Bacillus licheniformis PF9 improves barrier function and alleviates inflammatory responses against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 infection in the porcine intestinal epithelial cells

Background:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC)F4 commonly colonizes the small intestine and releases enterotoxins that impair the intestinal barrier function and trigger inflammatory responses.Although Bacillus licheniformis(B.licheniformis)has been reported to enhance intestinal health,it remains to be seen whether there is a functional role of B.licheniformis in intestinal inflammatory response in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line(IPEC-J2)when stimulated with ETEC F4.Methods:In the present study,the effects of B.licheniformis PF9 on the release of pro-inflammation cytokines,cell integrity and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)activation were evaluated in ETEC F4-induced IPEC-J2 cells.Results:B.licheniformis PF9 treatment was capable of remarkably attenuating the expression levels of inflammation cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin(IL)-8,and IL-6 during ETEC F4 infection.Furthermore,the gene expression of Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)-mediated upstream related genes of NF-κB signaling pathway has been significantly inhibited.These changes were accompanied by significantly decreased phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB during ETEC F4 infection with B.licheniformis PF9 treatment.The immunofluorescence and western blotting analysis revealed that B.licheniformis PF9 increased the expression levels of zona occludens 1(ZO-1)and occludin(OCLN)in ETEC F4-infected IPEC-J2 cells.Meanwhile,the B.licheniformis PF9 could alleviate the injury of epithelial barrier function assessed by the trans-epithelial electrical resistance(TEER)and cell permeability assay.Interestingly,B.licheniformis PF9 protect IPEC-J2 cells against ETEC F4 infection by decreasing the gene expressions of virulence-related factors(including luxS,estA,estB,and elt)in ETEC F4.Conclusions:Collectively,our results suggest that B.licheniformis PF9 might reduce inflammation-related cytokines through blocking the NF-κB signaling pathways.Besides,B.licheniformis PF9 displayed a significant role in the enhancement of IPEC-J2 cell integrity.

Establishment of the thermo-mechanical coupling model of axle box bearings with track irregularity excitation and analysis of its temperature characteristics

As an important component of the running gear of high-speed trains,axle box bearings can cause lubricating grease failure and damage to bearing components under continuous high-temperature operation,which will affect the normal operation of highspeed trains.Therefore,bearing temperature is one of the key parameters to be monitored in the online monitoring system for trains.Based on the thermal network method,this paper establishes a thermal network model for the axle box bearing,considering the radial thermal deformation of the double-row tapered roller bearing components caused by the oil film characteristics and the temperature variations of the lubricating grease.A thermo-mechanical coupling model for the grease-lubricated double-row tapered roller axle box bearing of high-speed trains with track irregularity excitation is established.The correctness of the model is verified using the test bench data,and the temperature of the bearing at different rotational speeds,loads,fault sizes,and ambient temperatures are investigated.

Warm dense matter research at HIAF

The research activities on warm dense matter driven by intense heavy ion beams at the new project High Intensity heavy-ion AcceleratorFacility (HIAF) are presented. The ion beam parameters and the simulated accessible state of matter at HIAF are introduced, respectively. Theprogresses of the developed diagnostics for warm dense matter research including high energy electron radiography, multiple-channel pyrometer,in-situ energy loss and charge state of ion detector are briefly introduced.

Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of allotetraploid Salix matsudana Koidz

Polyploidy is a common phenomenon among willow species.In this study,genome sequencing was conducted for Salix matsudana Koidz(also named Chinese willow),an important greening and arbor tree species,and the genome of this species was compared with those of four other tree species in Salicaceae.The total genome sequence of S.matsudana was 655.72 Mb in size,with repeated sequences accounting for 45.97%of the total length.In total,531.43 Mb of the genome sequence could be mapped onto 38 chromosomes using the published genetic map as a reference.The genome of S.matsudana could be divided into two groups,the A and B genomes,through homology analysis with the genome of Populus trichocarpa,and the A and B genomes contained 23,985 and 25,107 genes,respectively.4DTv combined transposon analysis predicted that allotetraploidy in S.matsudana appeared~4 million years ago.The results from this study will help reveal the evolutionary history of S.matsudana and lay a genetic basis for its breeding.

