Heat-inducible SlWRKY3 confers thermotolerance by activating the SlGRXS1 gene cluster in tomato

High temperature stress is one of the major environmental factors that affect the growth and development of plants. Although WRKY transcription factors play a critical role in stress responses, there are few studies on the regulation of heat stress by WRKY transcription factors,especially in tomato. Here, we identified a group I WRKY transcription factor, SlWRKY3, involved in thermotolerance in tomato. First, SlWRKY3 was induced and upregulated under heat stress. Accordingly, overexpression of SlWRKY3 led to an increase, whereas knock-out of SlWRKY3 resulted in decreased tolerance to heat stress. Overexpression of SlWRKY3 accumulated less reactive oxygen species(ROS), whereas knock-out of SlWRKY3 accumulated more ROS under heat stress. This indicated that SlWRKY3 positively regulates heat stress in tomato. In addition,SlWRKY3 activated the expression of a range of abiotic stress-responsive genes involved in ROS scavenging, such as a SlGRXS1 gene cluster.Further analysis showed that SlWRKY3 can bind to the promoters of the SlGRXS1 gene cluster and activate their expression. Collectively, these results imply that SlWRKY3 is a positive regulator of thermotolerance through direct binding to the promoters of the SlGRXS1 gene cluster and activating their expression and ROS scavenging.

基于斑贴及稳定性试验剖析含烟酰胺化妆品皮肤刺激性成因

为探究含烟酰胺化妆品可能引起人体皮肤刺激性反应的主要原因,开展了健康志愿者烟酸、烟酰胺斑贴试验及含烟酰胺化妆品稳定性试验研究。首先选取含烟酰胺化妆品进行斑贴试验,同时测定烟酸、烟酰胺含量水平;随后进行了不同含量烟酸溶液(0.000 5%,0.001%,0.01%,0.025%)和3%烟酰胺溶液斑贴试验,并开展了含烟酰胺化妆品稳定性试验。结果发现:45个含烟酰胺化妆品中,17个会引起皮肤反应(占总数的37.8%),41个检出烟酸(占总数的91.1%),含量为0.000 15%~0.026 6%;采用自建皮肤反应评分方法进行评分,皮肤反应评分总和与烟酸含量正相关具有统计学意义(r=0.406,P=0.006),与烟酰胺含量相关无统计学意义(r=0.099,P=0.517)。0.000 5%烟酸、0.001%烟酸、3%烟酰胺溶液对皮肤刺激性与阴性对照的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);0.025%烟酸、0.01%烟酸对皮肤刺激性与阴性对照的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。含烟酰胺化妆品在25℃放置8周烟酸含量稳定,在55℃放置8周烟酸含量呈现逐渐增加趋势。

An Ethylene-inhibited NF-YC Transcription Factor RhNF-YC9 Regulates Petal Expansion in Rose

The speed of flower opening is closely related to their ornamental period.Ethylene functions as a negative regulator involved in the regulation of the petal expansion process.In this study,we isolated a NF-YC transcription factor gene,RhNF-YC9,fromrose petals.RhNF-YC9 expression was induced at the early stages of flower opening but was inhibited by ethylene treatment.Silencing RhNF-YC9 decreased the speed of petal expansion from stage 2 to stage 5.The expressions of 11 cell expansion-related genes involved in cell wall loosening,cell turgor modulation,and cytoskeleton remodeling were significantly down-regulated in RhNF-YC9-silenced petals.We also found that silencing RhNF-YC9 decreased the expression of gibberellin acid(GA)biosynthetic gene RhGA20ox while significantly increasing the transcripts of GA catabolic gene RhGA2ox,reducing the accumulation of GA4 and GA7.The influence of ethylene treatment on the expression of RhGA20ox and RhGA2ox showed the same trend.These results together suggested that RhNF-YC9 positively regulated the speed of petal expansion and mediated the crosstalk between ethylene and GA.Our findings revealed a new insight into the function of NF-YC transcription factors involved in ethylene-regulated petal expansion.

