农科特色有机化学课程的教学探索与实践

立足高等农林教育,从教学案例、教学方法、教师团队建设等方面对有机化学课程教学进行了探索和实践。教学实践表明,激发了学生的学习兴趣,拓展了学生的视野,助力学生领略了有机化学研究前沿(尤其是与农科交叉融合应用前沿)魅力,培养了学生的文化素养、职业素养和科学素养,塑造了学生“知农爱农”的情怀,厚植了学生的家国情怀;实现了知识传授、能力培养与价值引领的同向同行和交相辉映,有效解决了公共基础课与专业教育需求不能完全匹配的问题,充分发挥了课程在农科人才培养中的作用。

新农科背景下无机化学课程教学改革探索与实践

新农科建设背景下,将公共基础课与农业元素交融创新,优化教学方法,是推进农科特色基础课程改革的重要途径。课程组在融合农业特色教学内容,融入“农味”思政元素,构建“以学为中心”的自主、合作、探究型教学模式等方面进行了探索和实践。通过教学改革与实践,实现了化学知识与农科专业知识的有机融合,有利于提高学生解决农业领域问题的能力,为新时代农林卓越人才培养提供支撑。

Biochar alleviates apple replant disease by reducing the growth of Fusarium oxysporum and regulating microbial communities

Apple replant disease(ARD)negatively affects plant growth and reduces yields in replanted orchards.In this study,biochar was applied to apple replant soil with Fusarium oxysporum.Our aim was to investigate whether biochar could promote plant growth and alleviate apple replant disease by reducing the growth of harmful soil microorganisms,changing soil microbial community structure and improving the soil environment.This experiment included five treatments:apple replant soil(CK),methyl bromide fumigation apple replant soil(FM),replant soil with biochar addition(2%),replant soil with F.oxysporum spore solution(8×10^(7)spores·mL^(-1)),and replant soil with biochar and F.oxysporum spore solution addition.Seedling biomass,the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the leaves and roots,and soil environmental variables were measured.Microbial community composition and community structure were analyzed using 16SrDNA and ITS2 gene sequencing.Biochar significantly reduced the abundance of F.oxysporum and increased soil microbial diversity and richness.Biochar also increased the soil enzyme activities(urease,invertase,neutral phosphatase,and catalase),the biomass(plant height,fresh weight,dry weight)and the activity of antioxidant enzymes(superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,and catalase).The root indexes of apple seedlings was also increased in replant soil by biochar.In sum,biochar promoted the growth of plants,improved the replant soil environment,and alleviated apple replant disease.

Current Situation and Development Proposals of Agricultural Facilities(Planting)Application in Beijing

Facility agriculture is an essential carrier for promoting stable production and supply.In2020,the planting area of facility agriculture in Beijing(290098000 m2)accounted for 29.06%of the total planting area of crops(998078000 m2),and the output value accounted for 46.56%.In2022,Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station organized relevant departments to summarize and evaluate the agricultural facilities in Beijing through consultation materials,interviews,questionnaires,and field trips,combining survey data and statistical data to draw the following conclusions.Facilities play a major supporting role in stabilizing production and ensuring supply.The number of traditional greenhouses is extensive and covers a large area,so special planning and classification upgrades are urgently needed.Facilities are rich in scientific and technological resources,but the mode of production is out of date.It is of great significance to improve the comprehensive production capacity of facility agriculture and promote the healthy and stable development of facility industry in Beijing to increase the utilization rate of facility agriculture land,strengthen the support of facility science and technology,and cultivate the socialized service organization of facility.

“新农科”建设背景下分析化学创新教学模式的改革与实践

“新农科”建设背景下,探索与构建农林类分析化学教学新模式——“三融入三结合”课程体系。通过新模式教学,助力学生领略分析化学在农林学科中发展与应用的魅力,激发学生学习的兴趣,打牢扎实的理论基础,培养学生创新思维与能力,涵养学生的“三农”和家国情怀,打通分析化学与农科专业一体化育人的渠道。

Abnormal activation of the occipital lobes during emotion picture processing in major depressive disorder patients

