New food sources and production systems:a comparison of international regulations and China’s advancements in novel foods with synthetic biology

The global shift towards sustainable food systems has sparked innovations in food sources and production systems,including cell-based meat,plant-based food products,precision fermentation,and 3D food printing.These advancements pose regulatory challenges and opportunities,with China emerging as a critical player in adopting and regulating new food technologies.This review explores the international landscape of new food sources and production systems(NFPS),focusing on China’s role and regulatory approaches compared to global practices.Through this comparative analysis,we aim to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on food safety regulation,offering insights and recommendations for policymakers,industry stakeholders,and researchers engaged in the global food system’s evolution.This comprehensive overview underscores the dynamic nature of regulatory frameworks governing NFPS,highlighting the international efforts to ensure food safety,consumer protection,and the sustainable evolution of the food industry.

Predictive value of CA-153,CA-125 and Apo A for ocular metastasis in menopausal female patients with breast cancer

AIM:To establish a meaningful standard for diagnosing ocular metastasis(OM)in menopausal breast cancer(BC)women,and explore the relationship between CA-153,CA-125,apolipoprotein A,and OM.METHODS:A total of 1362 menopausal female BC patients with OM volunteered to take part in this study between July 2012 and July 2022.Women with BC who are menopausal were found to have an OM incidence of 1.6%.Furthermore,CA-153,CA-125,and apolipoprotein A(Apo A)all contributed to OM in women with BC who are postmenopausal according to binary logistic regression.Receiver operating curve(ROC)analysis was used to assess the diagnostic value of OM in patients with BC.RESULTS:Both CA-153 and CA-153+CA-125 showed a higher sensitivity of 95.45%,whereas CA-153+Apo A illustrated the highest specificity of 99.02%.Moreover,CA-153 and CA-153+CA-125 had higher areas under the curve(AUC)of 0.973.CONCLUSION:The data indicate that the serum concentrations of CA-153 exhibited the most significant predictors of the diagnosis of OM in menopausal women with BC.The current study researches the utility of risk factors in predicting of OM in menopausal BC women and put forward the latest suggestions on their clinical application.

Microvascular alterations of the ocular surface and retina in connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease

AIM:To examine the disparities in macular retinal vascular density between individuals with connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease(CTD-ILD)and healthy controls(HCs)by optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA)and to investigate the changes in microvascular density in abnormal eyes.METHODS:For a retrospective case-control study,a total of 16 patients(32 eyes)diagnosed with CTD-ILD were selected as the ILD group.The 16 healthy volunteers with 32 eyes,matched in terms of age and sex with the patients,were recruited as control group.The macular retina’s superficial retinal layer(SRL)and deep retinal layer(DRL)were examined and scanned using OCTA in each individual eye.The densities of retinal microvascular(MIR),macrovascular(MAR),and total microvascular(TMI)were calculated and compared.Changes in retinal vascular density in the macular region were analyzed using three different segmentation methods:central annuli segmentation method(C1-C6),hemispheric segmentation method[uperior right(SR),superior left(SL),inferior left(IL),and inferior right(IR)],and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS)methods[superior(S),inferior(I),left(L),and right(R)].The data were analyzed using Version 9.0 of GraphPad prism and Pearson analysis.RESULTS:The OCTA data demonstrated a statistically significant difference(P<0.05)in macular retinal microvessel density between the two groups.Specifically,in the SRL and DRL analyses,the ILD group exhibited significantly lower surface density of MIR and TMI compared to the HCs group(P<0.05).Furthermore,using the hemispheric segmentation method,the ILD group showed notable reductions in SL,SR,and IL in the superficial retina(P<0.05),as well as marked decreases in SL and IR in the deep retina(P<0.05).Similarly,when employing the ETDRS method,the ILD group displayed substantial drops in superficial retinal S and I(P<0.05),along with notable reductions in deep retinal L,I,and R(P<0.05).In the central annuli segmentation method,the ILD group exhibited a significant decrease in the superficial retinal C2-4 region(P<0.05),whereas the deep retina showed a notable reduction in the C3-5 region(P<0.05).Additionally,there was an observed higher positive likelihood ratio in the superficial SR region and deep MIR.Furthermore,there was a negative correlation between conjunctival vascular density and both deep and superficial retinal TMI(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:Patients with CTD-ILD exhibits a significantly higher conjunctival vascular density compared to the HCs group.Conversely,their fundus retinal microvascular density is significantly lower.Furthermore,CTD-ILD patients display notably lower superficial and deep retinal vascular density in comparison to the HCs group.The inverse correlation between conjunctival vascular density and both superficial and deep retinal TMI suggests that detecting subtle changes in ocular microcirculation could potentially serve as an early diagnostic indicator for connective tissue diseases,thereby enhancing disease management.

