数字基础设施绿色低碳发展中的关键科学问题与建议

数字基础设施是发展数字经济的重要载体,数字基础设施的深入推进促使数字技术与社会全方面深度融合,推动数字经济规模快速增长。千行百业的数字转型,将带来算力和通信需求激增,数字基础设施能源需求增长不可避免。如何使数字基础设施的能源需求增长与其碳排放增长脱钩,是“数字中国”与“碳中和目标”协同发展的关键。本文依据数字中国建设总体要求与全局部署,梳理目前数字基础设施绿色低碳发展现状与挑战,提炼数字基础设施绿色低碳发展中的关键科学问题,探讨数字经济发展与数字基础设施碳排放脱钩的技术路径,融合创新设计和推广应用的机制与制度保障,进而提出支撑国家数字基础设施绿色低碳发展路径和建议。

Association of accelerometer-measured sleep duration and different intensities of physical activity with incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort study

Purpose:The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of accelerometer-measured sleep duration and different intensities of physical activity(PA)with the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in a population-based prospective cohort study.Methods:Altogether,88,000 participants(mean age=62.2±7.9 years,mean±SD)were included from the UK Biobank.Sleep duration(short:<6 h/day;normal:6-8 h/day;long:>8 h/day)and PA of different intensities were measured using a wrist-won accelerometer over a 7-day period between 2013 and 2015.PA was classified according to the median or World Health Organization-recommendation:total volume of PA(high,low),moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)(recommended,not recommended),and light-intensity PA(high,low).Incidence of type 2diabetes was ascertained using hospital records or death registries.Results:During a median follow-up of 7.0 years,1615 incident type 2 diabetes cases were documented.Compared with normal sleep duration,short(hazard ratio(HR)=1.21,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.03-1.41)but not long sleep duration(HR=1.01,95%CI:0.89-1.15)was associated with excessive type 2 diabetes risk.This increased risk among short sleepers seems to be protected against by PA.Compared with normal sleepers with high or recommended PA,short sleepers with low volume of PA(HR=1.81,95%CI:1.46-2.25),not recommended(below the World Health Organization-recommended level of)MVPA(HR=1.92,95%CI:1.55-2.36),or low light-intensity PA(HR=1.49,95%CI:1.13-1.90)had a higher risk of type 2 diabetes,while short sleepers with a high volume of PA(HR=1.14,95%CI:0.88-1.49),recommended MVPA(HR=1.02,95%CI:0.71-1.48),or high light-intensity PA(HR=1.14,95%CI:0.92-1.41)did not.Conclusion:Accelerometer-measured short but not long sleep duration was associated with a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes.A higher level of PA,regardless of intensity,potentially ameliorates this excessive risk.

Circadian rhythm dysfunction and psychopathology in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder:a highrisk study in the Chinese population

Background Understanding the evolution of circadian rhythm dysfunction and psychopathology in the high-risk population has important implications for the prevention of bipolar disorder.Nevertheless,some of the previous studies on the emergence of psychopathologies and circadian dysfunction among high-risk populations were inconsistent and limited.Aims To examine the prevalence rates of sleep and circadian dysfunctions,mental disorders and their symptoms in the offspring of parents with(O-BD)and without bipolar disorder(O-control).Methods The study included 191 O-BD and 202 O-control subjects aged 6-21 years from the Greater Bay Area,China.The diagnoses and symptoms of sleep/circadian rhythm and mental disorders were assessed by the Diagnostic Interview for Sleep Patterns and Disorders,and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version,respectively.Generalised estimating equations and shared frailty proportional hazards models of survival analysis were applied to compare the outcomes in the offspring.Results Adjusting for age,sex and region of recruitment,there was a significantly higher risk of delayed sleep phase symptoms(9.55%vs 2.58%,adjusted OR:4.04)in O-BD than in O-control.O-BD had a nearly fivefold higher risk of mood disorders(11.70%vs 3.47%,adjusted OR:4.68)and social anxiety(6.28%vs 1.49%,adjusted OR:4.70),a fourfold higher risk of depressive disorders(11.17%vs 3.47%,adjusted OR:3.99)and a threefold higher risk of mood symptoms(20.74%vs 10.40%,adjusted OR:2.59)than O-control.Subgroup analysis revealed that O-BD children(aged under 12 years)had a nearly 2-fold higher risk of any mental and behavioural symptoms than O-control,while there was a nearly 4-fold higher risk of delayed sleep phase symptoms,a 7.5-fold higher risk of social anxiety and a 3-fold higher risk of mood symptoms in O-BD adolescents(aged 12 years and over).Conclusions There was an increase in delayed sleep phase symptoms in O-BD adolescents compared with their control counterparts,confirming the central role of circadian rhythm dysfunction in bipolar disorder.The findings of the specific age-related and stage-related developmental patterns of psychopathologies and circadian dysfunction in children and adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder paved the way to develop specific and early clinical intervention and prevention strategies.