Vultures as a model for testing molecular adaptations of dietary specialization in birds

Vultures are the only obligate scavengers among extant vertebrates.They provide valuable ecological services in ecosystems through removing carcasses,thus preventing the growth of other scavenger populations and the spread of pathogens.Moreover,their specific diets expose them to various deadly pathogens,which makes them potential candidates for studying molecular adaptations required to survive this extremely specialized scavenging habit.In this review,we summarize the morphological characteristics and behavioral habits,origin and phylogeny,and molecular adaptations to scavenging in both Old and New World vultures.The two groups of vultures share a similar appearance,indicative of convergent evolution.Vultures have experienced different degrees of specialization in their sensory organs;Old World vultures depend on sight,while New World ones depend on both smell and sight.Combined fossil records and molecular data suggest that vultures evolved independently,with distinct phylogenetic positions.We also explored their adaptation to scavenging in facial and intestinal microbiomes,gastric acid secretion and immunity.Compared with the facial microbiome,the intestinal microbiome had a lower diversity,dominated by Fusobacteria and Clostridia.The phages and single invertebrate species Adineta vaga,which feeds on dead bacteria and protozoa,present in the gut suggest a possible alternative defense mechanism.Several genes involved in gastric acidic secretion(including ATP4B,SLC26A7 and SST)and immunity(including BCL6,STING,and TLRs) undergoing positive selection likely have essential roles in eliminating invasive pathogens and initiating an innate immune response.Taken together,this review presents the current research status of vultures and highlights the use of vultures as a model for exploring molecular adaptations of dietary specialization in birds.It also provides a theoretical basis for the study of the genetic mechanisms of vultures to scavenging,and contributes to the formulation of vulture conservation strategies.

Substitution of His260 residue alters the thermostability of Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora arylsulfatase

This study aimed to improve the thermostability of arylsulfatase from Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora. A library of P. carrageenovora arylsulfatase mutants was constructed by introducing random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR. After screening, two mutants of H260L and D84A/H260L showed enhanced thermal stability than the wild-type predecessor (WT). Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that only amino acid residue at Position 260 plays an important role in the thermostability of P. carrageenovora arylsulfatase. Thermal inactivation analysis showed that the half-life (t1/2) values at 55°C for H260L, H260I, H260Q, H260F and H260R were 40.6, 48.4, 30.9, 29.1 and 34.5 min, respectively, while that of WT was 9.1 min. Structure modeling demonstrated that the additional hydrogen bonds and/or optimization of surface charge-charge interactions could be responsible for the increased thermostability imparted by H260L, H260I, H260Q, H260F and H260R.

Vinous-throated parrotbills breed in invasive smooth cordgrass habitat:Can native birds avoid the potential ecological trap?

Native animals are facing long-term coexistence with invasive plants worldwide,the impacts of which on animal behavior remain poorly known.Potential ecological traps could threaten native birds breeding in invasive plant habitats,but behavioral strategies for birds to avoid such risks are few concerned.The invasion of Smooth Cordgrass(Spartina alterniflra) has seriously varied the vegetation landscape in the coastal wetlands of eastern China,and affected the habitat selection of native birds.Here,we investigated the nesting and breeding characteristics of a common native passerine,the Vinous-throated Parrotbill(Sinosuthora webbiana),in habitats dominated by native Common Reed(Phragmites australis) and exotic cordgrass.We found that parrotbills could complete their breeding cycle in cordgrass habitat.Most nest failure was attributed to predation in native habitat but tide inundation in cordgrass habitat.However,the nest success rate and daily survival rate(DSR) in cordgrass habitat were higher.Moreover,nest height was markedly higher in cordgrass habitat and was the most important influencing variable(positively correlated with the DSR).These results suggest that cordgrass habitat is a potential ecological trap due to the tide inundation,but some parrotbills seem to effectively avoid this risk by increasing nest height.Our study reveals that a native passerine changes its nesting behavior to accommodate invasive plant habitat and highlights that habitat changes caused by invasive plants may drive the adaptive evolution of native animal behavior.The limitation of these results must be acknowledged for the small sample size,and there is a need for a larger sample and long-term data for further verification.