Guidelines for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of non-specific orbital inflammation(2024)

Non-specific orbital inflammation(NSOI)is a noninfectious orbital inflammation.Although it is often considered the most common diagnosis in orbital biopsies,it is an exclusionary diagnosis that requires ruling out systemic disease or other possible causes.Its characteristics include acute orbital signs and symptoms,including pain,proptosis,periorbital edema,chemosis,diplopia,and visual impairment.The clinical manifestations and histological findings of NSOI are heterogeneous,without specific diagnostic criteria or treatment guidelines,which poses significant challenges for diagnosis and treatment.This guideline provides a detailed description of the definition,classification,diagnosis,and treatment of NSOI.

Altered spontaneous brain activity patterns in hypertensive retinopathy using fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations:a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

AIM:To study functional brain abnormalities in patients with hypertensive retinopathy(HR)and to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms of HR by fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations(fALFFs)method.METHODS:Twenty HR patients and 20 healthy controls(HCs)were respectively recruited.The age,gender,and educational background characteristics of the two groups were similar.After functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)scanning,the subjects’spontaneous brain activity was evaluated with the fALFF method.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was used to classify the data.Further,we used Pearson’s correlation analysis to explore the relationship between fALFF values in specific brain regions and clinical behaviors in patients with HR.RESULTS:The brain areas of the HR group with lower fALFF values than HCs were the right orbital part of the middle frontal gyrus(RO-MFG)and right lingual gyrus.In contrast,the values of fALFFs in the left middle temporal gyrus(MTG),left superior temporal pole(STP),left middle frontal gyrus(MFG),left superior marginal gyrus(SMG),left superior parietal lobule(SPL),and right supplementary motor area(SMA)were higher in the HR group.The results of a t-test showed that the average values of fALFFs were statistically significantly different in the HR group and HC group(P<0.001).The fALFF values of the left middle frontal gyrus in HR patients were positively correlated with anxiety scores(r=0.9232;P<0.0001)and depression scores(r=0.9682;P<0.0001).CONCLUSION:fALFF values in multiple brain regions of HR patients are abnormal,suggesting that these brain regions in HR patients may be dysfunctional,which may help to reveal the pathophysiological mechanisms of HR.

Functional connectivity of paired default mode network subregions in patients with eye trauma

AIM:To study functional brain abnormalities in patients with eye trauma(ET)and to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms of ET.METHODS:Totally 31 ET patients and 31 healthy controls(HCs)were recruited.The age,gender,and educational background characteristics of the two groups were similar.After functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)scanning,the subjects’spontaneous brain activity was evaluated with the functional connectivity(FC)method.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was used to classify the data.Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between FC values in specific brain regions and clinical behaviors in patients with ET.RESULTS:Significantly increased FC between several regions was identified including the medial prefrontal cortex(MPFC)and left hippocampus formations(HF),the MPFC and left inferior parietal lobule(IPL),the left IPL and left medial temporal lobe(MTL),the left IPL and right MTL,and the right IPL and left MTL.No decreased region-to-region connectivity was detected in default mode network(DMN)sub-regions in patients with ET.Compared with HCs,ET patients exhibited significantly increased FC between several paired DMN regions,as follows:posterior cingulate cortex(PCC)and right HF(HF.R,t=2.196,P=0.032),right inferior parietal cortices(IPC.R)and left MTL(MTL.L,t=2.243,P=0.029),and right MTL(MTL.R)and HF.R(t=2.236,P=0.029).CONCLUSION:FC values in multiple brain regions of ET patients are abnormal,suggesting that these brain regions in ET patients may be dysfunctional,which may help to reveal the pathophysiological mechanisms of ET.

