Role of the globus pallidus in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

The globus pallidus plays a pivotal role in the basal ganglia circuit. Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, which leads to dopamine deficiency in the brain that subsequently manifests as various motor and non-motor symptoms. This review aims to summarize the involvement of the globus pallidus in both motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease. The firing activities of parvalbumin neurons in the medial globus pallidus, including both the firing rate and pattern, exhibit strong correlations with the bradykinesia and rigidity associated with Parkinson's disease. Increased beta oscillations, which are highly correlated with bradykinesia and rigidity, are regulated by the lateral globus pallidus. Furthermore,bradykinesia and rigidity are strongly linked to the loss of dopaminergic projections within the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. Resting tremors are attributed to the transmission of pathological signals from the basal ganglia through the motor cortex to the cerebellum-ventral intermediate nucleus circuit. The cortico–striato–pallidal loop is responsible for mediating pallidi-associated sleep disorders. Medication and deep brain stimulation are the primary therapeutic strategies addressing the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease. Medication is the primary treatment for motor symptoms in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation has been clinically proven to be effective in alleviating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease,particularly for the movement disorders caused by levodopa. Deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus internus can improve motor function in patients with tremordominant and non-tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus externus can alter the temporal pattern of neural activity throughout the basal ganglia–thalamus network. Therefore, the composition of the globus pallidus neurons, the neurotransmitters that act on them, their electrical activity,and the neural circuits they form can guide the search for new multi-target drugs to treat Parkinson's disease in clinical practice. Examining the potential intra-nuclear and neural circuit mechanisms of deep brain stimulation associated with the globus pallidus can facilitate the management of both motor and non-motor symptoms while minimizing the side effects caused by deep brain stimulation.

Highly reactive and reusable heterogeneous activated carbons-based palladium catalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction

Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid using a heterogeneous palladium catalyst based on activated carbons(AC) was systematically investigated in this work. Two different reaction modes(batch procedure and continuous-flow procedure) were used to study the variations of reaction processing. The heterogeneous catalysts presented excellent reactivity and recyclability for iodobenzene and bromobenzene substrates in batch mode, which can be attributed to stabilization of Pd nanoparticles by the thiol and amino groups on the AC supports. However, significant dehalogenation in the reaction mixture and Pd leaching from the heterogeneous catalysts were observed in continuous-flow mode.This unique phenomenon in continuous-flow mode resulted in a dramatic decline in reaction selectivity and durability of heterogeneous catalysts comparing with that of batch mode. In addition, the heterogeneous Pd catalysts with thiol-and amino-modified AC supports exhibited different reactivity and durability in batch and continuous-flow mode owing to the difference of interaction between Pd species and AC supports.

A High-Temperature Superconducting Wideband Bandpass Filter at the L Band for Radio Astronomy

In order to ensure the normal operation of radio astronomy observations,an extremely sensitive receiver system needs to be equipped in front of the large radio telescope.An 8-pole wideband high-temperature superconducting(HTS)filter using a Coplanar Spiral Resonator Structure with a passband of 1160~1670 MHz is developed to suppress strong radio interference.The filter is fabricated on a 36 mm×14 mm YBCO HTS film,which is deposited on a 0.5 mm thick MgO substrate.The minimum insertion loss measured in the liquid nitrogen temperature region is 0.03 dB,and the first parasitic passband appears at 2600 MHz.The measured results are in good agreement with the simulations.The filter can be used in radio telescope receivers for the observation of neutral hydrogen and pulsars,as well as in high-sensitivity satellite navigation instruments.

Diverse O-methyltransferases catalyze the biosynthesis of floral benzenoids that repel aphids from the flowers of waterlily Nymphaea prolifera