A large number of studies have demonstrated that depression patients have cognitive dysfunction. With recently developed brain functional imaging, studies have focused on changes in brain function to investigate cognitive changes. However, there is still controversy regarding abnormalities in brain functions or correlation between cognitive impairment and brain function changes. Thus, it is important to design an emotion-related task for research into brain function changes. We selected positive, neutral, and negative pictures from the International Affective Picture System. Patients with major depressive disorder were asked to judge emotion pictures. In addition, functional MRI was performed to synchronously record behavior data and imaging data. Results showed that the total correct rate for recognizing pictures was lower in patients compared with normal controls. Moreover, the consistency for recognizing pictures for depressed patients was worse than normal controls, and they frequently recognized positive pictures as negative pictures. The consistency for recognizing pictures was negatively correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Functional MRI suggested that the activation of some areas in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, limbic lobe, and cerebellum was enhanced, but that the activation of some areas in the frontal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe was weakened while the patients were watching positive and neutral pictures compared with normal controls. The activation of some areas in the frontal lobe temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and limbic lobe was enhanced, but the activation of some areas in the occipital lobe were weakened while the patients were watching the negative pictures compared with normal controls. These findings indicate that patients with major depressive disorder have negative cognitive disorder and extensive brain dysfunction. Thus, reduced activation of the occipital lobe may be an initiating factor for cognitive disorder in depressed patients.

The norepinephrine transporter gene is associated with the retardation symptoms of major depressive disorder in the Han Chinese population

The norepinephrine transporter plays an important role in the pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder. Consequently, the norepinephrine transporter gene is an attractive candidate in major depressive disorder research. In the present study, we evaluated the depression symptoms of subjects with major depressive disorder, who were all from the North of China and of Hart Chinese origin, using the Hamilton Depression Scale. We examined the relationship between two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the norepinephrine transporter, rs2242446 and rs5569, and the retardation symptoms of major depressive disorder using quantitative trait testing with the UNPHASED program, rs5569 was associated with depressed mood, and the GG genotype may be a risk factor for this; rs2242446 was associated with work and interest, and the TT genotype may be a risk factor for loss of interest. Our findings suggest that rs2242446 and rs5569 in the norepinephrine transporter gene are associated with the retardation symptoms of depression in the Hart Chinese population.

Dynamics of forest biomass carbon stocks from 1949 to 2008 in Henan Province,east-central China

We estimated forest biomass carbon storage and carbon density from 1949 to 2008 based on nine consecutive forest inventories in Henan Province,China.According to the definitions of the forest inventory,Henan forests were categorized into five groups: forest stands,economic forests,bamboo forests,open forests,and shrub forests.We estimated biomass carbon in forest stands for each inventory period by using the continuous biomass expansion factor method.We used the mean biomass density method to estimate carbon stocks in economic,bamboo,open and shrub forests.Over the 60-year period,total forest vegetation carbon storage increased from34.6 Tg(1 Tg = 1×10;g) in 1949 to 80.4 Tg in 2008,a net vegetation carbon increase of 45.8 Tg.By stand type,increases were 39.8 Tg in forest stands,5.5 Tg in economic forests,0.6 Tg in bamboo forests,and-0.1 Tg in open forests combine shrub forests.Carbon storageincreased at an average annual rate of 0.8 Tg carbon over the study period.Carbon was mainly stored in young and middle-aged forests,which together accounted for 70–88%of the total forest carbon storage in different inventory periods.Broad-leaved forest was the main contributor to forest carbon sequestration.From 1998 to 2008,during implementation of national afforestation and reforestation programs,the carbon storage of planted forest increased sharply from 3.9 to 37.9 Tg.Our results show that with the growth of young planted forest,Henan Province forests realized large gains in carbon sequestration over a 60-year period that was characterized in part by a nation-wide tree planting program.