A highly dispersed Pt/copper modified-MnO_(2)catalyst for the complete oxidation of volatile organic compounds:The effect of oxygen species on the catalytic mechanism

Manganese oxide(MnO_(2))exhibits excellent activity for volatile organic compound oxidation.However,it is currently unknown whether lattice oxygen or adsorbed oxygen is more conducive to the progress of the catalytic reaction.In this study,novel hollow highly dispersed Pt/Copper modified-MnO_(2)catalysts were fabricated.Cu^(2+)was stabilized into theδ-MnO_(2)cladding substituting original K+,which produced lattice defects and enhance the content of adsorbed oxygen.The 2.03 wt%Pt Cu_(0.050)-MnO_(2)catalyst exhibited the highest catalytic activity and excellent stability for toluene and benzene oxidation,with T_(100)=160℃under high space velocity(36,000 mL g^(-1)h^(-1)).The excellent performance of catalytic oxidation of VOCs is attributed to the abundant adsorbed oxygen content,excellent low-temperature reducibility and the synergistic catalytic effect between the Pt nanoparticles and Cu_(0.050)-MnO_(2).This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)mechanism occurring on the catalysts.

Multiple-model GWAS identifies optimal allelic combinations of quantitative trait loci for malic acid in tomato

Malic acid(MA)is an important flavor acid in fruits and acts as a mediator in a series of metabolic pathways.It is important to understand the factors affecting MA metabolism for fruit flavor improvement and to understand MA-mediated biological processes.However,themetabolic accumulation of MA is controlled by complex heredity and environmental factors,making it difficult to predict and regulate the metabolism of MA.In this study,we carried out a genome-wide association study(GWAS)on MA using eight milestone models with two-environment repeats.A series of associated SNP variations were identified from the GWAS,and 15 high-confidence annotated geneswere further predicted based on linkage disequilibrium and lead SNPs.The transcriptome data of candidate geneswere explored within different tomato organs as well as various fruit tissues,and suggested specific expression patterns in fruit pericarp.Based on the genetic parameters of population differentiation and SNP distribution,tomato MA content has been more influenced by domestication sweeps and less affected by improvement sweeps in the long-term history of tomato breeding.In addition,genotype×environment interaction might contribute to the difference in domestication phenotypic data under different environments.This study provides new genetic insights into how tomato changed its MA content during breeding and makes available function-based markers for breeding by marker-assisted selection.

A review of monitoring,calculation,and simulation methods for ground subsidence induced by coal mining

Subsidence data acquisition methods are crucial to mining subsidence research and an essential component of achieving the goal of environmentally friendly coal mining.The origin and history of the existing methods of field monitoring,calcula-tion,and simulation were introduced.It summarized and analyzed the main applications,flaws and solutions,and improve-ments of these methods.Based on this analysis,the future developing directions of subsidence data acquisition methods were prospected and suggested.The subsidence monitoring methods have evolved from conventional ground monitoring to combined methods involving ground-based,space-based,and air-based measurements.While the conventional methods are mature in technology and reliable in accuracy,emerging remote sensing technologies have obvious advantages in terms of reducing field workload and increasing data coverage.However,these remote sensing methods require further technological development to be more suitable for monitoring mining subsidence.The existing subsidence calculation methods have been applied to various geological and mining conditions,and many improvements have already been made.In the future,more attention should be paid to unifying the studies of calculation methods and mechanical principles.The simulation methods are quite dependent on the similarity of the model to the site conditions and are generally used as an auxiliary data source for subsidence studies.The cross-disciplinary studies between subsidence data acquisition methods and other technologies should be given serious consideration,as they can be expected to lead to breakthroughs in areas such as theories,devices,software,and other aspects.

