Exploring the interaction between the gut microbiota and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A signaling pathway:a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases

The interaction between the gut microbiota and cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)-protein kinase A(PKA)signaling pathway in the host's central nervous system plays a crucial role in neurological diseases and enhances communication along the gut–brain axis.The gut microbiota influences the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway through its metabolites,which activates the vagus nerve and modulates the immune and neuroendocrine systems.Conversely,alterations in the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway can affect the composition of the gut microbiota,creating a dynamic network of microbial-host interactions.This reciprocal regulation affects neurodevelopment,neurotransmitter control,and behavioral traits,thus playing a role in the modulation of neurological diseases.The coordinated activity of the gut microbiota and the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway regulates processes such as amyloid-β protein aggregation,mitochondrial dysfunction,abnormal energy metabolism,microglial activation,oxidative stress,and neurotransmitter release,which collectively influence the onset and progression of neurological diseases.This study explores the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway,along with its implications for potential therapeutic interventions in neurological diseases.Recent pharmacological research has shown that restoring the balance between gut flora and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may improve outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases and emotional disorders.This can be achieved through various methods such as dietary modifications,probiotic supplements,Chinese herbal extracts,combinations of Chinese herbs,and innovative dosage forms.These findings suggest that regulating the gut microbiota and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may provide valuable evidence for developing novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases.

工艺参数对聚乳酸线材熔融沉积尺寸的影响

熔融沉积(FDM)成型中线材直径的变化对打印精度有重要影响。文中利用实验和数值模拟方法研究了单根聚乳酸线材FDM过程中从喷嘴挤出到沉积固化各阶段的直径变化。根据FDM工艺特点及材料性能,量化分析了工艺参数(喷嘴温度、挤出速度、打印速度、层高)对线材喷嘴附近、挤出胀大阶段、拉伸阶段、沉积阶段直径的影响,并推导了打印过程中线材沉积固化时直径的估算公式。研究表明,提高喷嘴温度、增大挤出速度、减少层高可有效改善打印过程中线材的尺寸稳定性,提高打印件的精度。最后,利用沉积固化时的直径公式,完成了线材直径补偿“精度实验”,补偿后打印制品尺寸精度提高了74.1%。

大豆花药优势表达基因GmFLA22a调控雄性育性的功能研究

我国大豆对外依赖度高,加速提高大豆产量是目前亟需解决的问题。利用杂种优势是大幅提高作物产量的有效途径之一,近年来基于隐性核不育基因开发的智能雄性不育系统,为快速利用大豆杂种优势提供了可能。但是,大豆雄性不育基因研究相对滞后。本研究基于课题组大豆花器官转录组数据,筛选到在大豆早期花药中优势表达基因GmFLA22a,编码含有FAS1结构域的成束状阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白,亚细胞定位表明其可能在内质网中发挥功能。利用基因编辑技术获得Gmfla22a突变体,突变体植株在营养生长阶段与对照组相比没有明显差异,但在生殖生长阶段表现为结实率显著降低。Gmfla22a突变体花粉活力和花粉萌发率均无明显异常,组织切片并染色观察发现,突变体植株花药室壁增厚,花粉粒释放延迟、不完全,这可能是导致Gmfla22a结实率降低的原因。综上,本研究初步揭示GmFLA22a可能参与调控大豆雄性育性,为深入揭示其分子功能提供重要遗传材料,同时为大豆杂种优势利用提供基因资源和理论依据。

Optimization of inter-seasonal nitrogen allocation increases yield and resource-use efficiency in a water-limited wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain

Winter wheat–summer maize cropping system in the North China Plain often experiences droughtinduced yield reduction in the wheat season and rainwater and nitrogen(N)fertilizer losses in the maize season.This study aimed to identify an optimal interseasonal water-and N-management strategy to alleviate these losses.Four ratios of allocation of 360 kg N ha^(-1)between the wheat and maize seasons under one-time presowing root-zone irrigation(W0)and additional jointing and anthesis irrigation(W2)in wheat and one irrigation after maize sowing were set as follows:N1(120:240),N2(180:180),N3(240:120)and N4(300:60).The results showed that under W0,the N3 treatment produced the highest annual yield,crop water productivity(WPC),and nitrogen partial factor productivity(PFPN).Increased N allocation in wheat under W0 improved wheat yield without affecting maize yield,as surplus nitrate after wheat harvest was retained in the topsoil layers and available for the subsequent maize.Under W2,annual yield was largest in the N2 treatment.The risk of nitrate leaching increased in W2 when N application rate in wheat exceeded that of the N2 treatment,especially in the wet year.Compared to W2N2,the W0N3 maintained 95.2%grain yield over two years.The WPCwas higher in the W0 treatment than in the W2 treatment.Therefore,following limited total N rate,an appropriate fertilizer N transfer from maize to wheat season had the potential of a“triple win”for high annual yield,WPCand PFPN in a water-limited wheat–maize cropping system.

Diversified and compatible web APIs recommendation based on game theory in IoT

With the ever-increasing popularity of Internet of Things(IoT),massive enterprises are attempting to encapsulate their developed outcomes into various lightweight Web Application Programming Interfaces(APIs)that can be accessible remotely.In this context,finding and writing a list of existing Web APIs that can collectively meet the functional needs of software developers has become a promising approach to economically and easily develop successful mobile applications.However,the number and diversity of candidate IoT Web APIs places an additional burden on application developers’Web API selection decisions,as it is often a challenging task to simultaneously ensure the diversity and compatibility of the final set of Web APIs selected.Considering this challenge and latest successful applications of game theory in IoT,a Diversified and Compatible Web APIs Recommendation approach,namely DivCAR,is put forward in this paper.First of all,to achieve API diversity,DivCAR employs random walk sampling technique on a pre-built“API-API”correlation graph to generate diverse“API-API”correlation subgraphs.Afterwards,with the diverse“API-API”correlation subgraphs,the compatible Web APIs recommendation problem is modeled as a minimum group Steiner tree search problem.A sorted set of multiple compatible and diverse Web APIs are returned to the application developer by solving the minimum group Steiner tree search problem.At last,a set of experiments are designed and implemented on a real dataset crawled from www.programmableweb.com.Experimental results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed DivCAR approach in balancing the Web APIs recommendation diversity and compatibility.

The Mechanism by Which Pereskia aculeata Mill.Regulates Ferroptosis and Interferes with Colon Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the mechanism by which Pereskia aculeata Mill.regulates ferroptosis and interferes with colon cancer using network pharmacology.[Methods]The effect of P.aculeata on HCT116 cells was observed by examining cell morphology.The intersection of P.aculeata,colon cancer,and ferroptosis targets was determined using the Venny 2.1.0 online platform.DAVID database was used to perform GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.Cytoscape_v3.10.0 was used for network mapping and PPI analysis.[Results]The observation of cell morphology indicated that P.aculeata suppressed the growth of HCT116 cells.GO and KEGG analysis identified 67 genes involved in potential pathways,including the MAPK signaling pathway and Apoptosis,18 of which were located on the MAPK pathway.After conducting PPI visualization analysis and ranking based on Degree values,we identified TP53,TNF,EGFR,MAPK14,and AKT1 as the top five targets with the highest Degree values.[Conclusions]P.aculeata may activate the p53 gene through the MAPK signaling pathway,inducing ferroptosis and ultimately resulting in tumor cell death.

Research Progress of Atomizers and Drugs Used in Atomization Therapy

At present,the commonly used treatment methods for chronic respiratory diseases are drug,oxygen,interventional and atomization therapy.Atomization therapy is the most widely used because of its characteristics of fast effect,high local drug concentration,less drug dosage,convenient application and few systemic adverse reactions.In this paper,the mechanism,characteristics,commonly used drugs and clinical application of atomization therapy are discussed.