聚丙烯-聚乙烯消光膜体系织态结构形成机理

采用偏光显微镜和热台联用的方法,研究了聚丙烯(PP)-聚乙烯(PE)共混体系降温过程中的相分离和结晶行为。在此共混体系中,PE质量分数为10%~60%,随着PE质量分数增加,结果呈现2种不同的分相形貌特征:PE质量分数为10%~30%时,PE相区分散在连续相PP中,当PE质量分数为40%~60%时,PE/PP共存,为双连续相。通过对结晶过程形貌特征的转变以及相畴尺寸的定量分析,发现了2种控制表面粗糙程度的机理:在PP为单连续相时,粗糙度主要取决于分散相相畴大小;在PE/PP双连续相的情况下,在互穿网络结构中主要为骨架相互挤压控制。通过比对各拉伸比下的形貌特征,发现静态结晶形成的织态结构在拉伸过程中发生与宏观应变相关的等比放大,表明消光膜表面形貌主要取决于静态结晶过程。为了建立静态结晶形成结构和消光膜雾度的关系,通过共混-挤出-流延-双向拉伸的方法制备了不同PE含量所对应的消光膜样品,通过雾度测试,证明表面粗糙的织态结构为决定雾度的关键,同时证明了静态结晶实验对于消光膜加工过程中雾度控制的指导意义。

工科院校材料化学理科专业贯通创新型人才培养探索与实践

大力培养创新型人才是当今社会高等院校人才培育任务的重中之重,而工科院校理科专业更应尽快完善符合自身特色的创新型人才培养模式。本文论述了哈尔滨工业大学理科省一流专业材料化学专业在本研贯通式人才培养过程中,通过教学改革、强化实践、分类培养等一系列措施,凝练出创新人才培养和专业建设的融合之路,形成具有理工结合特色的创新型人才培养模式。

Macroencapsulation Devices for Cell Therapy

Macroencapsulation has been widely used in cell therapy due to its capability to provide immune-privileged sites for implanted allogeneic or xenogeneic cells.Macroencapsulation also serves to provide mechanical and physiochemical support for maintaining cell expansion and promoting therapeutic func-tions.Macroencapsulation devices such as membrane-controlled release systems,hydrogels,micronee-dle(MN)array patches,and three-dimensional(3D)stents have shown promising in-lab and preclinical results in the maintenance of long-term cell survival and the strengthening of treatment effi-cacy.Recent studies focus on expanding the applications of these devices to new cell-based areas such as chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell delivery,cardiovascular disease therapy,and the exploration of new materials,construction methods,and working principles to augment treatment efficacy and prolong therapy duration.Here,we survey innovative platforms and approaches,as well as translation outcomes,for advancing the performance and applications of macrodevices for cell-based therapies.A discussion and critique regarding future opportunities and challenges is also provided.

Poly(Glycidyl Methacrylates)-grafted Zinc Oxide Nanowire by Surface-initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Poly(glycidyl methacrylates)(PGMA) was grafted from zinc oxide(ZnO) nanowires via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization(SI-ATRP) technique.Firstly,the ZnO nanowires were synthesized by the one-pot hydrothermal technique.Subsequently,the ZnO was functionalized with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane,which was converted to macroinitiator by the esterification of them with 2-bromopropionyl bromide.PGMA grafted ZnO nanowires(PGMA-ZnO) were then synthesized in an ATRP of the GMA with CuCl/2,2`-bipyridine as the catalyst system.Kinetics studies revealed an approximate linear increase in weight of polymer with reaction time,indicating that the polymerization process owned some "living" character.The structure and composition of PGMA-ZnO were characterized with scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy-dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectrometer,fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).

Significance of spatial organization of chromosomes in the progression of acute myeloid leukemia

Leukemia ranks as one of the ten most fatal cancers [1].The mortality and incidence of this disease are associated with multiple factors, including environmental factors,sex, and age. Distinct genetic and chromosomal aberrations differentially affect the phenotype and prognosis of individuals with leukemia [2, 3]. The t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation, which is observed in patients with acute myeloid leukemia with maturation (AML-M2, according to the French-American-British classification system), is characterized by the fusion of AML1 (acute myeloid leukemia factor 1, also referred to as RUNX1 [runt-related transcription factor 1]) on chromosome 21 and ETO (eight-twenty-one, also referred to as RUNX1T1 [runtrelated transcription factor 1, translocated to 1]) on chromosome 8. Although the t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation is associated with a favorable prognosis, relapse remains the primary cause of treatment failure [4].