Diabetes and high-glucose could upregulate the expression of receptor for activated C kinase 1 in retina

BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a major ocular complication of diabetes mellitus,leading to visual impairment.Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)injury is a key component of the outer blood retinal barrier,and its damage is an important indicator of DR.Receptor for activated C kinase 1(RACK1)activates protein kinase C-ε(PKC-ε)to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in RPE cells,leading to apoptosis.Therefore,we hypothesize that the activation of RACK1 under hypoxic/high-glucose conditions may promote RPE cell apoptosis by modulating PKC-ε/ROS,thereby disrupting the barrier effect of the outer blood retinal barrier and contributing to the progression of DR.AIM To investigate the role and associated underlying mechanisms of RACK1 in the development of early DR.METHODS In this study,Sprague-Dawley rats and adult RPE cell line-19(ARPE-19)cells were used as in vivo and in vitro models,respectively,to explore the role of RACK1 in mediating PKC-εin early DR.Furthermore,the impact of RACK1 on apoptosis and barrier function of RPE cells was also investigated in the former model.RESULTS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed increased apoptosis and upregulated expression of RACK1 and PKC-εproteins in RPE cells following a prolonged modeling.Similarly,ARPE-19 cells exposed to high glucose and hypoxia displayed elevated mRNA and protein levels of RACK1 and PKC-ε,accompanied by an increases in ROS production,apoptosis rate,and monolayer permeability.However,silencing RACK1 significantly downregulated the expression of PKC-εand ROS,reduced cell apoptosis and permeability,and protected barrier function.CONCLUSION RACK1 plays a significant role in the development of early DR and might serve as a potential therapeutic target for DR by regulating RPE apoptosis and barrier function.

人工智能在眼前节疾病诊断中的应用指南(2023)

本文旨在深入探讨人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)在眼科眼前节疾病诊断中的应用指南。由于眼前节疾病研究所涉及的图像较为复杂多变,AI既往在眼科主要应用于眼后段疾病,但随着AI技术的提升,尤其是机器学习和深度学习的发展,再加上眼前节电子影像数据的指数级增长,AI在角膜、结膜、晶状体和眼睑疾病领域的应用成为现实。中国医药教育协会眼科影像与智能医疗分会和国际转化医学会眼科专业委员会组织专家们结合近年来国内外AI在眼前节疾病诊断中的最新进展,包括在角膜、结膜、晶状体和眼睑疾病的应用,并分析当前面临的挑战和未来的发展方向,经过多轮讨论和修改,形成了该指南,旨在辅助眼科临床医生更好地应用AI进行眼前节疾病的诊断决策及临床研究。

眼底自发荧光在年龄相关性黄斑变性中的应用指南(2023)

眼底自发荧光(FAF)成像是基于视网膜色素上皮和脉络膜中的眼内源性荧光团激发的荧光进行成像的技术,荧光激发物质主要是脂褐质(LF)和黑色素。由于该无创检查技术可通过观察LF和黑色素在眼底的空间分布来反映视网膜色素上皮的功能状况,在诊断、鉴别和随访年龄相关性黄斑变性(ARMD)上具有独特优势。本指南即对FAF在ARMD不同阶段和分类上的临床应用进行规范和解读。

眼科人工智能临床研究评价指南(2023)

人工智能(AI)技术在医学领域的应用是当前的热点。眼科作为医学领域中的AI应用前沿专业之一,运用机器学习技术应用于诊断、干预和预测眼科疾病方面取得了显著的成果。基于眼科AI临床研究的需求,为契合眼科AI临床诊疗发展的实际情况,中国医药教育协会眼科影像与智能医疗分会和智能医学专业委员会组织专家结合近年来国内外AI临床研究的评价报告,经过多轮讨论和修改,形成了针对眼科AI临床研究的评价指南。该指南包括了眼科AI临床研究评价指南制定的背景和方法、AI临床研究评价的国际指南介绍、眼科AI临床研究评价方法等内容,详细介绍了眼科AI临床研究通用评价方法、眼科AI临床研究模型评价方法、常用眼科AI临床研究模型评价指标和计算公式,并详细阐述了眼科AI临床试验评价方法。该指南的制定旨在为眼科AI临床研究人员提供指导和规范,并推动眼科AI临床研究的评价向着规范化和标准化方向发展,进一步提高眼科AI临床研究评价的整体水平。