A 21-bp InDel in the promoter of STP1 selected during tomato improvement accounts for soluble solid content in fruits

Domestication and improvement are important processes that generate the variation in genome and phonotypes underlying crop improvement.Unfortunately,during selection for certain attributes,other valuable traits may be inadvertently discarded.One example is the decline in fruit soluble solids content(SSC)during tomato breeding.Several genetic loci for SSC have been identified,but few reports on the underlying mechanisms are available.In this study we performed a genome-wide association study(GWAS)for SSC of the red-ripe fruits in a population consisting of 481 tomato accessions with large natural variations and found a new quantitative trait locus,STP1,encoding a sugar transporter protein.The causal variation of STP1,a 21-bp InDel located in the promoter region 1124 bp upstream of the start codon,alters its expression.STP1 Insertion accessions with an 21-bp insertion have higher SSC than STP1Deletion accessions with the 21-bp deletion.Knockout of STP1 in TS-23 with high SSC using CRISPR/Cas9 greatly decreased SSC in fruits.In vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that ZAT10-LIKE,a zinc finger protein transcription factor(ZFP TF),can specifically bind to the promoter of STP1Insertion to enhance STP1 expression,but not to the promoter of STP1Deletion,leading to lower fruit SSC in modern tomatoes.Diversity analysis revealed that STP1 was selected during tomato improvement.Taking these results together,we identified a naturally occurring causal variation underlying SSC in tomato,and a new role for ZFP TFs in regulating sugar transporters.The findings enrich our understanding of tomato evolution and domestication,and provide a genetic basis for genome design for improving fruit taste.

Effect of shading on ascorbic acid accumulation and biosynthetic gene expression during tomato fruit development and ripening

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both,on the accumulation of ascorbic acid(AsA)and the expression levels of AsA biosynthetic genes at the immature green,mature green,breaker,and red ripe stages of Ailsa craig tomato during fruit development.Shading(72%reducing of light intensity)imposed on the leaves significantly reduced AsA content and AsA biosynthetic gene expression in the fruits.Leaf shading,fruit shading,and a combination of both significantly decreased the amount of total AsA and reduced AsA to a range of 18.5%−31.5%at mature green,breaker,and red ripe stages of tomato fruits,with no significant change at the immature green stage of fruits.Moreover,reducing the light intensity in tomato leaves,fruits or both resulted in reduced expression of most AsA biosynthetic genes in the fruits,except for PMM,cAPX,tAPX,and APX7 genes under leaf shading,GPI,PMI,PMM,GP1,GP2,cAPX,and tAPX genes under fruit shading,and PMM,cAPX,APX1,and APX7 genes under both shading.The expression level of GMP,GP1,and GalDH showed an upregulation at the red ripe stage in fruits with leaf shading,and also an up-regulation at the immature green and red ripe stages with both shading.Furthermore,positive correlations between expression of AsA biosynthetic genes and AsA accumulation were recorded under leaf shading,fruit shading,and both types of shading,while a negative correlation was recorded under normal conditions without shading.

An efficient Hauser-base electrolyte for rechargeable magnesium batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)are considered the promising candidates for post lithium-ion batteries due to the abundant storage,high capacity,and dendrite-rare characteristic of Mg anode.However,the lack of practical electrolytes impedes the development and application of RMBs.Here,through a one-step reaction of LiCl congenital-containing Knochel–Hauser base TMPL(2,2,6,6-tetrame thylpiperidinylmagnesium chloride lithium chloride complex)with Lewis acid AlCl_(3),we successfully synthesized an efficient amino-magnesium halide TMPLA electrolyte.Raman and mass spectroscopy identified that the electrolyte comprises the typical di-nuclear copolymer[Mg_(2)Cl_(3)·6THF]+cation group and[(TMP)2AlCl_(2)]-anion group,further supported by the results of density functional theory calculations(DFT)and the Molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.The TMPLA electrolyte exhibits promising electrochemical performance,including available anodic stability(>2.65 V vs.SS),high ionic conductivity(6.05mS cm^(-1)),and low overpotential(<0.1 V)as well as appropriate Coulombic efficiency(97.3%)for Mg plating/stripping.Both the insertion Mo6S8cathode and conversion Cu S cathode delivered a desirable electrochemical performance with high capacity and good cycling stability based on the TMPLA electrolyte.In particular,when compatible with low cost and easily synthesized Cu S,the Cu S||Mg cell displayed an extremely high discharge capacity of 458.8 mAh g^(-1)for the first cycle and stabilized at 170.2 mAh g^(-1)with high Coulombic efficiency(99.1%)after 50 cycles at 0.05 C.Our work proposes an efficient electrolyte with impressive compatibility with Mg anode and insertion/conversion cathode for practical RMBs and provides a more profound knowledge of the Lewis acid–base reaction mechanisms.