不同膳食因素与轻中度高血压患者血压水平的关系

目的分析轻中度高血压患者各类食物摄入量及其变化与血压水平及其变化的关系。方法研究对象来自DECIDE-Diet研究,该研究是一项多中心、随机对照试验。入选DECIDE-Diet研究中基线和结局数据均完整的轻中度高血压患者。收集入选患者7 d导入期(基线)和28 d试验期的膳食记录和血压测量数据。血压变化定义为试验结束时血压与基线血压的差值。各类食物基线摄入量为导入期每日摄入量的平均值,摄入量的增量定义为试验期平均摄入量与导入期平均摄入量的差值。调整年龄、性别、研究中心、干预分组情况、基线体重指数、是否服用降压药物及基线总热量摄入量,采用线性回归模型分析各类食物摄入量及其增量与血压水平及其变化的关系。结果共纳入258例轻中度高血压患者,其中男性133例,年龄(56.5±9.9)岁。(1)控制混杂因素后,各类食物的基线摄入量与基线收缩压和舒张压均无显著相关性(P均>0.05),但薯类、蔬菜、植物油的基线摄入量与收缩压、舒张压变化均呈负相关,而畜禽肉的基线摄入量与收缩压、舒张压变化均呈正相关;全谷物和鱼类的摄入量增量与收缩压、舒张压变化均呈负相关(P均<0.05)。(2)多元线性回归分析结果显示,蔬菜(β=-0.021,P=0.004)、植物油(β=-0.260,P=0.002)基线摄入量及鱼类摄入量增量(β=-0.128,P=0.026)均与收缩压变化相关;蔬菜(β=-0.017,P=0.002)、植物油(β=-0.182,P=0.001)、奶类(β=0.021,P=0.022)基线摄入量及鱼类摄入量增量(β=-0.092,P=0.010)均与舒张压变化相关。结论在轻中度高血压患者中,增加全谷物、蔬菜、植物油、鱼类摄入,减少畜禽肉摄入可能有利于患者血压的控制。

Emerging non-antibody‒drug conjugates (non-ADCs) therapeutics of toxins for cancer treatment

The non-selective cytotoxicity of toxins limits the clinical relevance of the toxins.In recent years,toxins have been widely used as warheads for antibody-drug conjugates(ADCs)due to their eff-cient killing activity against various cancer cells.Although ADCs confer certain targeting properties to the toxins,low drug loading capacity,possible immunogenicity,and other drawbacks also limit the po-tential application of ADCs.Recently,non-ADC delivery strategies for toxins have been extensively investigated.To further understand the application of toxins in anti-tumor,this paper provided an over-view of prodrugs,nanodrug delivery systems,and biomimetic drug delivery systems.In addition,toxins and their combination strategies with other therapies were discussed.Finally,the prospect and challenge of toxins in cancertreatmentwerealso summarized.

Solidification microstructure evolution and its correlations with mechanical properties and damping capacities of Mg-Al-based alloy fabricated using wire and arc additive manufacturing

Magnesium(Mg)alloys,as the lightest metal structural material with good damping capacities,have im-portant application prospects in realizing structural lightweight and vibration reduction.However,their engineering application is greatly limited by poor plastic formability.Wire and arc additive manufactur-ing(WAAM)provides a potential approach for fabricating large-scale Mg alloy components with high manufacturing flexibility.In this study,the evolution of the solidification microstructure of a WAAM-processed Mg-Al-based alloy was quantitatively analyzed based on the analytical models;then,the cor-relations between the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties/damping capacities were investigated.The results revealed that the WAAM-processed Mg-Al-based alloy with an equiaxed-grain-dominated microstructure displayed a simultaneous enhancement in mechanical properties and damping capacities compared to those of the cast Mg-Al-based alloy.The good combination of mechanical prop-erties and damping capacities are mainly attributed to the weakened basal texture with a relatively high Schmid factor for basalslip,the twinning-induced plasticity(TWIP)effect associated with the profuse{10-12}tensile twinning,and the relatively high dislocation density caused by the thermal stress during the WAAM process.