Guidelines on clinical research evaluation of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology(2023)

With the upsurge of artificial intelligence(AI)technology in the medical field,its application in ophthalmology has become a cutting-edge research field.Notably,machine learning techniques have shown remarkable achievements in diagnosing,intervening,and predicting ophthalmic diseases.To meet the requirements of clinical research and fit the actual progress of clinical diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic AI,the Ophthalmic Imaging and Intelligent Medicine Branch and the Intelligent Medicine Committee of Chinese Medicine Education Association organized experts to integrate recent evaluation reports of clinical AI research at home and abroad and formed a guideline on clinical research evaluation of AI in ophthalmology after several rounds of discussion and modification.The main content includes the background and method of developing this guideline,an introduction to international guidelines on the clinical research evaluation of AI,and the evaluation methods of clinical ophthalmic AI models.This guideline introduces general evaluation methods of clinical ophthalmic AI research,evaluation methods of clinical ophthalmic AI models,and commonly-used indices and formulae for clinical ophthalmic AI model evaluation in detail,and amply elaborates the evaluation methods of clinical ophthalmic AI trials.This guideline aims to provide guidance and norms for clinical researchers of ophthalmic AI,promote the development of regularization and standardization,and further improve the overall level of clinical ophthalmic AI research evaluations.

银纳米粒子修饰的二维金属-有机框架纳米片用于光热增强银离子释放抗菌

近年来,二维(2D)金属-有机框架(MOF)纳米复合材料被广泛的应用于生物医学领域,尤其是在抗菌方面。在此,我们通过光照诱导还银离子成功在二维MOF纳米片上生长银纳米粒子,得到了一种银纳米粒子(AgNPs)修饰的二维ZrFc-MOF(MOF-Ag)纳米片,并将其用于光热增强Ag+释放抗菌治疗。通过水热法和超声处理合成MOF纳米片,然后通过原位光辐照诱导还原在MOF纳米片上生长AgNPs。系列表征结果表明AgNPs成功负载到MOF纳米片上。聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的修饰不仅可以增强MOF-Ag在溶液中的稳定性,还可以增强它的生物相容性。在近红外激光(NIR)照射下,MOF纳米片可以在短时间升温,而温度的升高可以加速AgNPs在溶液中氧化为银离子。通过细菌生长曲线、菌落相对数和细菌形态变化等实验表明PVP@MOF-Ag纳米片具有优异的广谱杀菌性能。此外,2D MOF纳米片良好的光热性能不仅可以增强Ag+的释放,还可以增强细胞膜的通透性,随后进入细菌中的Ag+可以诱导内源性活性氧的产生,从而引发细菌的氧化应激,实现高效抗菌。基于良好的体外抗菌性能,进一步将PVP@MOF-Ag纳米片用于小鼠伤口愈合,在此期间PVP@MOF-Ag纳米片表现出良好的治疗效果和生物安全性。我们的研究结果表明,PVP@MOF-Ag纳米片可以作为光热增强Ag+释放抗菌治疗和伤口愈合的有效平台。

Guidelines for the application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of anterior segment diseases(2023)