中医护理干预治疗对突发性耳聋气滞血瘀型患者的睡眠改善及临床疗效观察

本研究的目的是探究中医护理干预治疗对突发性耳聋气滞血瘀型患者的睡眠改善,并观察其临床疗效。通过选取定西市第一人民医院耳鼻喉科2023年6月至2023年12月收治的突发性耳聋气滞血瘀型患者为研究对象,共计80例患者。按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。除了常规治疗方式,我们还为观察组增加了中医护理干预治疗,旨在进一步观察并评估患者的睡眠状态及治疗效果。通过对两组病患的深入观察,我们注意到在接受了治疗后,观察组的睡眠状况出现了显著的提升:不仅睡眠时长得到了延长,深度睡眠的比例也有所增加,同时,睡眠过程中的中断现象也明显减少,整体睡眠效果明显优于对照组。在疗效方面,观察组的总体有效率高达95%,而对照组仅为74.5%,两组间的差异具备统计学意义。更值得一提的是,观察组的耳聋症状得到了显著的缓解,听力有了明显的提升,耳鸣、头晕等不适感也大幅减轻。综上所述,中医护理干预治疗对于突发性耳聋气滞血瘀型患者的睡眠质量的提升及整体治疗效果的增强,展现出了显著的优势,为临床治疗提供了有力的辅助手段。

Research progress in the SO2 resistance of the catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx

The selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx with NH3 has been proven to be an efficient technology for NOx conversion to N2. However, the catalysts used for SCR usually suffer from the problem of sulfur poisoning which seriously limits their practical application. This review summarized sulfur poisoning mechanisms of various SCR deNG catalysts and strategies to reduce deactivation caused by SO2 such as doping metals, controlling the structures and morphologies of the catalysts, and selecting appropriate supports. The methods and procedures of catalysts preparation and the reaction conditions also have effect on SO2-resistance of the catalysts. Several novel catalyst systems that exhibited good SO2 resistance are also introduced. This paper could provide guidance for the development of highly efficient sulfur-tolerant deNOx catalysts.

Effects of Rhynchophylline on Learning and Memory of Alzheimer's Disease Zebrafish

[Objectives]To investigate the effect of rhynchophylline on the behavior of Alzheimer's disease zebrafish induced by aluminum trichloride(AlCl3),to provide theoretical basis for the development and application of rhynchophylline in the field of Alzheimer's disease.[Methods]The video recording was made on zebrafish before training,so as to judge whether zebrafish training was successful or not.After training zebrafish for 7 d,60 zebrafish were randomly divided into 6 groups:blank group,model group,positive group,low-dose rhynchophylline group,medium-dose rhynchophylline group and high-dose rhynchophylline group.The blank group was video-recorded,while the model group,positive group,low-dose group,medium-dose group and high-dose group were exposed to AlCl3 for modelling.After the end,the model group was video-recorded,and the other groups were given drug intervention.Both the positive group and the rhynchophylline group were given drug for 6 d,and finally all the groups were video-recorded.After all the videos were finished,the behavioral analysis was carried out by using the behavioral record analysis software smart3.0,and the conclusion was drawn by analyzing the data.[Results]The data of length of stay of zebrafish in red short arm area of 6 groups were compared and analyzed:there was a significant difference between blank group and model group(P<0.05),and there was a significant difference between model group and positive group,medium-dose group or high-dose group(P<0.05).The percentage of time spent in the red short arm area of 6 groups of zebrafish was compared and analyzed:there was a significant difference between blank group and model group(P<0.05),and there was a significant difference between model group and positive group,medium-dose group or high-dose group(P<0.05).The data of swimming distance of 6 groups of zebrafish in red short arm area were compared and analyzed:there was no significant difference between the blank group and the model group(P>0.05),but there was only significant difference between the model group and the high-dose group(P<0.05).The percentage of swimming distance of zebrafish in the red short arm area of the six groups was compared and analyzed:there was a significant difference between the blank group and the model group(P<0.05),and there were significant differences between model group and positive group,medium-dose group or high-dose group(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Rhynchophylline can improve the behavior of Alzheimer's disease zebrafish.