An optimized prime editing system for efficient modification of the pig genome

Prime editing(PE)is a recent gene editing technology that can mediate insertions or deletions and all twelve types of base-tobase conversions.However,its low efficiency hampers the application in creating novel breeds and biomedical models,especially in pigs and other important farm animals.Here,we demonstrate that the pig genome is editable using the PE system,but the editing efficiency was quite low as expected.Therefore,we aimed to enhance PE efficiency by modulating both exogenous PE tools and endogenous pathways in porcine embryonic fibroblasts(PEFs).First,we modified the peg RNA by extending the duplex length and mutating the fourth thymine in a continuous sequence of thymine bases to cytosine,which significantly enhanced PE efficiency by improving the expression of peg RNA and targeted cleavage.Then,we targeted SAMHD1,a deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase(d NTPase)that impedes the reverse transcription process in retroviruses,and found that treatment with its inhibitor,cephalosporin C zinc salt(CPC),increased PE efficiency up to 29-fold(4-fold on average),presumably by improving the reverse transcription process of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase(M-MLV RT)in the PE system.Moreover,PE efficiency was obviously improved by treatment with a panel of histone deacetylase inhibitors(HDACis).Among the four HDACis tested,panobinostat was the most efficient,with an efficiency up to 122-fold(7-fold on average),partly due to the considerable HDACi-mediated increase in transgene expression.In addition,the synergistic use of the three strategies further enhanced PE efficiency in PEFs.Our study provides novel approaches for optimization of the PE system and broadens the application scope of PE in agriculture and biomedicine.

基于“气主呴之”探讨肾阳在慢性阻塞性肺疾病炎癌转化中的作用

COPD炎癌转化是指肺部长期反复的慢性炎症的恶性转化。中医认为,COPD炎癌转化病因病机总属本虚标实。COPD致肺脾肾之气受损,气为阳,气虚则阳虚,阳虚温煦失常致气滞、痰凝、血瘀,为COPD炎癌转化的关键。肾阳为一身阳气之根,肾阳亏虚是COPD炎癌转化的始动因素;肺阳虚是COPD炎癌转化的根本因素;肾虚脾失温煦致脾阳虚是COPD炎癌转化推动因素。本文从“气主呴之”理论探讨肾阳在COPD炎癌转化中的作用,以期为该病的临床诊治拓宽思路。

Engineering SIRPα cellular membrane-based nanovesicles for combination immunotherapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)have revolutionized cancer treatment for their unprecedented clinical efficacy.Signal regulatory proteinα(SIRPα)is a phagocytic checkpoint expressed on macrophages,dendritic cells,other myeloid cells.Cancer cells inhibit macrophage phagocytosis through the interaction of the CD47-SIRPαaxis.Disrupting the CD47-SIRPαaxis has therefore been a promising strategy in restoring the immune attack against cancer.Herein,we engineered cellular membrane nanovesicles(NVs)presenting SIRPαreceptors for phagocytosis checkpoint blockade to augment the antitumor immune response.Furthermore,zebularine(Zeb),an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase,was encapsulated into SIRPαNVs to reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment together with blockade of phagocytosis checkpoint.It is demonstrated that SIRPα@Zeb can improve tumor immunogenicity,the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages to the M1 phenotype,increase the infiltration of CD8^(+)T lymphocytes in tumors.The robust antitumor immune response induced by SIRPα@Zeb significantly suppressed tumor growth and extended mice-bearing melanoma xenograft survival.

Laser powder bed fusion of Zr-modified Al-Cu-Mg alloy:Processability and elevated-temperature mechanical properties

Zr modification is an effective method for improving hot-cracking resistance and elevated-temperature mechanical properties during laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF)of traditional medium and high strength wrought aluminum alloys.This study investigated the l-PBF processability and elevated-temperature mechanical properties of a Zr-modified 2024Al alloy.It was found that the hot-cracking susceptibility increased with the increased scanning speed,which was in reasonable agreement with the modified Rappaz-Drezet-Gremaud criterion.Furthermore,the primary L1_(2)-Al_(3)Zr precipitates,which acted as ef-ficient nucleation sites,precipitated at the fusion boundary of the melt pool,leading to the formation of a heterogeneous grain structure.The yield strength(YS)of the as-fabricated samples at 150,250,and 350℃was 363,210,and 48 MPa,respectively.Despite the slight decrease to 360 MPa of the YS when tested at 150℃,owing to the additional precipitate strengthening from the L1_(2)-Al_(3)Zr precipitates,the YS achieved yield strengths of 253 and 69 MPa,an increase of 20.5%and 30.4%,when tested at 250 and 350℃,respectively.The yield strengths in both the as-fabricated and T6-treated conditions tested at 150 and 250℃were comparable to those of casting Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys and superior to those of traditionally heat-resistant 2219-T6 and 2618-T6 of Al-Cu alloys.