幼儿园教师专业判断的价值、内涵与提升路径

幼儿园教师专业判断是幼儿园教师专业性的重要体现,是幼儿园教师专业成长的重要基石,是幼儿园教师专业发展的重要表征,更是幼儿身心健康发展的关键保障。通过对幼儿园教师专业判断基本内涵的阐释,探索幼儿园教师专业判断的内容体系,其类型包括情境判断、诊断判断与自省判断。幼儿园教师专业判断是促进幼儿园教师专业发展的重要因素,可通过开展反思性实践课、分享关键教育事件、建立清晰专业愿景以及尊重教师专业自主权等方式促进幼儿园教师专业判断水平的提高。

The Protective Effects of Preventive Atomisation Inhalation of Edaravone on the Lung Tissues of Rats with Smoke Inhalation Injury

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of the atomisation inhalation of edaravone on the lung tissues of rats with smoke inhalation injury. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups of ten rats each: normal control group (group A), normal saline atomisation group (group B), edaravone aerosol group (group C) and edaravone atomisation prevention group (group D). Barring group A, the groups were used to create a model of severe smoke inhalation injury. However, before developing the model, group D rats were made to inhale edaravone (3.6 mg/mL) for 10 min. Six hours following smoke inhalation injury, abdominal artery blood samples were centrifuged, the lung tissue homogenate was prepared and carotid artery blood samples were used for blood gas analysis and oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) calculation. The levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-10 in serum and the levels of cysteine protease 3 (caspase-3), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in lung tissues were examined. The wet-dry ratio (W/D) and water content of the lung tissue were calculated, and the TUNEL method was used to determine the rate of lung tissue apoptosis in each group. Tissue specimens were obtained from the partial lung for histopathological examination. Results: Compared with those in group A, the water content of the lung tissue, the rate of lung tissue apoptosis, W/D and the caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, MDA and MPO levels were significantly greater in other groups (PP< 0.05). Compared with those in group B, the levels of W/D, the water content of the lung tissue, the rate of lung tissue apoptosis and the levels of caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA and MPO were significantly low (P and the levels of IL-10, SOD and PaO2/FiO2 were significantly high in groups C and D (P The expression of the aforementioned factors was more evident in Group D (P < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed that groups C and D had greater levels of inflammatory granulocytes than group B. This was more evident in group D. Conclusions: The inhalation of edaravone can reduce smoke inhalation-induced lung injury. This may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis, the reduction of peroxidation injury and the production/release of inflammatory mediators/free radicals. It exerts a remarkable preventive effect.

区域化CSSD两种器械预处理方法的效果评价

目的探讨不同预处理方式对区域集中供应单位器械清洗质量的影响.方法选取区域集中供应单位的600件轴节器械,随机均分为A、B两组,A组采用纱布擦拭血渍和多酶保湿剂预处理,B组采用流动水下刷洗和低纤维絮毛巾擦干预处理.全自动清洗机机械清洗后应用目测法、AT P荧光检测仪检测法、蛋白残留检测法、血液残留检测法进行检测,观察和对比两组器械清洗消毒效果.结果两组清洗效果均符合院感院要求,两组检测值无显著差异性(P>0.05).结论A组与B组预处理方法对清洗质量的影响无显著差异性,均可采用,但是B组方法更为经济和方便,各服务单位更愿意接纳使用.

Amorphization activated FeB_(2) porous nanosheets enable efficient electrocatalytic N_(2) fixation

Designing active,robust and cost-effective catalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR) is of paramount significance for sustainable electrochemical NH3 synthesis.Transition-metal diborides(TMB_2)have been recently theoretically predicted to be a new class of potential NRR catalysts,but direct experimental evidence is still lacking.Herein,we present the first experimental demonstration that amorphous FeB_2 porous nanosheets(a-FeB_2 PNSs) could be a highly efficient NRR catalyst,which exhibited an NH3 yield of 39.8 μg h^(-1) mg^(-1)(-0.3 V) and a Faradaic efficiency of 16.7%(-0.2 V),significantly outperforming their crystalline counterpart and most of existing NRR catalysts.First-principle calculations unveiled that the amorphization could induce the upraised d-band center of a-FeB_2 to boost d-2π~* coupling between the active Fe site and ~*N_2 H intermediate,resulting in enhanced ~*N_2 H stabilization and reduced reaction barrier.Out study may facilitate the development and understanding of earth-abundant TMB_2-based catalysts for electrocatalytic N_2 fixation.