Debranching enzymes decomposed corn arabinoxylan into xylooligosaccharides and achieved prebiotic regulation of gut microbiota in broiler chickens

Background Corn arabinoxylan(AX)is a complicated and multibranched antinutritional factor,thereby proving the use of endo-xylanase(EX)to be marginally valid.This study focused on specific types of AX-degrading enzymes(ADEs)to exert the synergy of debranching enzymes and track the prebiotic potential of enzymatic hydrolysates.This study investigated the effects of ADEs on the growth performance,intestinal histomorphology,absorption functions,changes in polysaccharide components,fermentation,and gut microbiota of broiler chickens.Five hundred seventysix five-day-old Arbor Acres male broiler chickens were randomly allocated into eight treatments with six replicates each.Corn basal diets supplemented with or without enzymes were fed for a 21-day period,specifically including EX,its compatible use with arabinofuranosidase(EXA)or ferulic acid esterase(EXF),and compound groups with the above three enzymes(XAF).Results Specific ADEs stimulated the jejunal villus height and goblet cell number and evidently decreased the crypt depth(P<0.05),while the ratio of ileal villus height to crypt depth was significantly increased in EXF(P<0.05).Maltase activities of ileal mucosa in XAF groups were extremely enhanced(P<0.01),and EX boosted the activity of Na+-K+ATPase in the small intestine(P<0.01).The insoluble AX concentrations comparatively lessened,thereby notably raising the sundry xylooligosaccharide(XOS)yield in the ileal chyme(P<0.05),which was dominant in xylobiose and xylotriose.Improvements in the abundance and diversity of ileal microbial communities within the EXA,EXF,and XAF treatments were observed(P<0.05).Positive correlations between microbiota and XOS were revealed,with xylobiose and xylotriose being critical for ten beneficial bacteria(P<0.05).EXF increased the BWG and FCR of broiler chickens in this phase(P<0.05),which was attributed to the thriving networks modified by Lactobacillus.The intracecal contents of acetic acid,butyric acid,and propionic acid were greatly enhanced in most ADE groups,such as EXF(P<0.05).Conclusions Debranching enzymes appreciably targeted corn AX to release prebiotic XOS in the posterior ileum and facilitated intracaecal fermentation.It was beneficial for improving gut development,digestion and absorption and modulating the microflora to promote the early performance of broiler chickens.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of monolignol biosynthesis genes in Salix matsudana Koidz and their relationship to accelerated growth

Lignin plays an important role in plant growth and development.It serves as a raw material for the manufacture of paper,animal feed,and chemical fertilizers.However,the regulation of lignin biosynthesis genes and the composition of the relevant gene families remain unclear in many plant species.Here,we identified and characterized 11 families of monolignol biosynthesis genes in Salix matsudana Koidz.Based on phylogenetic analysis of lignin biosynthesis genes from nine angiosperm species(Arabidopsis thaliana,Oryza sativa,Zea mays,Solanum lycopersicum,S.suchowensis,S.purpurea,Populus euphratica,P.trichocarpa,and S.matsudana),the 11 gene families could be divided into two classes that differed in their apparent evolutionary history.We compared the distribution of lignin biosynthesis genes between the two sub-genomes(At and Bt)of S.matsudana and found that more duplicated genes were present in the Bt sub-genome.We analyzed RNA sequencing data from two parents of contrasting height and two of their F1 progeny,and detected 23 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)that may regulate accelerated growth.We analyzed the promoter regions of the lignin-related DEGs and identified several hormone-related(auxin,ethylene,and cytokinin)transcription factor binding sites.These results provide an important foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanisms and genetic regulation of lignin biosynthesis and its relationship to accelerated growth in forest trees.

ANTICIPATED BACKWARD STOCHASTIC VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS WITH JUMPS AND APPLICATIONS TO DYNAMIC RISK MEASURES

In this paper, we focus on anticipated backward stochastic Volterra integral equations(ABSVIEs) with jumps. We solve the problem of the well-posedness of so-called M-solutions to this class of equation, and analytically derive a comparison theorem for them and for the continuous equilibrium consumption process. These continuous equilibrium consumption processes can be described by the solutions to this class of ABSVIE with jumps.Motivated by this, a class of dynamic risk measures induced by ABSVIEs with jumps are discussed.

