An Intelligent Framework for Resilience Recovery of FANETs with Spatio-Temporal Aggregation and Multi-Head Attention Mechanism

Due to the time-varying topology and possible disturbances in a conflict environment,it is still challenging to maintain the mission performance of flying Ad hoc networks(FANET),which limits the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)swarms in harsh environments.This paper proposes an intelligent framework to quickly recover the cooperative coveragemission by aggregating the historical spatio-temporal network with the attention mechanism.The mission resilience metric is introduced in conjunction with connectivity and coverage status information to simplify the optimization model.A spatio-temporal node pooling method is proposed to ensure all node location features can be updated after destruction by capturing the temporal network structure.Combined with the corresponding Laplacian matrix as the hyperparameter,a recovery algorithm based on the multi-head attention graph network is designed to achieve rapid recovery.Simulation results showed that the proposed framework can facilitate rapid recovery of the connectivity and coverage more effectively compared to the existing studies.The results demonstrate that the average connectivity and coverage results is improved by 17.92%and 16.96%,respectively compared with the state-of-the-art model.Furthermore,by the ablation study,the contributions of each different improvement are compared.The proposed model can be used to support resilient network design for real-time mission execution.

椎间孔镜下靶点穿刺治疗游离脱垂型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效分析

目的探讨经侧入路椎间孔镜下靶点穿刺治疗游离脱垂型腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)的安全性及有效性。方法采用回顾性分析方法,选取2016年6月—2018年6月西安交通大学第一附属医院采用靶点穿刺技术经侧入路椎间孔镜下治疗的26例游离脱垂型腰椎间盘突出症患者。记录手术时间、住院时间、术后并发症、背部和下肢视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、手术前后影像学资料等。随访时间≥1年。比较术前、术后3个月、术后1年、末次随访时背部疼痛VAS评分、下肢疼痛VAS评分及ODI的变化,并进行统计学分析。结果26例患者平均年龄(39.269±10.352)岁,平均体重指数(BMI)(22.731±2.127)kg/m^(2),平均随访时间(18.192±2.669)个月,平均住院时间(3.577±0.902)d,平均手术时间(72.521±15.232)min,术中平均出血量(10.013±3.004)ml。术后3个月、术后1年、末次随访背部疼痛VAS评分、下肢疼痛VAS评分及ODI与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后无脑脊液漏、神经损伤、感染等并发症发生。术后复查磁共振成像证实游离脱出的髓核组织均已被摘除。1例患者于术后1年出现复发,再次行椎板间入路摘除突出髓核,术后恢复良好。结论经侧入路椎间孔镜下靶点穿刺治疗游离脱垂型LDH具有满意的临床疗效,且安全性较高。

钙基抗菌多肽复合物凝胶治疗头皮脂溢性皮炎的疗效观察

目的探讨钙基抗菌多肽复合物凝胶对糠秕马拉色菌的抑制作用及其治疗头皮脂溢性皮炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法采用体外抑菌实验检测钙基抗菌多肽复合物凝胶抑制糠秕马拉色菌的有效性和最低抑菌浓度。选取2019年3月—2019年10月中日友好医院皮肤病与性病科门诊60例头皮脂溢性皮炎患者,根据治疗方案分为实验组和对照组,每组30例。实验组外用钙基抗菌多肽复合物凝胶,对照组外用钙基抗菌多肽复合物凝胶基质,两组产品直接涂抹于患者皮损部位,3次/d,治疗4周。记录两组患者治疗前后的症状评分,评价整体临床疗效,并记录不良事件。结果体外抑菌实验结果表明,钙基抗菌多肽复合物凝胶对糠秕马拉色菌具有抑制性,最低抑菌浓度为0.3 mg/ml。临床研究结果表明,治疗前,两组症状评分及真菌镜检结果无统计学意义。连续治疗4周后,实验组有效率为85.19%,对照组有效率为52.17%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗前后各症状评分差值比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组真菌镜检阴转率高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组均未发生任何不良反应。结论钙基抗菌多肽复合物凝胶对糠秕马拉色菌具有抑制作用,能减轻脂溢性皮炎患者的痛苦,是一种治疗头皮脂溢性皮炎安全、有效的辅助方法。

Loss of clusterin both in serum and tissue correlates with the tumorigenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via proteomics approaches

AIM: To identify the differentially secreted proteins or polypeptides associated with tumorigenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) from serum and to find potential tumor secreted biomarkers.METHODS: Proteins from human ESCC tissue and its matched adjacent normal tissue; pre-surgery and postsurgery serum; and pre-surgery and normal control serum were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE)to identify differentially expressed proteins. The silverstained 2-DE were scanned with digital ImageScanner and analyzed with ImageMaster 2D Elite 3.10 software. A cluster of protein spots differentially expressed were selected and identified with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). One of the differentially expressed proteins, clusterin, was downregulated in cancer tissue and pre-surgery serum, but it was reversed in post-surgery serum. The results were confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR and western blot.RESULTS: Comparisons of the protein spots identified on the 2-DE maps from human matched sera showed that some proteins were differentially expressed, with most of them showing no differences in composition, shape or density.Being analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS and database searching,clusterin was differentially expressed and down-regulated in both cancer tissue and pre-surgery serum compared with their counterparts. The results were also validated by RTPCR and western blot.CONCLUSION: The differentially expressed clusterin may play a key role during tumorigenesis of ESCC. The 2DE-MS based proteomic approach is one of the powerful tools for discovery of secreted markers from peripheral.