Research status and prospect of separators for magnesium-sulfur batteries

Magnesium-sulfur(Mg-S)batteries have attracted wide research attention in recent years,and are considered as one of the major candidates to replace lithium-ion batteries due to the high theoretical energy density,low costs of active materials,and high safety.However,there are still significant challenges that need to be overcome before they can reach the large-scale practical applications.The key issue is the dissolution and shuttle effect of magnesium polysulfides(Mg-PSs),which leads to severe capacity degradation and shortens cycling life,greatly limiting the development of Mg-S batteries.In order to overcome these challenges,great efforts have been made in cathode materials,electrolytes,and separators.Herein,we review the investigations on suppressing the shuttle effect of Mg-PSs via the modification of separators,including schemes such as coating the functional materials that can hold Mg-PSs on the surface of polyolefin-based or glass fiber(GF)separators,forming gel polymer separators via cross-linking polymerization reactions,and developing gel polymer electrolytes coupled with GF separators.Furthermore,an outlook is proposed for the future design on separator exploitation to accelerate the development of Mg-S battery technology.

Cyclin gene SlCycB1 alters plant architecture in association with histone H3.2 in tomato

Cell cycle regulation plays a critical role in plant growth and development.In this study,the role of a tomato cell cycle gene SlCycB1 has been characterized.Expression analysis revealed that SlCycB1 was mostly expressed in stem,root,and leaves,with relative lower expression in flower and fruit.Tomato plants overexpressing SlCycB1 exhibited a reduction in cell number and increased cell size leading to the growth retardation.Furthermore,yeast two-hybrid analysis and bimolecular fluorescence complementation revealed that SlCycB1 interacted with histone H3.2,an essential component of the nucleosome.Histone H3.2 was transcriptionally up-regulated in the SlCycB1 overexpressing tomato lines.Furthermore,the overexpression of histone H3.2 in transgenic plants showed similar phenotypes to SlCycB1 overexpressing lines.Based on these findings,we concluded that SlCycB1 overexpression altered tomato architecture in association with histone H3.2.

Performance and Cultivation Techniques of a New Pear Variety‘Jixiu’in Central Hebei Province

‘Jixiu’is a new early ripening pear variety bred by‘Jimi’בXinhang’,and its fruit quality is excellent.It has performed well in central and southern Hebei.This paper introduces its botanical characteristics,growth phenology,growth and fruiting habits,pollination characteristics and disease resistance in central and southern Hebei.A set of suitable cultivation techniques for Jixiu pear were summarized,including pruning,fruit thinning and bagging,water and fertilizer management,pest and disease control and so on,which provided theoretical support for the popularization and demonstration of this new variety.

Pollination Effects of Pear Trees by Honeybee and Its Influencing Factors

[Objectives]To improve the yield and quality of different pear varieties by supplementary pollination.[Methods]The effects of bee pollination were compared with other pollination methods,and the effects of different factors on honeybee pollination were studied through experiments.[Results]Honeybee pollination significantly increased the number of fruit per inflorescence.In addition,it could improve the single fruit weight,fruit shape and other quality indicators of fruit.The pollination effect of honeybee was the best in all supplementary pollination measures.Honeybee pollination had good fruit setting effect on different pear varieties,but there were some differences in the effect of quality improvement.Spraying lime sulfur mixture and other measures could significantly affect the effects of honeybee pollination.[Conclusions]The research results prove the effectiveness of honeybee pollination technology in Hebei Province,and provide a certain reference for the establishment of a simple and practical artificial assisted pollination technology system.