Nymphaea is a key genus of the ANA grade(Amborellales,Nymphaeales,and Austrobaileyales)of basal flowering plants,which serve as a key model to study the early evolution of floral traits.In this study,we comprehensively investigated the emission,biosynthesis,and biological function of the floral scent in a night-blossoming waterlily Nymphaea prolifera.The headspace volatile collection combined with GC-MS analysis showed that the floral scent of N.prolifera is predominately comprised by methylated benzenoids including anisole,veratrole,guaiacol,and methoxyanisole.Moreover,the emission of these floral benzenoids in N.prolifera exhibited temporal and spatial pattern with circadian rhythm and tissue specificity.By creating and mining transcriptomes of N.prolifera flowers,12 oxygen methyltransferases(NpOMTs)were functionally identified.By in vitro enzymatic assay,NpOMT3,6,and 7 could produce anisole and NpOMT5,7,9,produce guaiacol,whereas NpOMT3,6,9,11 catalyzed the formation of veratrole.Methoxyanisole was identified as the universal product of all NpOMTs.Expression patterns of NpOMTs provided implication for their roles in the production of the respective benzenoids.Phylogenetic analysis of OMTs suggested a Nymphaea-specific expansion of the OMT family,indicating the evolution of lineage-specific functions.In bioassays,anisole,veratrole,and guaiacol in the floral benzenoids were revealed to play the critical role in repelling waterlily aphids.Overall,this study indicates that the basal flowering plant N.prolifera has evolved a diversity and complexity of OMT genes for the biosynthesis of methylated benzenoids that can repel insects from feeding the flowers.These findings provide new insights into the evolutional mechanism and ecological significance of the floral scent from early-diverged flowering plants.

Methyl chloride dehydration with ionic liquid based on COSMO-RS model

A suitable ionic liquid for methyl chloride drying experiment was screened out from 210 ionic liquids by COSMO-RS model.Moreover,the experimental mechanism of ionic liquids drying is further explained by the COSMO-RS model,and it is further confirmed by analyzing the binding energy.The solubility of methyl chloride in[EMIM][BF4]and TEG and[EMIM][BF4]+H2O was completed,and the experimental results well proved the reliability of the UNIFAC-Lei model.The unknown interaction parameters were obtained through the solubility data of this work and the experimental data in the literatures.The methyl chloride drying experiment was completed in the laboratory,and the water content of the methyl chloride can be reduced to below 200 ppm.The simulation of the methyl chloride drying process using[EMIM][BF4]or TEG as absorbents was carried out by ASPEN software on an industrial scale.The final simulation results show that the[EMIM][BF4]drying process has lower energy consumption and better drying effect.

A chromosome-level genome assembly of rugged rose (Rosa rugosa) provides insights into its evolution, ecology, and floral characteristics

Rosa rugosa,commonly known as rugged rose,is a perennial ornamental shrub.It produces beautiful flowers with a mild fragrance and colorful seed pods.Unlike many other cultivated roses,R.rugosa adapts to a wide range of habitat types and harsh environmental conditions such as salinity,alkaline,shade,drought,high humidity,and frigid temperatures.Here,we produced and analyzed a high-quality genome sequence for R.rugosa to understand its ecology,floral characteristics and evolution.PacBio HiFi reads were initially used to construct the draft genome of R.rugosa,and then Hi-C sequencing was applied to assemble the contigs into 7 chromosomes.We obtained a 382.6Mb genome encoding 39,704 protein-coding genes.The genome of R.rugosa appears to be conserved with no additional whole-genome duplication after the gamma whole-genome triplication(WGT),which occurred~100 million years ago in the ancestor of core eudicots.Based on a comparative analysis of the high-quality genome assembly of R.rugosa and other high-quality Rosaceae genomes,we found a unique large inverted segment in the Chinese rose R.chinensis and a retroposition in strawberry caused by post-WGT events.We also found that floral development-and stress response signaling-related gene modules were retained after the WGT.Two MADS-box genes involved in floral development and the stress-related transcription factors DREB2A-INTERACTING PROTEIN 2(DRIP2)and PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER 3(PTR3)were found to be positively selected in evolution,which may have contributed to the unique ability of this plant to adapt to harsh environments.In summary,the high-quality genome sequence of R.rugosa provides a map for genetic studies and molecular breeding of this plant and enables comparative genomic studies of Rosa in the near future.