The landscape of ophthalmology has obser ved monumental shifts with the advent of artificial intelligence(AI)technologies.This article is devoted to elaborating on the nuanced application of AI in the diagnostic realm of anterior segment eye diseases,an area ripe with potential yet complex in its imaging characteristics.Historically,AI’s entrenchment in ophthalmology was predominantly rooted in the posterior segment.However,the evolution of machine learning paradigms,particularly with the advent of deep learning methodologies,has reframed the focus.When combined with the exponential surge in available electronic image data pertaining to the anterior segment,AI’s role in diagnosing corneal,conjunctival,lens,and eyelid pathologies has been solidified and has emerged from the realm of theoretical to practical.In light of this transformative potential,collaborations between the Ophthalmic Imaging and Intelligent Medicine Subcommittee of the China Medical Education Association and the Ophthalmology Committee of the International Translational Medicine Association have been instrumental.These eminent bodies mobilized a consortium of experts to dissect and assimilate advancements from both national and international quarters.Their mandate was not limited to AI’s application in anterior segment pathologies like the cornea,conjunctiva,lens,and eyelids,but also ventured into deciphering the existing impediments and envisioning future trajectories.After iterative deliberations,the consensus synthesized herein serves as a touchstone,assisting ophthalmologists in optimally integrating AI into their diagnostic decisions and bolstering clinical research.Through this guideline,we aspire to offer a comprehensive framework,ensuring that clinical decisions are not merely informed but transformed by AI.By building upon existing literature yet maintaining the highest standards of originality,this document stands as a testament to both innovation and academic integrity,in line with the ethos of renowned journals such as Ophthalmology.

Retinal microvascular and microstructural alterations in the diagnosis of meibomian gland dysfunction in severely obese population:a new approach

AIM:To study retinal microvascular and microstructural alterations in meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD)in severely obese population using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).METHODS:Twelve MGD patients with severely obese population(PAT group;24 eyes)and 12 healthy controls(HC group;24 eyes)were recruited.OCTA images were segmented into five[superior(S),nasal(N),inferior(I),temporal(T),and central foveal(C)]or nine[inner superior(IS),outer superior(OS),inner nasal(IN),outer nasal(ON),inner inferior(II),outer inferior(OI),inner temporal(IT),outer temporal(OT),and C]subregions.The superficial vessel density(SVD),retinal thickness(RT),foveal avascular zone(FAZ)parameters,and retinal volume were measured.RESULTS:Visual acuity was significantly different between two groups(0.8±0.17 in PAT group vs 0.2±0.06 in HC group).SVD was significantly lower in PATs in N,T,OS,IN,OT,and ON.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)for T was 0.961[95% confidence interval(CI):0.908 to 1.000],for OS was 0.962(95%CI:0.915 to 1.000).RT was significantly lower in PATs in IS,OS,OI,OT,ON,IT,IN,and II.AUC for OT was 0.935(95%CI:0.870 to 0.999),for IS was 0.915(95%CI:0.838 to 0.992).Angiography results showed significantly lower area and perimeter of FAZ,SVD of the inner retina and both retinal volume and the average volume thickness in the PAT group.CONCLUSION:Vision may be affected in patients with MGD due to changes in retinal microvessels and microstructures.These changes detected by OCTA may be a potential marker for diagnosing MGD in severe obesity.

阿瑞匹坦预防化疗诱导恶心呕吐的疗效分析

背景与目的化疗是治疗恶性肿瘤最重要的手段,然而化疗诱导的恶心呕吐对患者影响深远。近些年来,不断有新的止吐药物问世,如阿瑞匹坦。我们回顾性分析了2014年8月-2016年12月使用含高度致吐药顺铂化疗方案的肿瘤患者中,阿瑞匹坦联合托烷司琼、地塞米松预防化疗诱导呕吐(chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, CINV)的效果。方法在使用含高度致吐药顺铂化疗方案的肿瘤患者中,应用阿瑞匹坦联合托烷司琼、地塞米松的止吐方案,观察期分为整体观察期:化疗后0 h-120 h;急性呕吐观察期:化疗0 h-24 h;延迟性呕吐观察期:化疗后24 h-120 h。观察目标包括完全应答(complete response, CR)和完全预防(complete protection, CP)。结果整体观察期的CR为86.02%,急性呕吐观察期和延迟性呕吐观察期分别为89.25%、87.1%;CP分别为46.22%、83.87%、45.16%。止吐效果与年龄分布关系具有显著性(P=0.008)。结论阿瑞匹坦联合托烷司琼、地塞米松的方案可有效预防使用含高度致吐药顺铂化疗方案的肿瘤患者中CINV的发生,提高患者的生活质量和化疗的依从性。