Run-Time Dynamic Resource Adjustment for Mitigating Skew in MapReduce

MapReduce is a widely used programming model for large-scale data processing.However,it still suffers from the skew problem,which refers to the case in which load is imbalanced among tasks.This problem can cause a small number of tasks to consume much more time than other tasks,thereby prolonging the total job completion time.Existing solutions to this problem commonly predict the loads of tasks and then rebalance the load among them.However,solutions of this kind often incur high performance overhead due to the load prediction and rebalancing.Moreover,existing solutions target the partitioning skew for reduce tasks,but cannot mitigate the computational skew for map tasks.Accordingly,in this paper,we present DynamicAdjust,a run-time dynamic resource adjustment technique for mitigating skew.Rather than rebalancing the load among tasks,DynamicAdjust monitors the run-time execution of tasks and dynamically increases resources for those tasks that require more computation.In so doing,DynamicAdjust can not only eliminate the overhead incurred by load prediction and rebalancing,but also culls both the partitioning skew and the computational skew.Experiments are conducted based on a 21-node real cluster using real-world datasets.The results show that DynamicAdjust can mitigate the negative impact of the skew and shorten the job completion time by up to 40.85%.

Numerical Simulation of Derusting Treatment of Steel Parts By Shot Blast

In this paper,we investigated the shot blast treatment for derusting application through finite element(FE)simulations with a large number of random shots.The element deletion technique based on dynamic failure criteria was used to model the removal of rust.The cohesive surface model with damage evolution was used to characterize the decohesion of the rust/substrate interface.The effects of various processing and material parameters on the derusting effectiveness were examined.The results show that the rate of derusting mainly depends on the shot size,velocity and impinging angle,with little relevance to the rust thickness.The spalling of the rust fragments resulted from the decohesion of the rust/substrate interface were observed,especially during the later stage of the treatment.Furthermore,the residual stress and the surface roughness was also investigated and the beneficial effects of shot blast treatment in terms of these aspects were highlighted.

Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicological Evaluations of Bioactive Alkaloidal Extract from Melodinus henryi and Their Main Chemical Constituents

Melodinus henryi is a good source of terpenoid indole alkaloids,and traditionally used as a folk medicine in the treatment of meningitis and fracture.In order to further exploit their potential uses,its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activi-ties,safety evaluations and chemical profiles have been illustrated.Compared to the crude methanol extract from M.henryi and its non-alkaloidal fraction,the total alkaloidal fraction(MHTA)had the strongest anti-inflammatory and immunosup-pressive activities.In the acute oral toxicity assay,the half lethal dose(LD50)of MHTA was more than 2000 mg/kg.The sub-acute toxicity assay for consecutive 28 days exhibited MHTA at a lower concentrations of less than 500 mg/kg might be regarded as safe,and might damage spleen,liver,kidney,and heart when the dose is higher than 1000 mg/kg.In addition,a phytochemical investigation on MHTA led to the isolation of 15 monoterpenoid indole alkaloids.Thus,in regard with the potent side effects of MHTA,it should be used with caution in the development of phytomedicine.

The acid cleaning method of labware for trace element analysis in snow and ice samples

Acid cleaning processes were performed on a class 100 laminar flow clean bench assembled inside a class 1000 clean room.The ultrapure water was produced by Millipore RO (Reverse Osmosis) and Milli-Q water purification systems.The three purity grades of nitric acid used for cleaning include Merck reagent grade HNO3,Fisher 'TraceMetal' grade HNO3,and the purest Fisher 'Optima' grade HNO3.The various bottles,containers and other labware,which are in contact with the samples,are made of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and FEP or PFA Teflon materials.The acid cleaning procedures of the bottles and other containers follow a successive four times cleaning through immersion in increasing purity of nitric acid baths at different concentrations during four weeks.The first acid bath is performed at room temperature,but the following three acid baths are heated on ceramic hotplates with a surface temperature of 45℃.In order to verify the efficiency of the acid cleaning method,cleaned bottles underwent a blank determination procedure using ELAN 6100 inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS).Results show that most measured trace elements are not detected and the elements detected are at very low concentrations.The blank values are comparable with that of bottles cleaned at Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI).Although the acid cleaning method is developed mainly for reliable measurements of trace elements in snow and ice samples,it can also be used for investigations of trace elements in other environmental samples.