Solubility and mass transfer of H2, CH4, and their mixtures in vacuum gas oil: An experimental and modeling study

In this work,the solubility data and liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients of hydrogen(H2),methane(CH4)and their mixtures in vacuum gas oil(VGO)at temperatures(353.15-453.15 K)and pressures(1-7 MPa)were measured,which are necessary for catalytic cracking process simulation and design.The solubility of H2 and CH4 in VGO increases with the increase of pressure,but decreases with the increase of temperature.Henry’s constants of H2 and CH4 follow the relation of In H=-413.05/T+5.27 and In H=-990.67/T+5.87,respectively.The molar fractions of H2 and system pressures at different equilibrium time were measured to estimate the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients.The results showed that with the increase of pressure,the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients increase.Furthermore,the solubility of H2 and CH4 in VGO was predicted by the predictive COSMO-RS model,and the predicted values agree well with experimental data.In addition,the gas-liquid equilibrium(GLE)for H2+CH4+VGO system at different feeding gas ratios in volume fraction(i.e.,H285%+CH415%and H290%+CH410%)was measured.The selectivity of H2 to CH4 predicted by the COSMO-RS model agrees well with experimental data.This work provides the basic thermodynamic and dynamic data for fuel oil catalytic cracking processes.

Current Status of Global Ban on Cosmetic Tests on Animals

The article reviewed the cosmetic animal testing ban globally, with focusing on EU, United Kingdom, Korea, the United States, Russia, Australia, Canada and others total 15 regions and countries. The article also briefed the developments of the alternatives of animal testing in the world, and the cosmetic animal testing regulation in China as well. The article suggested China to adopt the alternatives which have been validated based on the development of technology, gradually ban animal testing for cosmetics.

Straw addition increases enzyme activities and microbial carbon metabolism activities in bauxite residue

Recovery of microbial functions is one of the critical processes in the nutrient cycling of bauxite residue for improving revegetation.Straw is considered to be effective to increase microbial diversity and drive the development of the microbial community,but its effect on microbial carbon metabolism has not been illustrated.The present study evaluated the effects of phosphogypsum(PG),straw(SF)and phosphogypsum plus straw(PGSF)on physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and microbial carbon metabolism activities in bauxite residue.After 180 days incubation,PG,SF and PGSF treatment significantly reduced the residue pH from 10.85 to 8.64,9.39 and 8.06,respectively.Compared to CK treatment,SF treatment significantly increased the content of total organic carbon(TOC)and organic carbon fractions(DOC,MBC,EOC,and POC).In addition,straw addition significantly increased glucosidase,cellulose,urease,and alkaline phosphatase by 7.2-9.1 times,5.8-7.1 times,11.1-12.5 times,and 1.1-2.2 times,respectively.The Biolog results showed that straw addition significantly increased microbial metabolic activity(AWCD)and diversity in bauxite residue.Redundancy analysis indicated total nitrogen(TN)and carbon fractions(POC,MBC and DOC)were the most important environmental factors affecting microbial metabolic activity and diversity in bauxite residue.These findings provided us with a biogeochemical perspective to reveal soil formation in bauxite residue and suggested that nutrient supplement and regulation of salinity-alkalinity benefit the establishment of microbial communities and functions in bauxite residue.

Influence of traffic on the temperature field of tunnel in cold region:A case study on the world’s longest highway spiral tunnel

The impact of the piston wind caused by vehicle traffic on the temperature field distribution of the tunnel cannot be ignored,especially in spiral tunnels,where the temperature field distribution is more complicated than that in straight tunnels.Based on the world’s longest highway spiral tunnel,this study explores the influence of traffic on the temperature fields of spiral and straight tunnels,and proposes a new design method for laying length of insulation layer.The results show that traffic has a significant effect on the temperature field dis-tribution in the tunnel.The influence degree of different traffic elements decreases in the following order:average vehicle speed>daily traffic>morning rush hour>evening rush hour.The temperature field distribution of spiral tunnels is asymmetry on the left and right compared with straight tunnels,while the influence degree of traffic on the outside of spiral tunnels is similar to that of straight tunnels.Due to the difference of wind direction and traffic direction at different tunnel openings,an asymmetric insulation layer laying method is proposed.It is suggested that the lengths of the insulation layers of the Jinjiazhuang Tunnel should be 1200 m for the right tunnel inlet,700 m for the right tunnel outlet,700 m for the left tunnel inlet,and 1400 m for the left tunnel outlet.

