Uncovering Small RNAs in Penicillium digitatum by Transcriptome Sequencing

Small RNAs in Penicillium digitatum were identified and analyzed via transcriptome sequencing on the BGISEQ-500 platform. A total of 15 predicted miRNAs and 10718 novel siRNAs were found. Their length distribution, sequence, predicted construction, base bias, expression levels and potential targets were determined as well. Through pathway and KEGG enrichment analysis, the miRNA target genes were mostly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, transport and catabolism, translation and amino acid metabolism. The target genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis and proteasome had a higher rich factor value. The results will provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the developmental and pathogenic mechanisms of P. digitatum at the transcriptional level.

Simulation and fabrication of in vitro microfluidic microelectrode array chip for patterned culture and electrophysiological detection of neurons

To enable the detection and modulation of modularized neural networks in vitro,this study proposes a microfluidic microelectrode array chip for the cultivation,compartmentalization,and control of neural cells.The chip was designed based on the specific structure of neurons and the requirements for detection and modulation.Finite-element analysis of the chip’s flow field was conducted using the COMSOL Multiphysics software,and the simulation results show that the liquid within the chip can flow smoothly,ensuring stable flow fields that facilitate the uniform growth of neurons within the microfluidic channels.By employing MEMS technology in combination with nanomaterial modification techniques,the microfluidic microelectrode array chip was fabricated successfully.Primary hippocampal neurons were cultured on the chip,forming a well-defined neural network.Spontaneous electrical activity of the detected neurons was recorded,exhibiting a 23.7%increase in amplitude compared to neuronal discharges detected on an open-field microelectrode array.This study provides a platform for the precise detection and modulation of patterned neuronal growth in vitro,potentially serving as a novel tool in neuroscience research.

免疫治疗在EGFR突变晚期非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因突变晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的一线治疗方案首选EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKIs),但耐药不可避免。近几年,虽然免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)改变了无驱动基因突变晚期NSCLC的治疗模式,但这些药物对EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者的临床疗效有限。与EGFR野生型肿瘤相比,EGFR突变型肿瘤在程序性细胞死亡配体1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)、肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutational burden,TMB)等肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)的特征上更具异质性,ICIs是否适用于EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者仍值得探讨。这篇综述总结了有关ICIs在EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者中疗效的临床数据,并解读了EGFR突变NSCLC独特的TME。

First Report of a Postharvest Fruit Rot on Apple Caused by <i>Diaporthe phaseolorum</i>var. <i>caulivora</i>in China: A Note

Brown rots of Red Fuji apples were observed in Hangzhou city (Zhengjiang Province, China). The causal agent was isolated and identified in both morphological and molecular genetic levels. The phenotype and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate was Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora, and its pathogenicity on apple fruit was confirmed by re-inoculation experiment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. phaseolorum var. caulivora causing postharvest fruit rot on apple in China.

Identification and Analysis of miRNAs and siRNAs in Botrytis cinerea

Small RNAs in Botrytis cinerea were analyzed via high-throughput sequencing on BGISEQ-500 platform. A total of 8 novel miRNAs and 110 novel siRNAs were predicted. Sequence information, construction, length distribution, base bias and expression levels of miRNAs and siRNAs were determined as well. Through GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, the miRNA target genes are mostly located in membrane and organelle, possessed binding and catalytic activities, and involved in signal transduction and carbohydrate metabolism. The results will provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the developmental and pathogenic mechanisms of B. cinerea at the transcriptional level.

The Synergism between Methanogens and Methanotrophs and the Nature of their Contributions to the Seasonal Variation of Methane Fluxes in a Wetland:The Case of Dajiuhu Subalpine Peatland

Wetland ecosystems are the most important natural methane(CH_(4))sources,whose fluxes periodically fluctuate.Methanogens(methane producers)and methanotrophs(methane consumers)are considered key factors affecting CH_(4)fluxes in wetlands.However,the symbiotic relationship between methanogens and methanotrophs remains unclear.To help close this research gap,we collected and analyzed samples from four soil depths in the Dajiuhu subalpine peatland in January,April,July,and October 2019 and acquired seasonal methane flux data from an eddy covariance(EC)system,and investigated relationships.A phylogenetic molecular ecological networks(pMENs)analysis was used to identify keystone species and the seasonal variations of the co-occurrence patterns of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities.The results indicate that the seasonal variations of the interactions between methanogenic and methanotrophic communities contributed to CH_(4)emissions in wetlands.The keystone species discerned by the network analysis also showed their importance in mediating CH_(4)fluxes.Methane(CH_(4))emissions in wetlands were lowest in spring;during this period,the most complex interactions between microbes were observed,with intense competition among methanogens while methanotrophs demonstrated better cooperation.Reverse patterns manifested themselves in summer when the highest CH_(4)flux was observed.Methanoregula formicica was negatively correlated with CH_(4)fluxes and occupied the largest ecological niches in the spring network.In contrast,both Methanocella arvoryzae and Methylocystaceae demonstrated positive correlations with CH_(4)fluxes and were better adapted to the microbial community in the summer.In addition,soil temperature and nitrogen were regarded as significant environmental factors to CH_(4)fluxes.This study was successful in explaining the seasonal patterns and microbial driving mechanisms of CH_(4)emissions in wetlands.

