Review on key technologies and typical applications of multi-station integrated energy systems

To realize the low-carbon development of power systems,digital transformation,and power marketization reform,the substation,data center,energy storage,photovoltaic,and charging stations are important components for the construction of new infrastructure.The integration infrastructure represented by multi-station integrated energy systems(MSIESs)represents the development trend,and its connotation and denotation are not immutable.This study firstly analyzed the components of MSIESs and their sub-stations and overall characteristics,and proposed an overall architecture for MSIESs.Thereafter,this system was characterized in detail from three aspects:planning and design,operation control,and market operation.The planning and construction of MSIESs was analyzed from the aspects of planning and design process,typical fusion subsystems,supply and demand prediction,and capacity determination;the operational control of MSIESs was analyzed from the aspects of model construction,coordination control,and safety assessment.Moreover,the market operation of MSIESs was examined from the aspects of the business model and spot market.Furthermore,the technical development trend of MSIESs has been explored in this study.

Optimal construction method and demonstration application of multi-in-one station grounding system

Mutual influence may be driven by different models and operating mechanisms of grounding systems in multi-in-one substations.Even equipment damage and personal injury will occur in the event of a short-circuit or lightning strike.To meet the construction requirements of different multi-in-one substations,two typical application modes of grounding systems in multi-in-one substations are analyzed in this paper:plane and longitudinal layout schemes.First,the safety index and withstand voltage of secondary equipment in multi-in-one substations are introduced.Second,the plane layout scheme of grounding grids is examined.Based on a 35-kV multi-in-one substations in Shanghai,it was verified that the overall grounding grid needs to be laid to meet the safety of secondary equipment in the station.Finally,considering that it is feasible to rebuild the upper layer of a substation,the longitudinal layout scheme of the grounding grid in multi-in-one substations is also examined.Safety assessment is carried out in terms of aspects such as short-circuits and lightning strikes,and relevant optimization construction methods are analyzed.In this study,a real 35-kV substation in Shanghai was selected as an example.Simulation and field tests based on Current Distribution,Electromagnetic Fields,Grounding and Soil Structure Analysis(CDEGS)software verified that the proposed construction scheme can achieve safe operation of multi-in-one substations.This construction idea can also serve as a reference for the future construction of multi-in-one substations.

A highly potent and stable pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor as a candidate prophylactic and therapeutic for COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases

The development of broad-spectrum antivirals against human coronaviruses(HCoVs)is critical to combat the current coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and its variants,as well as future outbreaks of emerging CoVs.We have previously identified a polyethylene glycol-conjugated(PEGylated)lipopeptide,EK1C4,with potent pan-CoV fusion inhibitory activity.However,PEG linkers in peptide or protein drugs may reduce stability or induce anti-PEG antibodies in vivo.Therefore,we herein report the design and synthesis of a series of dePEGylated lipopeptide-based pan-CoV fusion inhibitors featuring the replacement of the PEG linker with amino acids in the heptad repeat 2 C-terminal fragment(HR2-CF)of HCoV-OC43.Among these lipopeptides,EKL1C showed the most potent inhibitory activity against infection by SARS-CoV-2 and its spike(S)mutants,as well as other HCoVs and some bat SARS-related coronaviruses(SARSr-CoVs)tested.The dePEGylated lipopeptide EKL1C exhibited significantly stronger resistance to proteolytic enzymes,better metabolic stability in mouse serum,higher thermostability than the PEGylated lipopeptide EK1C4,suggesting that EKL1C could be further developed as a candidate prophylactic and therapeutic for COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases.

Griffithsin with A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity by Binding Glycans in Viral Glycoprotein Exhibits Strong Synergistic Effect in Combination with A Pan-Coronavirus Fusion Inhibitor Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike S2 Subunit

Dear Editor,The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by SARS-Co V-2 has posed a significant threat to global public health and economy,thus calling for the rapid development of effective therapeutics and prophylactics.Repurposing existing medicines with clinical safety profiles offers a more rapid hope of combating COVID-19pandemic than developing a new therapeutic.

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgY Isolated from Egg Yolks of Hens Immunized with Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 for Immunoprophylaxis of COVID-19

Dear Editor,In the absence of vaccine,the mounting second wave of COVID-19 infections worldwide calls for the rapid development of human neutralizing antibodies to prevent and treat COVID-19(Lee et al.2020).Considering the high cost and long development cycle of human neutralizing antibodies,we turned to anti-SARS-Co V-2 Ig Y for cheap and fast scale up.

C-reactive protein functions as a negative regulator of macrophage activation induced by apoptotic DNA

C-reactive protein(CRP),an acute-phase protein with an ability to bind to nuclear antigen,has been reported to regulate cytokine secretion and modulate immune responses.We previously reported that activated syngeneic lymphocyte-derived apoptotic DNA(apopDNA)could induce macrophage activation and contribute to the initiation and progression of lupus nephritis.It is reasonable to hypothesize that CRP might regulate apopDNA-induced macrophage activation.Herein,CRP was shown to promote macrophage-mediated apopDNA uptake by binding to apopDNA(CRP/apopDNA complex).Notably,CRP/apopDNA treatment inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by macrophages which could be induced by apopDNA alone.Further coculture and transwell studies revealed that CRP/apopDNA-induced macrophages prohibited apopDNA-induced macrophage activation in an IL-10 dependent manner.These results provide insight into the potential mechanism of CRP regulatory activity in macrophage activation induced by apopDNA in the context of lupus nephritis and other autoimmune diseases.