH23,1,3;1,4-β-D-Gluc-like,pGlcT1,Cellulase,PGH1,PL5,PL-like 1,PL-like 2 exhibited the highest levels of significance,being notably upregulated in the last stage of SalarF1.The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)analysis validated these gene expressions,which is in line with the transcriptome analysis.The findings suggested that the extension of tomato fruit shelf life is mostly dependent on ethylene biosynthesis,signaling pathway genes,cell wall loosening,and cell wall-associated genes.

Effects of ginkgo flavone aglycone on atherosclerosis based on network pharmacology,molecular docking,and in vitro experiments

Background:Ginkgo flavone aglycones(GA),a Ginkgo(Ginkgo biloba)extract,has been proven to have good biological activity in atherosclerosis(AS)treatment.Moreover,its active compounds and the corresponding mechanism for the treatment of AS remain unclear.Methods:To evaluate and identify the potential pharmacological mechanisms of GA in AS treatment,the program Cytoscape was used to generate network mappings of the GA-AS-potential target gene.GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to further investigate the potential mechanism of AS and the pharmacological properties of GA.A molecular docking approach was utilized to determine the GA components that interact with Akt.In vitro experiments were carried out to identify the anti-atherosclerotic effects of GA by targeting Akt.Results:Network pharmacological research determined that the active components of GA(quercetin,kaempferol,and isorhamnetin)correlated with AS target genes such as AKT1,EGFR,SRC,ESR1,PTGS2,MMP9,KDR,GSK3B,APP,and MMP2,respectively.GO enrichment and KEGG analysis showed that PI3K-Akt signaling may play an important role in GA treatment.Molecular docking experiments indicated that quercetin,kaempferol,and isorhamnetin integrate into the binding pockets of the most potentially beneficial GA-AS target protein(Akt).Consequently,cell experiments were conducted to support the anti-atherosclerotic activity of GA on AS by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT1 and its downstream signaling molecules,which regulated the proliferation of HASMCs.Conclusion:Our results detailed GA's active ingredients,potential targets,and molecular basis against AS.GA may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by suppressing Akt phosphorylation and inhibiting the proliferation of HASMCs.It also proposed a viable approach to determining the scientific foundation and therapeutic mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine extracts in disease therapy.

2022年我国林业植物及其产品调运检疫情况分析

调运检疫是防止林业检疫性和危险性有害生物随林业植物及其产品传播扩散的主要措施,是我国林业植物检疫工作的重要组成部分。为了摸清我国林业植物及其产品调运检疫的基本情况,本文对2022年全国林业植物及其产品调运检疫的相关数据进行汇总分析。结果表明,2022年全国林业植物及其产品调运检疫以省际间调运为主,并呈现出较强的季节性、地域性和周期性特征,全年在3—5月和11月出现2个核发植物检疫证书高峰,种子调运集中在内蒙古和西北地区等草原大省,苗木调运集中在浙江省,木材调运主要集中在江苏、黑龙江和内蒙古等3省,花卉、果品和植物药材受政策影响仅集中在个别省份。研究结果为未来进一步优化林业植物及其产品调运检疫工作提供数据支撑。

Electroacupuncture at ST36 modulates gastric motility via vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes in rats

BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture(EA) at ST36 can significantly improve gastrointestinal symptoms, especially in promoting gastrointestinal motility. The automatic nervous system plays a main role in EA, but few studies exist on how vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes affect EA to regulate gastrointestinal motility.AIM To study the role of vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes in EA at ST36, as well as the associated receptor subtypes that are involved.METHODS Gastric motility was measured with a manometric balloon placed in the gastric antrum area in anesthetized animals. The peripheral nervous discharge was measured using a platinum electrode hooking the vagus or greater splanchnic nerve, and the central nervous discharge was measured with a glass microelectrode in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus(DMV). The effects and mechanisms of EA at ST36 were explored in male Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided in to a control group, vagotomy group, sympathectomy group, and microinjection group [including an artificial cerebrospinal fluid group, glutamate(L-Glu) group, and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA) group] and in genetically modified male mice [β1β2 receptor-knockout(β1β2^(-/-)) mice, M2M3 receptorknockout(M2M3^(-/-)) mice, and wild-type control mice].RESULTS EA at ST36 promoted gastric motility during 30-120 s. During EA, both vagus and sympathetic nerve discharges increased, with a much higher frequency of vagus nerve discharge than sympathetic discharge. The gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was interdicted by vagotomy. However, gastric motility mediated by EA at ST36 was increased during 0-120 s by sympathectomy, which eliminated the delay effect of EA during 0-30 s, but it was lower than the control group during 30-120 s. Using gene knockout mice and their wild-type controls to explore the receptor mechanisms, we found that EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility in M2/3^(-/-) mice, and promoted gastric motility in β1/2^(-/-) mice. Extracellular recordings showed that EA at ST36 increased spikes of the DMV. Microinjection of L-Glu into the DMV increased gastric motility, while EA at ST36 decreased gastric motility during 0-60 s, and promoted gastric motility during 60-120 s.Injection of GABA reduced or increased gastric motility, and reduced the promoting gastric motility effect of EA at ST36.CONCLUSION These data suggest that EA at ST36 modulates gastric motility via vagovagal and sympathetic reflexes mediated through M2/3 and β1/2 receptors, respectively.Sympathetic nerve activity mediated through β1/2 receptors is associated with an early delay in modulation of gastric motility by EA at ST36.

