Recently,sharded-blockchain has attracted more and more attention.Its inherited immutabili-ty,decentralization,and promoted scalability effectively address the trust issue of the data sharing in the Internet of Things...Recently,sharded-blockchain has attracted more and more attention.Its inherited immutabili-ty,decentralization,and promoted scalability effectively address the trust issue of the data sharing in the Internet of Things(IoT).Nevertheless,the traditional random allocation between validator groups and transaction pools ignores the differences of shards,which reduces the overall system per-formance due to the unbalance between computing capacity and transaction load.To solve this prob-lem,a load balance optimization framework for sharded-blockchain enabled IoT is proposed,where the allocation between the validator groups and transaction pools is implemented reasonably by deep reinforcement learning(DRL).Specifically,based on the theoretical analysis of the intra-shard consensus and the final system consensus,the optimization of system performance is formed as a Markov decision process(MDP),and the allocation of the transaction pools,the block size,and the block interval are jointly trained in the DRL agent.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the scalability of the sharded blockchain system for IoT.展开更多
An Ethereum blockchain based on proof of stake ( PoS) consensus mechanism is used to achieve the data sharing within the civil aviation service platform for both airport group management and passengers. Considering th...An Ethereum blockchain based on proof of stake ( PoS) consensus mechanism is used to achieve the data sharing within the civil aviation service platform for both airport group management and passengers. Considering the Gas consumption of Ethereum, the dynamic batch-service capacity constraint by the Block Gas Limit and the priority mechanism depending on the different Gas Price of transactions, M/ G/1 queuing theory with batch-service is used to construct the service model of transactions confirmation process in the proposed blockchain system, where the effects of transactions arrival rate, block capacity, service rate and number of nodes on the average confirmation time of transactions with different priority are analyzed, and eventually a performance analysis model of blockchain for civil aviation business data is proposed. The simulation results prove the usability and accuracy of the model, which can provide both theoretical basis for data sharing of civil aviation using Ethereum blockchain and the further optimization of transactions confirmation time.展开更多
The heterogeneous network with the separation of the control plane and user plane(C/U) is an evolutionary approach to the fifth generation(5 G) to achieve high system coverage and capacity. To minimize signaling load ...The heterogeneous network with the separation of the control plane and user plane(C/U) is an evolutionary approach to the fifth generation(5 G) to achieve high system coverage and capacity. To minimize signaling load of the core network when there is a macro base station(BS) failure in the control plane, a scheme of transferring the control of small cells under the coverage of the failure macro BS to the neighbor macro BSs is proposed. The average handover rates between small cells related to user mobilities, the extended coverage of the neighboring macro BSs under the constraint of transmitting power and the load balance index of the system are analyzed, based on which the formula of maximizing the handovers processed by macro BSs is constructed and further solved by the convex optimization methods. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme can effectively increase the total handovers processed by the macro BSs and thus reduce the signaling load of the core network.展开更多