A simple and efficient in planta transformation method based on the active regeneration capacity of plants

Plant genetic transformation strategies serve as essential tools for the genetic engineering and advanced molecular breeding of plants.However,the complicated operational protocols and low efficiency of cur-rent transformation strategies restrict the genetic modification of most plant species.This paper de-scribes the development of the regenerative activity–dependent in planta injection delivery(RAPID)method based on the active regeneration capacity of plants.In this method,Agrobacterium tumefaciens is delivered to plant meristems via injection to induce transfected nascent tissues.Stable transgenic plants can be obtained by subsequent vegetative propagation of the positive nascent tissues.The method was successfully used for transformation of plants with strong regeneration capacity,including different genotypes of sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas),potato(Solanum tuberosum),and bayhops(Ipo-moea pes-caprae).Compared with traditional transformation methods,RAPID has a much higher trans-formation efficiency and shorter duration,and it does not require tissue culture procedures.The RAPID method therefore overcomes the limitations of traditional methods to enable rapid in planta transformation and can be potentially applied to a wide range of plant species that are capable of active regeneration.

化工过程预警的CNN-LSTM耦合模型研究

针对化工过程参数的实时性、多维性、非线性,以及化工流程复杂、互相干扰项多、预警方法单一等情况,本工作提出了一种针对化工过程异常工况的深度学习回归预测与ADF(Augmented Dickey-Fuller)检验相耦合的预警模型。在对缩合反应的超温异常工况监测预警分析中,使用卷积神经网络和长短期记忆网络(Convolution Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory,CNN-LSTM)模型实现了对未来400 s内过程重要参数的预测。同时利用ADF检验,对该时段的重要参数进行趋势检验。当结果为趋势不稳定,并且CNN-LSTM模型预测到某时刻重要参数超过警戒线,再对安全人员发出警报。结果表明,本工作所提出的方法在检测到过程参数不平稳后,分别以模型拟合优度(R^(2))为0.9827和0.9882的情况下提前18和16 s预测到异常工况的发生,从而实现化工过程异常工况的提前预警,对实现化工过程安全运行进行了有利探索。

Phosphorylation of NIR-II emitting Au nanoclusters for targeted bone imaging and improved rheumatoid arthritis therapy

Designing a theranostic probe for noninvasive bone imaging and bone disease therapy is both challenging and desirable.Herein,an ultrasmall Au nanocluster(NC,<2 nm)-based theranostic probe is developed to achieve highly temporospatial in vivo bone-targeted photoluminescence(PL)imaging in the second near-infrared window(NIR-Ⅱ)and enhanced rheumatoid arthritis(RA)therapy.The key design of the probe involves the surface phosphorylation of atomically precise NIR-Ⅱemitting Au_(44)NCs.This phosphorylation enhances the bone-targeting ability of the probe due to the highly concentrated phosphate groups,allowing the probe to realize in vivo bone-targeted NIR-ⅡPL imaging.Moreover,benefiting from the enhanced bone-targeting ability,ultrasmall hydrodynamic diameter,and excellent anti-inflammation and immunomodulatory effects,the probe not only demonstrates superior therapeutic efficacy for RA rats,effectively restoring the destructed cartilage to nearly normal but also exhibits good renal clearance and benign biocompatibility.These favorable attributes cannot be achieved by commercial methotrexate used for RA treatment.This study presents a new design paradigm for metal NC-based theranostic probes,offering the potential for high-resolution bone-targeted PL imaging and improved RA therapy.