Study on the structure characterization and moisturizing effect of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39

The structure and moisture retention of Tremella polysaccharide fermented from GCMCC5.39(FTP)were evaluated.After UV,infrared spectrum analysis,HPAEC-PAD,HPSEC and 1 D NMR analysis,the composition of the purifi ed FTP was determined.Purifi ed components of fermented Tremella polysaccharide(FTPS)was made of galactose,mannose,glucose,galactosmine,glucosamine,and contain a large amount of hydroxyl,carbonyl and amino groups.FTPS wasα-neutral pyranose without uronic acid.FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were obtained after purifi cation by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow Column.The molecular weights of FTPS-1 and FTPS-2 were 25722 and 177263 Da.FTPS-2 had a better ability to prevent moisture loss,and the optimal moisture retention period was 0–4 h.FTPS-2 could signifi cantly increase the moisture content of the skin epidermis and showed a dose-concentration relationship.The effect of FTPS-2 on the expression of different moisturizing genes was evaluated in a human skin keratinocyte model.The results showed that FTPS-2 has no cytotoxicity,and could signifi cantly promote AQP3,TGM1,CASP14,HYAL2,FLG gene expression level in HaCaT cells.It has the most signifi cant infl uence at HYAL2 protein expression on 50μg/mL.

Expert Consensus on Nutritional Support for Children with Congenital Heart Disease(2023 Edition)

The second edition of the expert consensus on pediatric nutrition was formed based on a global update of pedia-tric nutrition guidelines or consensus worldwide,the management of congenital heart disease,and the results of multi-center clinical nutrition research for congenital heart disease following thefirst Chinese consensus edition of 2016.The consensus was also shaped by the results of three discussion sessions and two questionnaires con-ducted by the 13-member collaboration group.This process was informed by both clinical guidelines and expert consensus.The quality of literature,both in English and Chinese,and the level of recommendations were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluations(GRADE)system.

Two new glycosides from the genus of Cassia

Two new glycosides were isolated and characterized by spectral analysis from the seeds of Cassia obtusifolia and the leaves of Cassia angustifolia. The structure was elucidated as 1-hydroxyl-2-acetyl-3,8-dimethoxynaphthalene-6-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl- （1→2）-β-D-glucopyranoside and 2-acetyl-3-methyl-8-methoxyl-1,4-naphthoquinone-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside.

Dural puncture epidural technique provides better anesthesia quality in repeat cesarean delivery than epidural technique:Randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND Repeat cesarean deliverys involve a longer surgery and more severe visceral traction than primary cesarean deliverys.The dural puncture epidural(DPE)technique provides faster and more effective analgesia for labor,but there is no sufficient evidence to indicate whether it is suitable for parturients undergoing repeat cesarean delivery.AIM To determine the efficacy and safety of the DPE anesthesia technique in patients undergoing repeat cesarean delivery.METHODS Patients undergoing repeat cesarean delivery were randomly divided into the DPE and epidural anesthesia(EA)groups.A 25-G spinal needle was used for dural puncture via a 19-G epidural needle.The patients in the two groups were injected with 5 mL of 2%lidocaine followed by 15 mL of a mixture of 1%lidocaine+0.5%ropivacaine as the epidural dosage.The primary outcome was the onset time of sensory block to the T6 dermatome level and the sensory and motor block degree.RESULTS A total of 115 women were included(EA:57,DPE:58).The mean time to sensory block to the T6 Level was significantly shorter in the DPE group than in the EA group(14.7 min vs 16.6 min;95%confidence interval,13.9 to 15.4 vs 15.8 to 17.4;P=0.001).The cranial sensory block level was significantly higher at 5,10,and 15 min after the initial dose in the DPE group than in the EA group(P<0.05).The sacral sensory block level was significantly higher and the modified bromage score was significantly lower in the DPE group at each time point(P<0.05).Adverse effects and neonatal outcomes were comparable between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The DPE technique provided higher-quality anesthesia than the EA technique,with a rapid onset of surgical anesthesia,better cranial and sacral sensory block spread and a higher motor block degree,without increasing the incidence of maternal or fetal side effects in patients undergoing repeat cesarean delivery.

Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Gastrodia elata and its active ingredients in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Gastrodia elata,a traditional Chinese medicine belonging to the Orchidaceae family,contains several major components such as gastrodin,polysaccharides of Gastrodia elata,and parishin.The pharmacological studies conducted on Gastrodia elata have revealed a variety of therapeutic properties,including antihypertensive,hypolipidemic,analgesic,and sedative-hypnotic properties.Thus,in this paper,we summarized the pharmacological effects of Gastrodia elata’s major components,namely gastrodin,polysaccharides of Gastrodia elata,parishin,and different types of Gastrodia elata extracts,on cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis,hypertension,hyperglycemia,myocardial ischemia,myocardial hypoxia,myocarditis,and heart failure.Additionally,we conclude the mechanisms through which these active ingredients exert their therapeutic effects,including antioxidants,anti-inflammatory,and nitric oxide regulation.We provide insights into the therapeutic potential of Gastrodia elata with a detailed review of its pharmacological effects and molecular targets in cardiovascular disease protection and therapy,and can better understand the effect of traditional medicines in cardiovascular disease.

Genetic modification of miR-34a enhances efficacy of transplanted human dental pulp stem cells after ischemic stroke

Human dental pulp stem cells(hDPSCs) promote recovery after ischemic stro ke;however,the therapeutic efficacy is limited by the poor survival of transplanted cells.For in vitro expe riments in the present study,we used oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in hDPSCs to mimic cell damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion.We found that miRNA-34a-5p(miR-34a) was elevated under oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation conditions in hDPSCs.Inhibition of miR-34a facilitated the prolife ration and antioxidant capacity and reduced the apoptosis of hDPSCs.Moreove r,dual-luciferase reporter gene assay showed WNT1and SIRT1 as the targets of miR-34a.In miR-34a knockdown cell lines,WNT1 suppression reduced cell prolife ration,and SIRT1 suppression decreased the antioxidant capacity.Togethe r,these results indicated that miR-34a regulates cell prolife ration and antioxidant stress via targeting WNT1 and SIRT1,respectively.For in vivo expe riments,we injected genetically modified hDPSCs(anti34a-hDPSCs) into the brains of mice.We found that anti34a-hDPSCs significantly inhibited apoptosis,reduced cerebral edema and cerebral infarct volume,and improved motor function in mice.This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of the cell prolife ration and antioxidant capacity of hDPSCs,and suggests a potential gene that can be targeted to improve the survival rate and efficacy of transplanted hDPSCs in brain after ischemic stroke.

Optical conductivity of twisted bilayer graphene near the magic angle

We theoretically study the band structure and optical conductivity of twisted bilayer graphene(TBG) near the magic angle considering the effects of lattice relaxation. We show that the optical conductivity spectrum is characterized by a series of peaks associated with the van Hove singularities in the band structure, and the peak energies evolve systematically with the twist angle. Lattice relaxation effects in TBG modify its band structure, especially the flat bands, which leads to significant shifts of the peaks in the optical conductivity. These results demonstrate that spectroscopic features in the optical conductivity can serve as fingerprints for exploring the band structure, band gap, and lattice relaxation in magic-angle TBG as well as identifying its rotation angle.