A compact and reconfigurable low noise amplifier(LNA)is proposed by combining an input transistor,composite transistors with Darlington configuration as the amplification and output transistor,T-type structure composi...A compact and reconfigurable low noise amplifier(LNA)is proposed by combining an input transistor,composite transistors with Darlington configuration as the amplification and output transistor,T-type structure composite resistors instead of a simplex structure resistor,a shunt inductor feedback realized by a tunable active inductor(AI),a shunt inductor peaking technique realized by another tunable AI.The division and collaboration among different resistances in the T-type structure composite resistor realize simultaneously input impedance matching,output impedance matching and good noise performance;the shunt feedback and peaking technique using two tunable AIs not only extend frequency bandwidth and improve gain flatness,but also make the gain and frequency band can be tuned simultaneously by the external bias of tunable AIs;the Darlington configuration of composite transistors provides high gain;furthermore,the adoption of the small size AIs instead of large size passive spiral inductor,and the use of composite resistors make the LNA have a small size.The LNA is fabricated and verified by GaAs/InGaP hetero-junction bipolar transistor(HBT)process.The results show that at the frequency of 7 GHz,the gain S_(21)is maximum and up to 19 dB;the S_(21)can be tuned from 17 dB to 19 dB by tuning external bias of tunable AIs,that is,the tunable amount of S_(21)is 2 dB,and similarly at 8 GHz;the tunable range of 3 dB bandwidth is 1 GHz.In addition,the gain S_(21)flatness is better than 0.4 dB under frequency from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz;the size of the LNA only has 760μm×1260μm(including PADs).Therefore,the proposed strategies in the paper provide a new solution to the design of small size and reconfigurable ultra-wideband(UWB)LNA and can be used further to adjust the variations of gain and bandwidth of radio frequency integrated circuits(RFICs)due to package,parasitic and the variation of fabrication process and temperature.展开更多
Mobile distributed caching(MDC)as an emerging technology has drawn attentions for its ability to shorten the distance between users and data in the wireless network.However,the DC network state in the existing work is...Mobile distributed caching(MDC)as an emerging technology has drawn attentions for its ability to shorten the distance between users and data in the wireless network.However,the DC network state in the existing work is always assumed to be either static or real-time updated.To be more realistic,a periodically updated wireless network using maximum distance separable(MDS)-coded DC is studied,in each period of which the devices may arrive and leave.For the efficient optimization of the system with large scale,this work proposes a blockchain-based cooperative deep reinforcement learning(DRL)approach,which enhances the efficiency of learning by cooperating and guarantees the security in cooperation by the practical Byzantine fault tolerance(PBFT)-based blockchain mechanism.Numerical results are presented,and it illustrates that the proposed scheme can dramatically reduce the total file download delay in DC network under the guarantee of security and efficiency.展开更多
为了解荟萃分析在农业生态学科研中的发展和应用,提供相关研究参考,以“meta”作为关键词获取有效文献718篇,利用CiteSpace可视化软件和Web of Science(WOS)文献分析工具进行量化。结果表明,农业生态荟萃分析的国际发文总量呈显著增长;...为了解荟萃分析在农业生态学科研中的发展和应用,提供相关研究参考,以“meta”作为关键词获取有效文献718篇,利用CiteSpace可视化软件和Web of Science(WOS)文献分析工具进行量化。结果表明,农业生态荟萃分析的国际发文总量呈显著增长;美国加州大学戴维斯分校、中国农业大学、中国科学院、中国农业科学院、荷兰瓦赫宁根大学在农业生态荟萃分析领域有较高的国际影响力。荟萃分析在农业生态的研究主题多样化,农田管理措施、土地利用方式变化、气候因子变化对生物多样性、温室气体等的生态环境效应评估和碳氮养分循环的动力学分析,以及不同生态系统之间的变化、互作差异比较等是现阶段的主要应用领域。荟萃分析作为农业生态学研究的重要工具,为大尺度综合性研究提供了验证假说和发展新理论的新途径,但目前简单荟萃研究仍难以完全满足实际工作需求,基于大数据融合、机器学习模型算法和专家知识评估等的综合荟萃分析将是未来研究的重点。展开更多
近年来,人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)与区块链技术在物联网(Internet of things,IoT)场景中的应用,引起了学术界和工业界对2项技术的广泛关注和深度研究.区块链技术具有去中心化、匿名性、公开透明和不可篡改性等特点,但同时...近年来,人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)与区块链技术在物联网(Internet of things,IoT)场景中的应用,引起了学术界和工业界对2项技术的广泛关注和深度研究.区块链技术具有去中心化、匿名性、公开透明和不可篡改性等特点,但同时在可扩展性、系统能耗和安全性等问题上亟待改进.而AI技术作为一种强大的分析和决策工具,可以在实时场景中对数据进行预测与分析,并且做出最优决策,但AI技术的中心集中化结构以及安全可信的需求对其广泛应用带来很大的局限性.因此,在IoT场景中,应用2项技术并整合发挥各自优势,已经成为当前研究的重点.对AI与区块链技术赋能IoT场景进行了系统性综述,分别从AI辅助的区块链和基于区块链的AI两方面进行阐述和分析,并且对融合2项技术的发展现状以及相关特征应用于IoT场景进行系统性论述.最后,讨论了关于两者结合赋能给IoT带来更大的优势以及未来发展趋势和挑战.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61901011)the Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Edu-cation(No.KM202010005017,KM202110005021).