玻璃体腔注射康柏西普治疗弥漫性糖尿病性黄斑水肿的眼表改变

目的:探究玻璃体腔注射康柏西普治疗弥漫性糖尿病性黄斑水肿(DDME)的眼表改变。方法:选取2019-01/06于我院眼科被诊断为DDME的患者20例,均为右眼发病,将右眼纳入试验组,左眼(未发生糖尿病性黄斑水肿)纳入对照组,试验组均行3次玻璃体腔注射康柏西普,对照组不采取任何治疗操作。观察治疗前和3次治疗后第1d矫正视力、眼压、浅表点状上皮糜烂情况、泪河高度、眼表症状及体征(OSDI)评分、泪液分泌试验(SⅠt)及角膜荧光素染色(CSF)评分。结果:治疗前,两组眼压、泪河高度、OSDI评分、SⅠt、CSF评分均无差异(P>0.05),且两组均未出现浅表点状上皮糜烂情况,但对照组矫正视力显著优于试验组(0.50±0.20 vs 1.65±0.35,P<0.05)。治疗后,试验组矫正视力、泪河高度、SⅠt明显低于对照组,OSDI和CSF评分明显高于对照组(均P<0.05),眼压升高幅度较对照组更大,但两组无差异(P>0.05),而试验组19眼出现了浅表点状上皮糜烂情况。与治疗前比较,试验组治疗后矫正视力明显改善,泪河高度和SⅠt明显降低,OSDI和CSF评分明显升高(均P<0.05),但眼压无明显变化(P>0.05);对照组各观察指标均无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:玻璃体腔注射康柏西普治疗弥漫性糖尿病性黄斑水肿会损伤眼表。

胸腔注射榄香烯致严重不良反应7例病例系列分析

背景与目的恶性胸腔积液(malignant pleural effusion,MPE)指胸膜原发恶性肿瘤或其他部位恶性肿瘤转移至胸膜引起的胸腔积液。胸腔内注射榄香烯对MPE有良好的治疗效果,在临床中应用较普遍,同时存在一些不良反应,但文献缺乏对严重不良反应的报道及处理。本研究旨在观察榄香烯注射液治疗恶性胸腔积液导致不良反应发生情况,探讨严重不良反应发生原因和应对方案。方法回顾性分析14例胸腔注射榄香烯病例,对其中7例发生严重不良反应病例进行详细报道。结果榄香烯注射液胸腔注射所致严重不良反应主要表现为剧烈胸痛、呼吸困难、喘憋、意识模糊和凝血功能障碍,经临床对症治疗后均可缓解。结论胸腔注射榄香烯榄香烯对MPE有一定治疗价值,使用时应严格把握适应证、筛选患者、严密监测。

糖尿病黄斑水肿诊治规范——2018欧洲视网膜专家协会指南解读

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基因融合介导EGFR-TKI获得性耐药

具有表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)敏感突变的非小细胞肺癌患者对酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs)反应良好,但是最终会发生获得性耐药。近来发现EGFR-TKIs耐药机制除了EGFR二次突变、MET扩增、组织学转化等外,基因融合的出现也可以介导TKIs耐药。TKIs耐药后可发生转染重排基因(rearranged during transfection, RET),鼠类肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物B1(v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1, BRAF),间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK)等多种基因融合,发生率约为1%左右。临床病例及体内体外实验证实基因融合可以介导EGFR-TKI耐药,联合使用EGFR抑制剂和基因融合抑制剂可能是一种有效的治疗方式。对基因融合介导EGFR-TKI耐药的理解有助于后续诊疗策略的制定。

2019甲状腺相关性眼病管理实用指南解读

甲状腺相关性眼病(Graves ophthalmopathy,GO)是一种自身免疫性疾病,常伴有眼眶组织炎症。本实用指南由一组不同学科领域成员组成的研究小组负责编写。本文将对该指南进行全面解读,希望能为GO的日常临床实践的诊断提供指导,从而改善患者的治疗效果,提高医疗服务质量。