Energy storage performances regulated by BiMnO3 proportion in limited solid solution films

Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-BiMnO3(NBT-BM)limited solid solution films were fabricated to investigate the lattice modification on the energy storage performances.The introduction of the BM solute lattice induces the NBT solvent lattices undergoing the transition from the pure phase,solid solution,solubility limit to precipitation.Correspondingly,the polarization states transfer from the macroscopic ferroelectric domains to nanodomains then to compound ferroelectric domains.The introduction of BiMnO3 generates great lattice changes including the local lattice fluctuation and the large lattice stretching,which enhance the energy storage performances,with the energy storage efficiency being enhanced from 39.2%to 53.2%and 51.7%and the energy density being enhanced from 33.1 J/cm3 to 76.5 J/cm^3 and 83.8 J/cm^3 for the BM components of 2%and 4%,respectively.The lattice modifications play a key role in the energy storage performances for limited solid solution films,which provides an alternative strategy for energy storage material.

Effect of Aldicarb Exposure on Cellular Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity in Kun-ming Mice

Immune function and antioxidant defense play an important role in protecting animals against pathogens and in controlling oxidative stress, respectively. Aldicarb is of great concern for human health due to its toxic nature, its extensive usage and consequent pollution. The hypothesis that aldicarb exposure would suppress immune function and antioxidant capacity in Kunming mice was to be tested in the present study. Twenty-three adult male mice were randomly divided into the control (n = 11) and the aldicarb treated (n = 12) groups. Food and water were provided ad libtum for both groups, while the aldicarb treated mice drank aldicarb solution (0.097 mg/L) for 22 days. Cellular immunity assessed by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response did not differ between the control and the aldicarb treated groups. Similarly, white blood cells were not influenced by aldicarb treatment. Moreover, aldicarb exposure had not significant effect on body mass, all organ masses detected. However, aldicarb treatment suppressed total antioxidant capacity in liver but not in kidneys. In summary, aldicarb treatment did not affect immune function, but suppressed liver antioxidant capacity in Kunming mice.

The spectrum of rare monogenic diseases in patients with premature coronary artery disease

To the Editor:The global burden of premature coronary artery disease(CAD)is increasing among the young population.Premature CAD generally refers to the occurrence of obstructive coronary atherothrombotic lesions in men and women aged<55 years and<65 years,respectively,and particularly in those aged<45 years.[1]The incidence of CAD in the younger population has remained stable or has increased,despite the declining incidence in older adults.Patients with premature CAD have a poor long-term prognosis,experiencing a high rate of recurrent ischemic events,rapid progression to multivessel disease,and frequent premature death.[1]Thus,it is crucial to identify the underlying causes of premature CAD that are distinct from those of age-related CAD and improve patient outcomes through precise diagnosis and treatment.

Lack of CFAP54 causes primary ciliary dyskinesia in a mouse model and human patients

Primary ciliary dyskinesia(PCD)is a highly heterogeneous recessive inherited disorder.FAP54,the homolog of CFAP54 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,was previously demonstrated as the C1d projection of the central microtubule apparatus of flagella.A Cfap54 knockout mouse model was then reported to have PCD-relevant phenotypes.Through whole-exome sequencing,compound heterozygous variants c.2649_2657delinC(p.E883Dfs*47)and c.7312_7313insCGCAGGCTGAATTCTTGG(p.T2438delinsTQAEFLA)in a new suspected PCD-relevant gene,CFAP54,were identified in an individual with PCD.Two missense variants,c.4112A>C(p.E1371A)and c.6559C>T(p.P2187S),in CFAP54 were detected in another unrelated patient.In this study,a minigene assay was conducted on the frameshift mutation showing a reduction in mRNA expression.In addition,a CFAP54 in-frame variant knock-in mouse model was established,which recapitulated the typical symptoms of PCD,including hydrocephalus,infertility,and mucus accumulation in nasal sinuses.Correspondingly,two missense variants were deleterious,with a dramatic reduction in mRNA abundance from bronchial tissue and sperm.The identification of PCD-causing variants of CFAP54 in two unrelated patients with PCD for the first time provides strong supportive evidence that CFAP54 is a new PCD-causing gene.This study further helps expand the disease-associated gene spectrum and improve genetic testing for PCD diagnosis in the future.