文摘Recently,sharded-blockchain has attracted more and more attention.Its inherited immutabili-ty,decentralization,and promoted scalability effectively address the trust issue of the data sharing in the Internet of Things(IoT).Nevertheless,the traditional random allocation between validator groups and transaction pools ignores the differences of shards,which reduces the overall system per-formance due to the unbalance between computing capacity and transaction load.To solve this prob-lem,a load balance optimization framework for sharded-blockchain enabled IoT is proposed,where the allocation between the validator groups and transaction pools is implemented reasonably by deep reinforcement learning(DRL).Specifically,based on the theoretical analysis of the intra-shard consensus and the final system consensus,the optimization of system performance is formed as a Markov decision process(MDP),and the allocation of the transaction pools,the block size,and the block interval are jointly trained in the DRL agent.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves the scalability of the sharded blockchain system for IoT.
基金the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Airports Cluster Intelligent Operation(No.KLACIO201900006124)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61901011)+1 种基金Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(No.KM202010005017,KM202110005021)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.L192002).
文摘An Ethereum blockchain based on proof of stake ( PoS) consensus mechanism is used to achieve the data sharing within the civil aviation service platform for both airport group management and passengers. Considering the Gas consumption of Ethereum, the dynamic batch-service capacity constraint by the Block Gas Limit and the priority mechanism depending on the different Gas Price of transactions, M/ G/1 queuing theory with batch-service is used to construct the service model of transactions confirmation process in the proposed blockchain system, where the effects of transactions arrival rate, block capacity, service rate and number of nodes on the average confirmation time of transactions with different priority are analyzed, and eventually a performance analysis model of blockchain for civil aviation business data is proposed. The simulation results prove the usability and accuracy of the model, which can provide both theoretical basis for data sharing of civil aviation using Ethereum blockchain and the further optimization of transactions confirmation time.
基金Supported by Basic Research Program of BJUT(No.040000546317525)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61571021)+1 种基金Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(No.KM201610005004,KM201510005006)Beijing Postdoctoral Research Foundation(No.2018ZZ029)
文摘The heterogeneous network with the separation of the control plane and user plane(C/U) is an evolutionary approach to the fifth generation(5 G) to achieve high system coverage and capacity. To minimize signaling load of the core network when there is a macro base station(BS) failure in the control plane, a scheme of transferring the control of small cells under the coverage of the failure macro BS to the neighbor macro BSs is proposed. The average handover rates between small cells related to user mobilities, the extended coverage of the neighboring macro BSs under the constraint of transmitting power and the load balance index of the system are analyzed, based on which the formula of maximizing the handovers processed by macro BSs is constructed and further solved by the convex optimization methods. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme can effectively increase the total handovers processed by the macro BSs and thus reduce the signaling load of the core network.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61774012,61574010)。
文摘A compact and reconfigurable low noise amplifier(LNA)is proposed by combining an input transistor,composite transistors with Darlington configuration as the amplification and output transistor,T-type structure composite resistors instead of a simplex structure resistor,a shunt inductor feedback realized by a tunable active inductor(AI),a shunt inductor peaking technique realized by another tunable AI.The division and collaboration among different resistances in the T-type structure composite resistor realize simultaneously input impedance matching,output impedance matching and good noise performance;the shunt feedback and peaking technique using two tunable AIs not only extend frequency bandwidth and improve gain flatness,but also make the gain and frequency band can be tuned simultaneously by the external bias of tunable AIs;the Darlington configuration of composite transistors provides high gain;furthermore,the adoption of the small size AIs instead of large size passive spiral inductor,and the use of composite resistors make the LNA have a small size.The LNA is fabricated and verified by GaAs/InGaP hetero-junction bipolar transistor(HBT)process.The results show that at the frequency of 7 GHz,the gain S_(21)is maximum and up to 19 dB;the S_(21)can be tuned from 17 dB to 19 dB by tuning external bias of tunable AIs,that is,the tunable amount of S_(21)is 2 dB,and similarly at 8 GHz;the tunable range of 3 dB bandwidth is 1 GHz.In addition,the gain S_(21)flatness is better than 0.4 dB under frequency from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz;the size of the LNA only has 760μm×1260μm(including PADs).Therefore,the proposed strategies in the paper provide a new solution to the design of small size and reconfigurable ultra-wideband(UWB)LNA and can be used further to adjust the variations of gain and bandwidth of radio frequency integrated circuits(RFICs)due to package,parasitic and the variation of fabrication process and temperature.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61571021,61901011)the Program of China Scholarship Council(No.201806540039).