Syphilitic uveitis in HIV-positive patients: report of a case series, treatment outcomes, and comprehensive review of the literature

AIM:To report the clinical characteristics,treatment and outcomes of active syphilitic uveitis in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)positive patients and compare them with the previously published data.METHODS:Retrospective analysis of the case series from an infectious disease center in southern China was conducted.Comprehensive review of previously published cases of HIV positive syphilitic uveitis was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science databases and the references listed in the identified articles.RESULTS:Twelve HIV positive patients with active syphilitic uveitis were collected.All were male,with age of 36.3y(range 27 to 53y).Five(41.7%)had a history of syphilis,and three of them had received anti-syphilis treatment.Ocular manifestations included corneal epithelial defect(13%),complicated cataract(17.4%),vitreous opacity(82.6%),optic disc edema(26.1%),macular edema(30.4%),neuro-retinitis(43.5%),and retinal hemorrhage(26.1%).After standardized syphilitic treatment,intraocular inflammation was reduced and vision improved in all cases.The literature review summarizes 105 previously reported cases of HIV positive syphilitic uveitis.High serum rapid plasma regain(RPR)titers may be associated with severe uveitis and poor vision.Treatment with penicillin,ceftriaxone sodium,or penicillin plus benzylpenicillin instead of using benzylpenicillin alone can significantly improve bestcorrected visual acuity(BCVA)in HIV positive ocular syphilis patients.CONCLUSION:For HIV positive syphilitic uveitis patients,prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment and follow-up are paramount.In our series,the clinical manifestations are diverse.Syphilis patients treated by penicillin G or long-acting penicillin before may still develop syphilitic uveitis.Patients who relapse after long-term penicillin treatment can still benefit from penicillin G.

Prediction of the Interface Temperature Rise in Tribochemical Polishing of CVD Diamond

Tribochemcial polishing is one of the most efficient methods for polishing CVD （Chemical Vapor Deposition） diamond film due to the use of catalytic metal. However the difficulty to control the interface temperature during polishing process often results in low material removal because of the unstable contact process. So this research investigates the contact process in the tribo- chemical polishing of CVD diamond film and proposes a dynamic contact model for predicting the actual contact area, the actual contact pressure, and the interface tem- perature in the polishing process. This model has been verified by characterizing surface metrology of the CVD diamond with Talysurf CLI2000 3D Surface Topography and measuring the polishing temperature. The theoretical and experimental results shows that the height distribution of asperities on diamond film surface in the polishing process is well evaluated by combining the height distribution of original and polished asperities. The modeled surface asperity height distribution of diamond film agrees with the actual surface metrology in polishing process. The actual contact pressure is very large due to the small actual contact area. The predicted interface temperature can reach the catalytic reaction temperature between diamond and polishing plate when the lowest rotation speed and load are 10 000 r/min and 50 N, respectively, and diamond material is significantly removed. The model may provide effective process theory for tribochemcial polishing.

Nickase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification

We developed a nicking endonuclease dependent DNA amplification (NDA), using Nt.BstNBI to catalyze single-stranded nick on double-stranded DNA, and Bst DNA polymerase to make extension while sealing the nick and displacing the downstream strand. The displaced single-stranded DNA thereby serves as template for primers hybridization and extension, resulting in exponential synthesis of target DNA under isothermal condition. Over 105 folds target DNA amplification can be achieved in 30 minutes, generating DNA product suitable for both diagnosis and DNA cloning. This NDA strategy does not require thermal cycling or prerequisite nucleotides modification, making it suitable for application in the field and at the point-of-care.

Modified graphite filled natural rubber composites with good thermal conductivity

The rubber composites with good thermal conductivity contribute to heat dissipation of tires. Graphite filled natural rubber composites were developed in this study to provide good thermal conductivity. Graphite was coated with polyacrylate polymerized by monomers including methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acrylate and acrylic acid. The ratios between a filler and acrylate polymerization emulsion and those between monomers were varied. Eight types of surface modification formulas were experimentally investigated. Modification formula can affect coating results and composite properties greatly. The best coating type was achieved by a ratio of1:1 between methyl methacrylate and n-butyl acrylate. The coating of graphite was thermally stable in a running tire. Filled with modified graphite, the tire thermal conductivity reached up to 0.517–0.569 W·m-1·K-1. In addition, the mechanical performance was improved with increased crosslink density, extended scorch time and short vulcanization time.

Silver Nanowires Contained Nanofluids with Enhanced Optical Absorption and Thermal Transportation Properties

Two kinds of silver nanowires(100 nm in diameter, 20 μm and 100 μm in length) are prepared. The thermo-physical characteristics, viscosity, and photothermal conversion performance of the silver nanowires(AgNWs)contained ethylene glycol nanofluids are investigated in detail. It is found that thermal conductivity of 100 μm AgNWs contained nanofluids is higher than that of 20 μm AgNWs with the same diameters of 100 nm. Viscosity test shows that the nanofluid is a Newtonian fluid, and the longer silver nanowires, the greater viscosity. In addition, photothermal conversion efficiency of silver nanowires contained nanofluid is studied. We can observe that the 100 μm AgNWs contained nanofluid has a higher photothermal conversion efficiency than that containing 20 μm AgNWs. Moreover, we find that there is a certain correlation between heat transfer and photothermal conversion of nanofluid. It demonstrates that the high heat transfer property of nanofluid will benefit for its photothermal conversion efficiency and the mechanism is proposed. This work provides a new idea to improve photothermal conversion efficiency. We can choose materials with high thermal conductivity and strong light absorption ability to enhance the photothermal conversion performance of nanofluids.