Rapid conversion of alkaline bauxite residue through co-pyrolysis with waste biomass and its revegetation potential

The extreme alkalinity of bauxite residue(BR)leads to difficulty with its reuse.Alkaline leachate and dust generation during the stacking process can pollute surrounding soil,air and water.In this work,co-pyrolysis of bauxite residue and sawdust was applied to rapidly produce a soil-like matrix that met the conditions for plant growth as demonstrated by ryegrass pot experiments.The present study aimed to characterize the detailed changes in physicochemical,mineral weathering,and microbial communities of the pyrolyzed BR with different ratios of saw dust after plant colonization for 2 months.With increasing sawdust addition during co-pyrolysis,the pH of BR decreased from 11.21 to 8.16,the fraction of macro-aggregates 0.25-2 mm in the water-stable agglomerates increased by 29.3%,and the organic carbon concentration increased from 12.5 to 320 mg/kg,whilst facilitating the degree of humification,which were all beneficial to its revegetation performance.The backscattered electron-scanning electron microscope-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry(BSE-SEM-EDS)results confirmed the occurrence of sodalite and calcite weathering on aggregate surfaces,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)results of surface Al and Si compounds identified that some weathering products were clay minerals such as kaolinite.Furthermore,bacterial community composition and structure shifted towards typical soil taxonomic groups.These results demonstrate soil development of treated BR at an early stage.The technique is a combination of alkalinity regulation and agglomerate construction,which accelerates soil formation of BR,thus proving highly promising for potential application as an artificial soil substitute.

Numerical modeling of the failure process of the heterogeneous karst rock mass using the DDA-SPH method

The sanding process caused by karstification in dolomite creates a special sandy dolomite stratum,where the frequent catastrophic instability of the surrounding rock occurred during tunnel construction.In this study,the micro-origin and macro-performance of the sandy dolomite stratum are first discussed.Then,a numerical model based on the coupling method between the discontinuous deformation analysis and smoothed particle hydrodynamics is proposed to depict the heterogeneous dolomite formation with different sanding degrees.Following,the mechanical behaviors of the heterogeneous dolomite samples under uniaxial compression are studied after calibrating the numerical parameters with the two single materials sampled from the tunnel site respectively.Further,the instability disasters of the dolomite surrounding rock with different sanding degrees are reproduced,and the failure behaviors of tunnels are explained with respect to the stress distribution and plastic zone.The obtained results show that the rotation and dislocation of the remained dolomite block contribute to the unsmooth stress–strain curve and deterioration in uniaxial compressive strength.However,the block serves as the skeleton in the transmission of field stress in underground space,which improves the stability of the formation.

An ionizable supramolecular dendrimer nanosystem for effective siRNA delivery with a favorable safety profile

Gene therapy using small interfering RNA(siRNA)is emerging as a novel therapeutic approach to treat various diseases.However,safe and efficient siRNA delivery still constitutes the major obstacle for clinical implementation of siRNA therapeutics.Here we report an ionizable supramolecular dendrimer vector,formed via self-assembly of a small amphiphilic dendrimer,as an effective siRNA delivery system with a favorable safety profile.By virtue of the ionizable tertiary amine terminals,the supramolecular dendrimer has a low positively charged surface potential and no notable cytotoxicity at physiological pH.Nonetheless,this ionizable feature imparted sufficient surface charge to the supramolecular dendrimer to enable formation of a stable complex with siRNA via electrostatic interactions.The resulting siRNA/dendrimer delivery system had a surface charge that was neither neutral,thus avoiding aggregation,nor too high,thus avoiding cytotoxicity,but was sufficient for favorable cellular uptake and endosomal release of the siRNA.When tested in different cancer cell lines and patient-derived cancer organoids,this dendrimer-mediated siRNA delivery system effectively silenced the oncogenes Myc and Akt2 with a potent antiproliferative effect,outperforming the gold standard vector,Lipofectamine 2000.Therefore,this ionizable supramolecular dendrimer represents a promising vector for siRNA delivery.The concept of supramolecular dendrimer nanovectors via self-assembly is new,yet easy to implement in practice,offering a new perspective for supramolecular chemistry in biomedical applications.