Electrode structure enabling dendrite inhibition for high cycle stability quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries

Lithium(Li)metal batteries(LMBs)are widely regarded as the ultimate choice for the next generation of high-energy–density batteries.However,the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites formed by inhomogeneous deposition seriously hinders its commercialization.Although many studies have achieved significant results in inhibiting the formation of Li dendrites,it is still impossible to eradicate them completely.Therefore,regulating the deposition behavior,such as the growth direction of unevenly deposited Li,is preferable to unilaterally suppressing them in some cases.Here we report a structured anode that can confine the deposited Li within holes and tune it to become vertical-up/horizontal-centripetal mixed growth mode by optimizing the electric field/Li^(+)concentration gradient.The Li^(+) adsorbed by the poly(amic acid)(PAA)insulating layer coated on the anode surface can form the Li^(+)concentration gradient pointing to the center of the hole.Combined with the special electric field formed by the hole structure,it is favorable for the Li^(+)to move into the vertically arrayed holes and simultaneously deposit on the bottom and walls.Furthermore,both in-situ and ex-situ observations confirm that the growth mode is changed and the Li deposition morphology is denser,which can greatly delay capacity fading and prolong cycle life in both liquid and quasi-solid-state LMBs.All the results show that the novel anode provides a new perspective for deep research into solid-state LMBs.

Effects of External Use of Pereskia aculeate Miller on Foot Swelling of Adjuvant Arthritis in Rats

[Objectives] To study the anti-inflammatory effects and its possible action mechanism of Pereskia aculeate Miller on rats with adjuvant arthritis( AJ). [Methods] Fifty SD rats( half male and half female) were randomly divided into 5 groups: blank group,model group,positive control group( Glucosidorum Tripterygll Totorum( GTT),12 mg/kg),and P. aculeate high and low dose group( 0. 86 and0. 43 g/m L). Except the blank group,other groups were induced with complete Freund's adjuvant( CFA) to establish the AA rat model. On the 17 th day of modeling,the drug was externally applied for soaking,and the diameter of foot hole and foot joint before and after administration was measured to observe the degree of swelling. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA) was adopted to determine the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β( IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α). [Results] Compared with the model group,the degree of swelling of the foot sole and foot joints was reduced in the P. aculeate high dose group and the positive control group( P < 0. 05). According to ELISA test,compared with the model control group,the serum levels of IL-1β( P < 0. 05) and TNF-α( P < 0. 05) were significantly reduced in the P. aculeate high dose group and the positive control group. Compared with the positive control group,there was no significant difference( P > 0. 05). [Conclusions] P. aculeate has significant inhibitory effects on foot swelling of adjuvant arthritis in rats,and the action mechanism is possibly related to the decrease of IL-1β and TNF-α.

Application of Intravenous Indwelling Needle in Undergraduate's Pharmacology Teaching Experiment

In this study,an intravenous indwelling needle was placed in the central artery of rabbit ear for collecting blood.The results show that this method greatly improves the success rate of blood sampling and well controls the experimental time.The students'unanimous feedback was that the method is simple and easy to operate,which is of great help to the stability of the experimental results.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Pereskia aculeata Miller on Joint Swelling in Rats with Adjuvant-induced Arthritis

[Objectives]To explore the effect of ethanolic extract of Pereskia aculeata Miller(EEPA)on joint swelling in adjuvant arthritis rats.[Methods]60 SD rats were randomly selected.Except for the blank group,the remaining animals were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant to establish the adjuvant arthritis rat models,which were divided into 6 groups:blank group,positive group,model group,and EEPA high-dose(64 mg/kg),EEPA medium-dose(32 mg/kg),EEPA low-dose(16 mg/kg)groups,10 in each group.The changes of ankle joint swelling diameter and arthritis index score were observed,and the spleen index was calculated.The serum prostaglandin E2(PGE2)level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).[Results]The degree of ankle swelling diameter,arthritis index score,expression of serum inflammatory factors,and spleen index in the model group were significantly higher than those in the blank group,indicating that there was an inflammatory reaction and abnormal immune organs,and the modeling was successful.Under the intervention of EEPA drugs,the degree of ankle swelling diameter and arthritis index score of EEPA group with different doses were significantly lower than that of the model group(P<0.05),and the level of serum inflammatory factors was also lower than that of the model group(P<0.05).The index was lower than the model group and close to the normal group(P<0.05),and the higher the EEPA dose,the lower the index expression level(P<0.05).[Conclusions]EEPA can reduce joint swelling and inhibit the level of inflammatory factors to some extent in adjuvant arthritis rats.

Effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on the Behavior of Zebrafish with Alzheimer's Disease

[Objectives]To study the effect of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction on the behavior of zebrafish with Alzheimer's disease caused by AlCl 3.[Methods]Each portion of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction was prepared according to the proportion of Coptis chinensis∶Phellodendron chinense Rupr.∶Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi∶Gardenia jasminoides Ellis=63 g∶42 g∶42 g∶63 g.After that,each portion of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction was soaked in 6.3 L water for 30 min and boiled twice at 100℃.The extracts were combined twice and filtered,then concentrated to 308 g/L and put into refrigerator for later use.Before training,zebrafishes were put into T-maze to adapt for 2 d,and then behavioral training was carried out for 7 d.After video recording,the behavior of zebrafish was analyzed by Smart 3.0,and qualified zebrafishes were selected for follow-up experiments.Then 60 successfully trained zebrafishes were randomly divided into control group,model group,positive group,low-dose group,medium-dose group and high-dose group of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction.Except for the control group,all the other groups were exposed to 100μg/L AlCl 3 for 7 d.After that,video was recorded,and behavioral analysis was carried out with behavioral record and analysis software Smart 3.0.And then the zebrafishes in the other four groups except the model group were treated with Huperzine A(4μg/L)and Huanglian Jiedu Decoction(154,308,616 mg/L)for 6 d,respectively.After that,it was recorded and the behavior of each group was analyzed.[Results]There was a significant difference in the time spent in the left area and the percentage of time in the left area between the control group and the model group(P<0.001).The time spent in the left area and the percentage of time in the left area in the model group and positive group,low,medium and high dose groups of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction decreased significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.001).The swimming distance in the left area and the percentage of swimming distance in the left area in the model group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.001).There was a significant difference in swimming distance between model group and positive group,low,medium and high dose groups of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction(P<0.01,P<0.001).In the percentage of swimming distance in the left area,there was a significant difference between the model group and the low and high dose groups of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction(P<0.01,P<0.001).[Conclusions]Huanglian Jiedu Decoction can improve the behavior of zebrafish with Alzheimer's disease.

MiR-4465-modified mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles inhibit liver fibrosis development via targeting LOXL2 expression

Liver fibrosis is a significant health burden,marked by the consistent deposition of collagen.Unfortunately,the currently available treatment approaches for this condition are far from optimal.Lysyl oxidase-like protein 2(LOXL2)secreted by hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)is a crucial player in the cross-linking of matrix collagen and is a significant target for treating liver fibrosis.Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles(MSC-sEVs)have been proposed as a potential treatment option for chronic liver disorders.Previous studies have found that MSC-sEV can be used for microRNA delivery into target cells or tissues.It is currently unclear whether microRNA-4465(miR-4465)can target LOXL2 and inhibit HSC activation.Additionally,it is uncertain whether MSC-sEV can be utilized as a gene therapy vector to carry miR-4465 and effectively inhibit the progression of liver fibrosis.This study explored the effect of miR-4465-modified MSC-sEV(MSC-sEVmiR-4465)on LOXL2 expression and liver fibrosis development.The results showed that miR-4465 can bind specifically to the promoter of the LOXL2 gene in HSC.Moreover,MSC-sEVmiR-4465 inhibited HSC activation and collagen expression by downregulating LOXL2 expression in vitro.MSC-sEVmiR-4465 injection could reduce HSC activation and collagen deposition in the CCl4-induced mouse model.MSC-sEVmiR-4465 mediating via LOXL2 also hindered the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells.In conclusion,we found that MSC-sEV can deliver miR-4465 into HSC to alleviate liver fibrosis via altering LOXL2,which might provide a promising therapeutic strategy for liver diseases.