Observation of plasma dynamics in a theta pinch by a novel method

A novel experimental method is proposed for observing plasma dynamics subjected to magnetic fields based on a newly developed cylindrical theta-pinch device.By measuring simultaneously the temporal profiles of multiple parameters including the drive current,luminosity,plasma density,and plasma temperature,it provides a basis for observing the plasma dynamics of the theta pinch,such as shock transport and magnetohydrodynamic instability.We show that the plasma evolution can be distinguished as three phases.First,in the radial implosion phase,the trajectories of the current sheath and shock wave are ascertained by combining experimental data with a snowplow model(Lee model)in a self-consistent way.Second,in the axial flow phase,we demonstrate that m=0(sausage)instability associated with the plasma axial flow suppresses the plasma end-loss.Third,in the newly observed anomalous heating phase,the lower-hybrid-drift instability may develop near the current sheath,which induces anomalous resistivity and enhanced plasma heating.The present experimental data and novel method offer better understanding of plasma dynamics in the presence of magnetic fields,thereby providing important support for relevant research in magneto-inertial fusion.

Clinical analysis of 198 cases of western medicine adverse reaction

Objective: To discuss the clinical symptoms of western medicine adverse reaction, and to provide basis for clinical rational drug use. Methods: Clinical data of 198 patients with adverse drug reactions were retrospectively analyzed in our hospital. Adverse reactions clinical manifestations, the types of drugs and the route of medication were summarized. Results: The first two common adverse reactions were anti-infective drugs and cardiovascular system drugs respectively. In-tramuscular injection and intravenous administration were two main routes of medication for adverse drug reactions. The main clinical symptoms of adverse reactions were digestive tract and anaphylactic shock etc. After treatment, 184 patients recovered and 14 patients got better. Conclusions: In order to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions as far as possible, clinicians should do a good job of rational use of drugs and attach importance to the safety of drug use. Adverse reactions monitoring can reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions and ensure the safety of clinical treatment.

Discrete element method simulation of granular materials considering particle breakage in geotechnical and mining engineering:A short review

Discrete element method(DEM)-based simulations are crucial for bridging macro and micro research,particularly owing to the limitations of experimental methods.This paper reviews the simulation techniques used for particle breakage in DEM,summarizes the research status,and discusses pertinent issues to outline future prospects for particle breakage simulation.Fragment replacement method(FRM)and bonded particle method(BPM)are widely used to simulate particle breakage based on DEM.In BPM models,sub-particle size selection,particle cluster generation mode,and bonding parameters are crucial considerations.Although BPM can simulate the breakage of particles with complex shapes,it cannot re-simulate them,posing difficulties in coordinating calculation load and simulation accuracy.For FRM,the fragment replacement mode and particle breakage criteria are critical.The number and size of replacement particles are difficult to match with actual conditions,and ensuring mass conservation is significantly challenging.Although the initial computational load in FRM is relatively low,it increases significantly as the simulation progresses.To address these issues,we propose a simulation method that integrates BPM and FRM,allowing sub-particle breakage in BPM to be realized by FRM.

6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2 bridges the OPP and shikimate pathways to enhance aromatic amino acid production in plants

The oxidative pentose phosphate(OPP)pathway provides metabolic intermediates for the shikimate pathway and directs carbon flow to the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids(AAAs),which serve as basic protein building blocks and precursors of numerous metabolites essential for plant growth.However,genetic evidence linking the two pathways is largely unclear.In this study,we identified 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 2(PGD2),the rate-limiting enzyme of the cytosolic OPP pathway,through suppressor screening of arogenate dehydrogenase 2(adh2)in Arabidopsis.Our data indicated that a single amino acid substitution at position 63(glutamic acid to lysine)of PGD2 enhanced its enzyme activity by facilitating the dissociation of products from the active site of PGD2,thus increasing the accumulation of AAAs and partially restoring the defective phenotype of adh2.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the point mutation occurred in a well-conserved amino acid residue.Plants with different amino acids at this conserved site of PGDs confer diverse catalytic activities,thus exhibiting distinct AAAs producing capability.These findings uncover the genetic link between the OPP pathway and AAAs biosynthesis through PGD2.The gain-of-function point mutation of PGD2 identified here could be considered as a potential engineering target to alter the metabolic flux for the production of AAAs and downstream compounds.