我国教育政务数据开放的现状调查与分析

在大数据时代,各级政府正逐步加大政务数据开放共享的力度。了解当前我国教育政务数据开放的整体情况,对于发展教育政务数据开放共享至关重要。文章调查了我国34个省级行政区的96个政府数据开放平台,对平台上的教育政务开放数据从数量统计、发布单位、数据类型、数据质量、数据应用等方面进行了系统分析。调查发现:目前我国教育政务开放数据集已经达到6,574个,70%以上的数据开放平台能够下载到有效的教育政务开放数据,50%以上的教育政务开放数据质量较好,但是教育政务开放数据的应用开发很少。基于我国教育政务数据开放共享的现状,文章提出四条实施建议:(1)完善教育政务数据开放的政策保障体系,鼓励出台地方性教育政务数据开放的政策与标准;(2)增加政府数据开放平台的数量,优化政府数据开放平台的功能;(3)加强教育政务数据开放的管理力度,形成多方协同的教育政务数据开放的工作机制;(4)明确教育政务开放数据的范围,提高教育政务开放数据的质量,期望能够推进我国教育政务数据的开放共享。

A bacterial effector protein uncovers a plant metabolic pathway involved in tolerance to bacterial wilt disease

Bacterial wilt caused by the soil-borne plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease worldwide.Upon plant colonization,R.solanacearum replicates massively,causing plant wilting and death;collapsed infected tissues then serve as a source of inoculum.In this work,we show that the plant metabolic pathway mediated by pyruvate decarboxylases(PDCs)contributes to plant tolerance to bacterial wilt disease.Arabidopsis and tomato plants resp ond to R.solanacearum infection by in creasing PDC activity,and plants with deficient PDC activity are more susceptible to bacterial wilt.Treatment with either pyruvic acid or acetic acid(substrate and product of the PDC pathway,respectively)enhances plant tolerance to bacterial wilt disease.An effector protein secreted by R.solanacearum,RipAK,interacts with PDCs and inhibits their oligomerization and enzymatic activity.Collectively,our work reveals a metabolic pathway involved in plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses,and a bacterial virulence strategy to promote disease and the completion of the pathogenic life cycle.

Exploration of particle technology in fine bubble characterization

Fine bubble technology has been applied in many fields, including semiconductor processing, waste water treatment, and agricultural development. Fine bubble technology has the advantages of being environ-mentally benign, and ease of production and use when compared with other processes that involve chemicals or biological agents. However, the mechanisms of fine bubble applications in many aspects still require exploration. The characterization of fine bubbles is one of the essential issues for better understanding the technology. This article reviews modern particle characterization technologies, espe-cially those that can be used to characterize fine bubbles, and briefly reports on some applications of fine bubbles.

Engineering porous architectures in multicomponent PdCuBP mesoporous nanospheres for electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation

Porous features of mesoporous metal nanocrystals are critically important for their applications in catalysis,sorption,and biomedicine and bioimaging.However,precisely engineering porous architectures of mesoporous metals is still highly challenging.Herein,we report a facile soft-templating strategy to precisely engineer porous architectures of multicomponent PdCuBP mesoporous nanospheres(MSs)by using the surfactants with different amphiphilic features.Three kinds of MSs with distinct porous architectures,including three-dimensional(3D)opened/interconnected dendritic mesopores(dMSs),one-dimensional(1D)cylindered mesopores(cMSs),and zero-dimensional(0D)spherical mesopores(sMSs),are prepared.This surfactant-templating method is generally extended to regulate elemental compositions of multicomponent MSs.The resultant Pd-based MSs have been evaluated as the electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation reaction(EOR).Our results show that quaternary PdCuBP dMSs display remarkably high catalytic activity and better stability for electrocatalytic EOR,compared to those of multicomponent MSs with other porous architectures and less elemental compositions.Mechanism studies reveal that PdCuBP dMSs combine multiple structural and compositional advantages,which kinetically accelerate the electron/mass transfers and also improve the tolerances to poisoning intermediates.We believe that the porous architecture engineering in mesoporous metal electrocatalysts will present a new way to design highly efficient electrocatalysts with desired porous systems and explore their relations towards(electro)catalysis.