岩石含水蠕变损伤模型的开发与应用

为研究岩石含水率对蠕变的影响,将含水开关与蠕变损伤阀值引入蠕变模型,实现了含水劣化与蠕变损伤在本构关系上的耦合,建立了岩石含水蠕变损伤模型.模型与某软岩的三轴压缩蠕变试验结果取得了较好的拟合效果,并由麦夸特法+通用全局优化(LM-UGO)算法反演出了模型参数随岩石含水率的变化规律.在C^++语言和FLAC^3D中Fish语言的环境下,通过推导模型本构方程的三维差分形式,并利用FLAC^3D所提供的接口实现了模型的二次开发.通过对开发的岩石含水蠕变损伤模型进行算例验证和分析,验证了模型的可靠性,也得出了软岩巷道蠕变变形随围岩含水率增大而增加的结论,进一步反映出蠕变模拟计算中考虑岩石含水率的必要性.

An improved state-of-charge estimation method for sodium-ion battery based on combined correction of voltage and internal resistance

ABSTRACT The accurate state-of-charge(SOC)estimation of sodium-ion batteries is the basis for their efficient application.In this paper,a new SOC estimation method suitable for sodium-ion batteries and their application conditions is proposed,which considers the combination of open circuit voltage(OCV)and internal resistance correction.First,the optimal order of equivalent circuit model is analyzed and selected,and the monotonic and stable mapping relationships between OCV and SOC,as well as between ohmic internal resistance and SOC are determined.Then,a joint estimation algorithm for battery model parameters and SOC is estab-lished,and a joint SOC correction strategy based on OCV and ohmic internal resistance is established.The test results show that OCV correction is reliable when polarization is small,that the ohmic internal resistance correction is reliable when the current fluctuation is large,and that the maximum absolute error of SOC estimation of the proposed method is not more than 2.6%.

纳米复合水凝胶在人工软骨中的研究进展

纳米复合水凝胶(nanocomposite hydrogels,NC hydrogels)作为人工软骨修复材料有很大的应用价值和吸引力.由于NC水凝胶具有与天然软骨细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)相似的结构,以及较好的力学性能、刺激响应性等优势,是软骨修复的理想支架材料.本综述详细介绍了用于人工软骨的NC水凝胶的最新研究进展,并按其成分加以分类,同时,介绍了其新型制备方法及使用范围,并讨论了NC水凝胶在临床应用的挑战与展望.

Investigation of potential interferences on the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate using zirconium oxide-based DGT technique

A diffusive gradients in thin films （DGT） technique based on hydrous zirconium oxide （Zr-oxide） has been recently developed for the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate （DRP）. In this study, the detailed performance of the DGT technique is reported. Spiking experiments revealed that several orthophosphate monoester compounds contributed to the Zr-oxide DGT measurements of DRP. However, such a phenomenon is unlikely to occur during field conditions due to the low concentration of organic P in typical natural waters. The presence of Cl- （up to 106 g/L）, SO42- （up to 16 g/L）, HCO3- （up to 817 g/L）, and AsO2- and AsO 3 4 （both up to 1 mg As/L） in solutions had negligible effects on the measurement of DRP. The threshold concentrations of Cl-, SO42- and HCO3- have been increased from previous reports for the measurements of DRP using other adsorbent-based DGT techniques. The capacity for DGT measurements of DRP decreased with increasing solution pH （4.2-9.2）. The lowest capacity （95 μg P/m2 at pH 9.2） was still greater than that of other DGT techniques that are usually used for the measurement of DRP （2-12 μg P/cm2 ）. The Zr-oxide binding gel could be stored for up to 2 years without any aging effect. This period of validity was considerably longer than the ferrihydrite binding gel that is commonly used in present DGT devices （6 months）. The field application revealed that the concentrations of DRP measured in three fresh water samples using the Zr-oxide DGT technique were in agreement with those of the traditional colorimetric method.