新型硅氧碳氮负极材料合成及可控化学预锂化

以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)与戊二醛(GA)为原料,通过水解和醛胺缩合反应生成前驱体,再高温热解制备碳氮氧化硅(SiOCN)负极材料。采用联苯锂(Li-BP)为锂化剂,2-甲基四氢呋喃(2-MeTHF)为还原溶剂的化学预锂化方法提高SiOCN负极极片的首次库仑效率。通过调控锂化试剂的反应时间很容易控制极片的预锂化程度。化学预锂化在电极表面优先形成固体电解质界面膜,在1mol/L锂化试剂浸渍30s,SiOCN/Li半电池首次库仑效率由73.6%提高到90.4%,循环稳定性与原始极片相当,1 A/g电流密度下的充电比容量为604 mA·h/g,195圈充放电循环容量保持率为98.5%。与NCM811正极匹配全电池,电池的首次效率从46.3%提高到78.6%。预锂化处理的SiOCN负极材料具有高首次库仑效率、高容量和长循环稳定性,在高能量密度锂电池中具有很好的应用前景。

The study on the mechanism of Tanreqing and ambroxol combined with Azithromycin for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children

Objective:To observe the mechanism of Tanreqing and ambroxol combined with Azithromy for the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children and offer help to mycoplasma pneumonia treatment.Methods:86 cases of mycoplasma pneumonia patients in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into observation group and control group, each group were 43 cases. Control group was treated with conventional therapy, and observation group was treated with Tanreqing and ambroxol combined with Azithromy based on conventional therapy, the changes of lung function [V-T (Tidal volume)/kg, t-PTEF/t-E (time ratio of peak to peak), TEF25/PTEF (Instantaneous velocity of exhaling tidal volume 75% and Peak tidal expiratory flow ratio) and MTIF/MTEF (medium-term inspiratory flow rate and medium-term expiratory flow rate ratio)], cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α) and the myocardial enzymes [LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CK-MB (creatine kinase isoenzyme), CK (creatine kinase) and AST (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase)] were detected before and after treatment.Results: The comparison of lung function, cytokines and themyocardial enzymes in the two groups before treatment was not statistically significant (P>0.05). MTIF/MTEF, themyocardial enzymes (LDH, CK-MB, CK and AST) and cytokines (IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α) in both groups after treatment significantly decreased compared with that before treatment (P<0.05);lung function (V-T/kg, t-PTEF/t-E, TEF25/PTEF), and IL-2 in both groups after treatment significantly increased compared with that before treatment (P<0.05). Lung function (V-T/kg, t-PTEF/t-E, TEF25/PTEF), and IL-2 in observation group after treatment increased more significantly than that in control group (P<0.05), and MTIF/MTEF, themyocardial enzymes (LDH, CK-MB, CK and AST) and cytokines (IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-α) decreased more significantly than that in control group (P<0.05).Conclusions:Tanreqing and ambroxol combined with Azithromy could improve lung function, cytokines and the myocardial enzymes in children with mycoplasma pneumonia, which has a very important clinical significance of the treatment to mycoplasma pneumonia.

Reduced information transmission in the internal segment of the globus pallidus of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced rhesus monkey models of Parkinson's disease

Rhesus monkey models of Parkinson＇s disease were induced by injection of N-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Neural firings were recorded using microelectrodes placed in the interna segment of the globus pallidus. The wavelets and power spectra show gradual power reduction during the disease process along with increased firing rates in the Parkinson＇s disease state. Singular values of coefficients decreased considerably during tremor-related activity as well as in the Parkinson＇s disease state compared with normal signals, revealing that higher-frequency components weaken when Parkinson＇s disease occurs. We speculate that the death of neurons could be reflected by irregular frequency spike trains, and that wavelet packet decomposition can effectively detect the degradation of neurons and the loss of information transmission in the neural circuitry.