文摘Mobile distributed caching(MDC)as an emerging technology has drawn attentions for its ability to shorten the distance between users and data in the wireless network.However,the DC network state in the existing work is always assumed to be either static or real-time updated.To be more realistic,a periodically updated wireless network using maximum distance separable(MDS)-coded DC is studied,in each period of which the devices may arrive and leave.For the efficient optimization of the system with large scale,this work proposes a blockchain-based cooperative deep reinforcement learning(DRL)approach,which enhances the efficiency of learning by cooperating and guarantees the security in cooperation by the practical Byzantine fault tolerance(PBFT)-based blockchain mechanism.Numerical results are presented,and it illustrates that the proposed scheme can dramatically reduce the total file download delay in DC network under the guarantee of security and efficiency.
文摘为了解荟萃分析在农业生态学科研中的发展和应用,提供相关研究参考,以“meta”作为关键词获取有效文献718篇,利用CiteSpace可视化软件和Web of Science(WOS)文献分析工具进行量化。结果表明,农业生态荟萃分析的国际发文总量呈显著增长;美国加州大学戴维斯分校、中国农业大学、中国科学院、中国农业科学院、荷兰瓦赫宁根大学在农业生态荟萃分析领域有较高的国际影响力。荟萃分析在农业生态的研究主题多样化,农田管理措施、土地利用方式变化、气候因子变化对生物多样性、温室气体等的生态环境效应评估和碳氮养分循环的动力学分析,以及不同生态系统之间的变化、互作差异比较等是现阶段的主要应用领域。荟萃分析作为农业生态学研究的重要工具,为大尺度综合性研究提供了验证假说和发展新理论的新途径,但目前简单荟萃研究仍难以完全满足实际工作需求,基于大数据融合、机器学习模型算法和专家知识评估等的综合荟萃分析将是未来研究的重点。
文摘近年来,人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)与区块链技术在物联网(Internet of things,IoT)场景中的应用,引起了学术界和工业界对2项技术的广泛关注和深度研究.区块链技术具有去中心化、匿名性、公开透明和不可篡改性等特点,但同时在可扩展性、系统能耗和安全性等问题上亟待改进.而AI技术作为一种强大的分析和决策工具,可以在实时场景中对数据进行预测与分析,并且做出最优决策,但AI技术的中心集中化结构以及安全可信的需求对其广泛应用带来很大的局限性.因此,在IoT场景中,应用2项技术并整合发挥各自优势,已经成为当前研究的重点.对AI与区块链技术赋能IoT场景进行了系统性综述,分别从AI辅助的区块链和基于区块链的AI两方面进行阐述和分析,并且对融合2项技术的发展现状以及相关特征应用于IoT场景进行系统性论述.最后,讨论了关于两者结合赋能给IoT带来更大的优势以及未来发展趋势和挑战.