孤独症儿童生活和学习能力的正向干预模式

目前,对孤独症儿童的干预模式逐步由医学模式转向社会模式,孤独症儿童更需要人文精神与社会情怀,需要生命观、伦理观来解读.孤独症领域的实证研究成果转化为适应社会生活为目的的实操体系才能最终使患儿及其家庭受益,同时也确保理论有效普及.某种意义上,协助患儿适应生活与生存即为"治疗".本文通过文献及个案研究,进行了孤独症儿童生活和学习能力正向干预模式的前期探索.

鼻窦炎-中耳炎-双肺弥漫支气管扩张

原发性纤毛运动障碍(PCD)是一种罕见的常染色体隐性或X连锁相关的双等位基因变异遗传病,以纤毛运动障碍为特征。典型表现包括支气管扩张、分泌性中耳炎、鼻窦炎、内脏反位和不孕不育等,常因临床表现相似需与囊性纤维化(CF)鉴别。本文介绍1例幼年起反复咳嗽、咳痰伴发热的青少年女性,有分泌性中耳炎、鼻窦炎病史,曾考虑诊断CF。后经基因测序发现PCD相关致病基因复合杂合变异,结合临床表现、影像学特点,最终诊断为PCD。

Toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials

Manufactured nanomaterials with unique properties have been extensively applied in various indus-trial,agricultural or medical fields.However,some of the properties have been identified to be closely related to nanomaterial toxicity.The"nano-paradox"has aroused concerns over the use and develop-ment of nanotechnology,which makes it difficult for regulatory agencies to regulate nanomaterials.The key to fulfilling proper nanomaterial regulation lies in the adequate understanding of the impact of nanomaterial properties on nano-bio interactions.To this end,we start the present work with a brief intro-duction to nano-bio interactions at different levels.Based on that,how key toxicity-associated properties of manufactured nanomaterials(i.e.,size,shape,chemical composition,surface properties,biocorona formation,agglomeration and/or aggregation state,and biodegradability)impact their toxicokinetics,cel-lular uptake,trafficking and responses,and toxicity mechanisms is deeply explored.Moreover,advanced analytical methods for studying nano-bio interactions are introduced.Furthermore,the current reg-ulatory and legislative frameworks for nanomaterial-containing products in different regions and/or countries are presented.Finally,we propose several challenges facing the nanotoxicology field and their possible solutions to shed light on the safety evaluation of nanomaterials.

Application of next-generation sequencing to screen for pathogenic mutations in 123 unrelated Chinese patients with Marfan syndrome or a related disease

Marfan syndrome(MFS) is a systemic connective tissue disease principally affecting the ocular, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. This autosomal dominant disorder carries a prevalence of 1:3,000 to 1:5,000. This study aims to define the mutational spectrum of MFS related genes in Chinese patients and to establish genotype-phenotype correlations in MFS. Panel-based targeted next-generation sequencing was used to analyze the FBN1, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 genes in 123 unrelated Chinese individuals with MFS or a related disease. Genotype-phenotype correlation analyses were performed in mutation-positive patients. The results showed that 97 cases/families(78.9%;97/123) harbor at least one(likely) pathogenic mutation, most of which were in FBN1;four patients had TGFBR1/2 mutations;and one patient harbored a SMAD3 mutation. Three patients had two FBN1 mutations, and all patients showed classical MFS phenotypes. Patients with a dominant negative-FBN1 mutation had a higher prevalence of ectopia lentis(EL). Patients carrying a haploinsufficiency-FBN1 mutation tended to have aortic dissection without EL. This study extends the spectrum of genetic backgrounds of MFS and enriches our knowledge of genotype-phenotype correlations.

High-gain integrated in-line few-mode amplifier enabling 3840-km long-haul transmission

An integrated few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier(FM-EDFA)with high modal gain is suitable for the in-line amplification in mode-division multiplexing transmission(MDM)systems.We first experimentally demonstrate a dual-stage integrated FM-EDFA supporting three linear polarization modes.Consisting of integrated passive components with low insertion losses,the FM-EDFA has a similar structure and performance to widely used commercial single-mode EDFAs.The averaged modal gain of 25 dB,the differential modal gain(DMG)of<1.1 dB,and noise figures of 5–7 dB are simultaneously achieved.In addition,the DMG of the 3M-EDF itself is~0.3 dB.Moreover,an MDM transmission experiment with the in-line few-mode amplification by our proposed FM-EDFA over a 3840-km few-mode fiber link for a 28-Gbaud quadrature phase-shift keying(QPSK)signal is demonstrated.