Wireless closed-loop deep brain stimulation using microelectrode array probes

Deep brain stimulation(DBS),including optical stimulation and electrical stimulation,has been demonstrated considerable value in exploring pathological brain activity and developing treatments for neural disorders.Advances in DBS microsystems based on implantable microelectrode array(MEA)probes have opened up new opportunities for closed-loop DBS(CL-DBS)in situ.This technology can be used to detect damaged brain circuits and test the therapeutic potential for modulating the output of these circuits in a variety of diseases simultaneously.Despite the success and rapid utilization of MEA probe-based CL-DBS microsystems,key challenges,including excessive wired communication,need to be urgently resolved.In this review,we considered recent advances in MEA probe-based wireless CL-DBS microsystems and outlined the major issues and promising prospects in this field.This technology has the potential to offer novel therapeutic options for psychiatric disorders in the future.

Nanomaterial-based microelectrode arrays for in vitro bidirectional brain–computer interfaces:a review

A bidirectional in vitro brain–computer interface(BCI)directly connects isolated brain cells with the surrounding environment,reads neural signals and inputs modulatory instructions.As a noninvasive BCI,it has clear advantages in understanding and exploiting advanced brain function due to the simplified structure and high controllability of ex vivo neural networks.However,the core of ex vivo BCIs,microelectrode arrays(MEAs),urgently need improvements in the strength of signal detection,precision of neural modulation and biocompatibility.Notably,nanomaterial-based MEAs cater to all the requirements by converging the multilevel neural signals and simultaneously applying stimuli at an excellent spatiotemporal resolution,as well as supporting long-term cultivation of neurons.This is enabled by the advantageous electrochemical characteristics of nanomaterials,such as their active atomic reactivity and outstanding charge conduction efficiency,improving the performance of MEAs.Here,we review the fabrication of nanomaterial-based MEAs applied to bidirectional in vitro BCIs from an interdisciplinary perspective.We also consider the decoding and coding of neural activity through the interface and highlight the various usages of MEAs coupled with the dissociated neural cultures to benefit future developments of BCIs.

纳米粒子在药物传递中的应用

目前,利用纳米粒子传递药物并用于恶性肿瘤组织的靶向识别,进一步提高肿瘤的诊断和治疗水平是一个比较热点的领域,人们期望用制备容易、价格便宜、毒性小的纳米技术来提高肿瘤的治疗效率。然而,由近年的报道来看,所摄入的纳米粒子仅有约0.7%能够到达肿瘤部位,传递效率较低,这无疑加大了治疗应用的难度。本综述中,我们分析了造成纳米粒子靶向药物转运效率较低的原因,包括纳米粒子的转运途径,纳米粒子转运过程中所遇到的屏障,纳米粒子在体内的清除途径等;随后我们介绍了较早应用的聚合物纳米粒子、磁性氧化铁纳米粒子以及目前广泛研究的介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子在药物传递系统构建中的应用情况,还介绍了细胞膜仿生纳米粒子在药物传递系统中的应用;最后,对纳米粒子在药物传递中的研究进行总结和展望。我们希望通过对纳米粒子传递药物的系统研究,进一步促进纳米粒子在药物传递上的研究,加速纳米药物的临床应用。

MXene based mechanically and electrically enhanced film for triboelectric nanogenerator

The development of triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)technology which can directly convert ambient mechanical energy into electric energy may affect areas from green energy harvesting to emerging wearing electronics.And,the material of triboelectric layer is critical to the mechanical robustness and electrical output characteristics of the TENGs.Herein,a MXene enhanced electret polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)film with a high mechanical property and surface charge density is developed.The MXene/PTFE composite film was synthesized by spraying and annealing treatment.With the doping of MXene,the crystallinity of composite film could be tuned,leading to an enhancement in the tensile property of 450%and reducing the wear volume about 80%in the friction test.Furthermore,the as-fabricated TENG with this composite film outputs 397 V of open-circuit voltage,21µA of short-circuit current,and 232 nC of transfer charge quantity,which are 4,6,and 6 times higher than that of the TENG made by pure PTFE film,respectively.Therefore,this work provides a creative strategy to simultaneously improve the mechanical property and electrical performance of the TENGs,which have great potential in improving device stability under a complex mechanical environment.

引进节目模式对中国电视节目受欢迎程度的影响

本文首次用341个中国综艺节目样本对引进节目模式是否提升节目点击率进行了实证分析。在控制了电视台、明星影响力、模式来源国、节目类型、是否续季、是否黄金时段播出、是否周末播出、播出年份等因素的情况下,我们发现引进节目模式确实对中国综艺节目的受欢迎程度产生显著的正向影响,进一步控制了模仿类模式节目并分年份子样本回归后,这一显著正向影响依然存在,但逐年下降,说明中国原创节目受欢迎程度也在逐年提升。文章对引进模式提升节目受欢迎程度的影响机理进行了理论解释,并对相关政策实践进行了评论。