Compaction and seepage characteristics of broken coal and rock masses in coal mining:A review in laboratory tests

Broken coal and rock(BCR)are an important component medium of the caving zone in the goaf(or gob),as well as the main filling material of fault fracture zone and collapse column.The compaction seepage characteristics of BCR directly affect the safe and efficient mining of coal mines.Thus,numerous laboratory studies have focused on the compaction seepage characteristics of BCR.This paper first outlines the engineering problems involved in the BCR during coal mining including the air leakage,the spontaneous combustion,the gas drainage,and the un-derground reservoirs in the goaf.Water inrush related to tectonics such as faults and collapse columns and surface subsidence related to coal gangue filling and mining also involve the compaction seepage characteristics of BCR.Based on the field problems of BCR,many attempts have been made to mimic field environments in laboratory tests.The experimental equipment(cavity size and shape,acoustic emission,CT,etc.)and experimental design for the BCR were firstly reviewed.The main objects of laboratory analysis can be divided into compression tests and seepage test.During the compaction test,the main research focuses on the bearing deformation characteristics(stress-strain curve),pore evolution characteristics,and re-crushing characteristics of BCR.The seepage test mainly uses gas or water as the main medium to study the evolution characteristics of permeability under different compaction stress conditions.In the laboratory tests,factors such as the type of coal and rock mass,particle size,particle shape,water pressure,temperature,and stress path are usually considered.The lateral compression test of BCR can be divided into three stages,including the self-adjustment stage,the broken stage,and the elastic stage or stable stage.At each stage,stress,deformation,porosity,energy,particle size and breakage rate all have their own characteristics.Seepage test regarding the water permeability experiment of BCR is actually belong to variable mass seepage.While the experimental test still focuses on the influence of stress on the pore structure of BCR in terms of gas permeability.Finally,future laboratory tests focus on the BCR related coal mining including scaling up,long term loading and water immersion,mining stress path matching were discussed.

Phylogenetic constrains on mycorrhizal specificity in eight Dendrobium(Orchidaceae) species

Plant phylogeny constrains orchid mycorrhizal(OrM) fungal community composition in some orchids. Here, we investigated the structures of the OrM fungal communities of eight Dendrobium species in one niche to determine whether similarities in the OrM fungal communities correlated with the phylogeny of the host plants and whether the Dendrobium-OrM fungal interactions are phylogenetically conserved. A phylogeny based on DNA data was constructed for the eight coexisting Dendrobium species,and the OrM fungal communities were characterized by their roots. There were 31 different fungal lineages associated with the eight Dendrobium species. In total, 82.98% of the identified associations belonging to Tulasnellaceae, and a smaller proportion involved members of the unknown Basidiomycota(9.67%). Community analyses revealed that phylogenetically related Dendrobium tended to interact with a similar set of Tulasnellaceae fungi. The interactions between Dendrobium and Tulasnellaceae fungi were significantly influenced by the phylogenetic relationships among the Dendrobium species. Our results provide evidence that the mycorrhizal specificity in the eight coexisting Dendrobium species was phylogenetically conserved.

Mycorrhizal fungal community composition in seven orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China

Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the germination and growth of orchids essentially influencing their survival,abundance, and spatial distribution. In this study, we investigated the composition of the mycorrhizal fungal community in seven terrestrial orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China, using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. The mycorrhizal communities in the seven orchids were mainly composed of members of the Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales, and Tulasnellaceae, while a number of ectomycorrhizal fungi belonging to the Russulaceae, Tricholomataceae, Thelephoraceae, and Cortinariaceae were occasionally observed. However, the dominant fungal associates and mycorrhizal community differed significantly among the orchid species as well as subhabitats. These findings confirm the previous observation that sympatric orchid species show different preferences for mycorrhizal fungi, which may drive niche partitioning and contribute to their cooccurrence.