Dual inhibition of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation by aptamer-based artificial enzyme for synergistic cancer therapy

Dual inhibition of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation(OXPHOS)can break the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells to inhibit most energy supply and lead to effective cancer therapy.However,the pharmacokinetic difference among drugs hinders these two inhibitions to realize a uniform temporal and spatial distribution.Herein,we report an aptamer-based artificial enzyme for simultaneous dual inhibition of glycolysis and OXPHOS,which is constructed by arginine aptamer modified carbon-dots-doped graphitic carbon nitride(AptCCN).AptCCN can circularly capture intracellular arginine attribute to the specific binding ability of arginine aptamers to arginine,and further catalyze the oxidation of enriched arginine to nitric oxide(NO)under red light irradiation.In vitro and in vivo experiments showed that arginine depletion and NO stress could inhibit glycolysis and OXPHOS,leading to energy blockage and apoptosis of cancer cells.The presented aptamer-based artificial enzyme strategy provides a new path for cell pathway regulation and synergistic cancer therapy.

Dissection the endocytic routes of viral capsid proteins-coated upconversion nanoparticles by single-particle tracking

Real-time exploring the cellular endocytic pathway of viral capsid proteins(VCPs)functionalized nanocargos at the single-particle level can provide deep insight into the kinetic information involved in virus infection.In this work,porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2)VCPs with different functions are modified onto the surface of upconversion nanoparticles(VCPs-UCNPs)to investigate the cellular internalization process in real-time.Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is found to be the essential uptake mechanism for these VCPs-UCNPs.Besides,it is verified that P_(1)-UCNPs(PCV2 VCPs with nuclear localization signal,namely P1)can be easily assembled close to the perinuclear area,which is different from that of P_(2)-UCNPs(PCV2 VCPs without nuclear localization signal,namely P_(2)).Interestingly,multistep entry processes are observed.Particularly,confined diffusion is observed during the transmembrane process.The intracellular transport of VCPs-UCNPs is dependent on microtubules toward the cell interior.During this process,P_(1)-UCNPs display increased velocities with active transport,while diffusion much faster around the perinuclear area.But for P_(2)-UCNPs,there are only two phases involved in their endocytosis process.This study presents distinct dynamic mechanisms for the nanocargos with different functions,which would make a useful contribution to the development of robust drug delivery systems.

Convergence of the Deep BSDE method for FBSDEs with non-Lipschitz coefficients

This paper is dedicated to solving high-dimensional coupled FBSDEs with non- Lipschitz diffusion coefficients numerically. Under mild conditions, we provided a posterior estimate of the numerical solution that holds for any time duration. This posterior estimate validates the convergence of the recently proposed Deep BSDE method. In addition, we developed a numerical scheme based on the Deep BSDE method and presented numerical examples in financial markets to demonstrate the high performance.

Coverage performance of the multilayer UAV-terrestrial HetNet with CoMP transmission scheme

To support the ubiquitous connectivity requirement of sixth generation communication,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)play a key role as a major part of the future communication networks.One major issue in UAV communications is the interference resulting from spectrum sharing and line-of-sight links.Recently,the application of the coordinated multipoint(CoMP)technology has been proposed to reduce the interference in the UAV-terrestrial heterogeneous network(HetNet).In this paper,we consider a three-dimensional(3D)multilayer UAV-terrestrial HetNet,where the aerial base stations(ABSs)are deployed at multiple different altitudes.Using stochastic geometry,we develop a tractable mathematical framework to characterize the aggregate interference and evaluate the coverage probability of this HetNet.Our numerical results show that the implementation of the CoMP scheme can effectively reduce the interference in the network,especially when the density of base stations is relatively large.Furthermore,the system parameters of the ABSs deployed at higher altitudes dominantly influence the coverage performance of the considered 3D HetNet.

In-situ hydrothermal synthesis of Bi_(6)0_(6)(0H)_(3)(N0_(3))_(3)1.5H_(2)0-BiOCI heterojunction with highly photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity

With the increasing demand and excessive use of fossil energy,energy shortage has become a problem in today’s world[1-2].Hydrogen is a clean energy source that can reduce the dependency on traditional fossil fuels,and photocatalysis is considered as the most potential hydrogen evolution method[3-5].Bi606(0H)3(N03)3-1.5H20(BHN),an incomplete hydrolysate of Bi(N03)3-5H20,shows good performance in terms of the photocatalytic degradation due to its non-toxicity and corrosion resistance[6-7].