Positional cloning and characterization reveal the role of a miRNA precursor gene ZmLRT in the regulation of lateral root number and drought tolerance in maize

Lateral roots play essential roles in drought tolerance in maize(Zea mays L.). However, the genetic basis for the variation in the number of lateral roots in maize remains elusive. Here, we identified a major quantitative trait locus(QTL),q LRT5-1, controlling lateral root number using a recombinant inbred population from a cross between the maize lines Zong3(with many lateral roots) and 87-1(with few lateral roots).Fine-mapping and functional analysis determined that the candidate gene for qLRT5-1,ZmLRT, expresses the primary transcript for the microRNA miR166a. ZmLRT was highly expressed in root tips and lateral root primordia,and knockout and overexpression of ZmLRT increased and decreased lateral root number,respectively. Compared with 87-1, the ZmLRT gene model of Zong3 lacked the second and third exons and contained a 14 bp deletion at the junction between the first exon and intron,which altered the splicing site. In addition,ZmLRT expression was significantly lower in Zong3 than in 87-1, which might be attributed to the insertions of a transposon and over large DNA fragments in the Zong3 ZmLRT promoter region. These mutations decreased the abundance of mature miR166a in Zong3, resulting in increased lateral roots at the seedling stage.Furthermore, miR166a post-transcriptionally repressed five development-related class-Ⅲ homeodomain-leucine zipper genes. Moreover,knockout of ZmLRT enhanced drought tolerance of maize seedlings. Our study furthers our understanding of the genetic basis of lateral root number variation in maize and highlights ZmLRT as a target for improving drought tolerance in maize.

High amylose to amylopectin ratios in nitrogen-free diets decrease the ileal endogenous amino acid losses of broiler chickens

This study explored the variation of ileal endogenous amino acid(IEAA)losses and its influencing factors in chickens offered nitrogen-free diets(NFD)containing different ratios of amylose to amylopectin(AM/AP).A total of 252 broiler chickens at 28 d old were randomly allocated into 7 treatment groups for a 3-d trial.The dietary treatments included a basal diet(control),a NFD containing corn starch(CS),and 5NFD with AM/AP ratios of 0.20,0.40,0.60,0.80,and 1.00,respectively.As the AM/AP ratio increased,the IEAA losses of all AAs,starch digestibility and maltase activity linearly decreased(P<0.05),but the DM digestibility linearly and quadratically decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the control,the NFD increased the number of goblet cells and its regulatory genes mucin-2 and krüppel-like factor 4(KLF-4)while decreasing serum glucagon and thyroxine concentrations,ileal villus height,and crypt depth(P<0.05).Additionally,NFD with lower AM/AP ratios(0.20 and 0.40)decreased the ileal microbiota species richness(P<0.05).In all NFD groups,the number of Proteobacteria increased whereas the abundance of Firmicutes dropped(P<0.05).However,the broilers in the AM/AP 0.60 group were closer to the digestive physiological state of chickens fed the control diet,with no significant change in maltase activity and mucin-2 expression(P<0.05).In conclusion,increasing AM/AP ratio in a NFD decreased the IEAA losses and the apparent ileal digestibility of starch but inevitably resulted in malnutrition and disruption of gut microbiota homeostasis.This study recommends AM/AP in NFD at 0.60 to measure IEAA of broiler chickens.

Two pseudo-polymorphic porous POM-pillared MOFs for sulfide-sulfoxide transformation: Efficient synergistic effects of POM precursors, metal sites and microstructures

Developing sustainable and powerful heterogeneous catalytic systems to convert sulfides into high-value sulfoxide products has become a particularly appealing field and an arduous challenge.In this work,two porous polyoxometalate-pillared metal-organic frameworks,formulated as H_(3n)[Cu_(3)(pidc)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(2.5)]_(2)[PW_(12)O_(40)]_n·x H_(2)O (n=1.5,x=6 for 1,n=1,x=12 for 2;and H_(3)pidc=2-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid),were consciously manufacture and employed for heterogeneously catalyzed sulfide-sulfoxide transformation.Structural analysis shows that 1 and 2 exhibit similar porous frameworks with nearly identical two-dimensional metal-organic layers further pillared by tetradentate POM ligands with different coordination modes,which also result in the porosity of 1 being almost twice that of 2.In catalyzing the conversion of methyl phenyl sulfide (MPS) to methyl phenyl sulfoxide (MPSO),1 can convert nearly 100%of MPS into MPSO within 30 min,while 2 achieved the similar results requires 50 min.The higher activity of 1 may be attributed to its larger channel that can provide more active sites and more efficient mass transfer process.Systematic structure-activity analyses and mechanistic studies revealed dual-reaction pathways driven by POM sites and metal sites assisted by the structural microenvironment.