Translocation of annexin I from cellular membrane to the nuclear membrane in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the alteration of the annexin I subcellular localization in esophageal squarnous cell carcinoma (ESCC)and the correlation between the translocation and the tumorigenesis of ESCC.METHODS: The protein localization of annexin I was detected in both human ESCC tissues and cell line via the indirect immunofluorescence strategy.RESULTS: In the normal esophageal epithelia the annex in I was mainly located on the plasma membrane and formed a consecutive typical trammels net. Annexin I protein also expressed dispersively in cytoplasm and the nuclei without specific localization on the nuclear membrane. In esophageal cancer annexin I decreased very sharply with scattered disappearance on the cellular membrane, however it translocated and highly expressed on the nuclear membrane,which was never found in normal esophageal epithelia. In cultured esophageal cancer cell line annexin I protein was also focused on the nuclear membrane, which was consistent with the result from esophageal cancer tissues.CONCLUSION: This observation suggests that the translocation of annexin I protein in ESCC may correlate with the tumorigenesis of the esophageal cancer.

Diminution of toxic copper accumulation in toxic milk mice modeling Wilson disease by embryonic hepatocyte intrasplenic transplantation

AIM: To observe the therapeutic effect of intrasplenic transplantation with embryonic hepatocytes on amelioration of hereditary copper accumulation in toxic milk (TX) mouse modeling Wilson disease. METHODS: Donor hepatocytes were harvested from 14-d fetal liver of a pregnant homogeneous DL mouse. These cells were successively cultured, labeled with fluorescein dye Hoechst 33342 for 24 h, and sequentially infused into the spleen parenchyma of the recipient TX mice. No host immunosuppression measures were taken. Two and four weeks after transplantation, the recipients were killed for routine histologic investigation and immunohistochemistry study up to 4 wk after transplantation. The serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations of the recipient mice were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.RESULTS: In the following 2nd and 4th wk after transplantation, the donor hepatocytes could be visualized in the livers of 47.3% recipients. The serum ceruloplasmin and copper concentrations increased by 1.6-fold after 2 wk and 2.0-fold times after 4 wk respectively, which ultimately rose from about 30% of the normal level to nearly 60%(P＜0.01). The hepatic copper concentration decreased 7.2%, 4 wk after transplantation. Pathologic examination showed that there were many actively proliferative hepatocyte precursor cells with specific embryonic hepatocyte marker AFP migrated into hepatic sinusoidsof the recipients. A large number of cells carrying hepatocytes marker and albumin were observed in the recipient spleen tissues.CONCLUSION: Embryonic hepatocytes are capable of differentiating into mature hepatocytes in vivo. After transplantation, the hereditary abnormalities of copper metabolism in TX mice could be corrected partially by intrasplenic transplantation of homogeneous embryonic hepatocytes.

硅酸盐填充聚对苯二甲酸己二酸丁二醇酯/聚乳酸生物降解薄膜的制备与性能

采用熔融共混法通过双螺杆挤出机制备了不同种类硅酸盐填充聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯/聚乳酸(PBAT/PLA)材料并吹塑成膜,分析了层状和管柱状结构的硅酸盐及添加量对复合塑料薄膜力学性能、热性能、加工性能及阻隔性能的影响。结果表明,加入一定量的硅酸盐后,材料的热性能维持稳定;另一方面,硅酸盐充当了树脂基体的成核剂,起到了异相成核作用,使PBAT/PLA的结晶度有所提升。当有机改性蒙脱土与白云母添加量为10%~20%、埃洛石纳米管添加量为10%时,复合薄膜的拉伸性能与撕裂强度得到明显提升。硅酸盐的加入对PBAT/PLA薄膜的阻隔性能具有明显的提升作用。总体而言,层状结构白云母硅酸盐填充PBAT/PLA薄膜综合性能提升效果较好,在绿色包装和生物降解农膜覆盖领域具有潜在的应用价值。

Characterizing Long-range Correlation Properties in Nucleotide Sequences

Using continuous wavelet transform as the analytical tool, the fractal characteristic of nucleotide sequences was studied. The fractal dimension of the exon and intron sequences for different species was calculated. We use the Mexican hat wavelet function as the mother wavelet and Hurst exponent to describe the long-range correlation. It is found that the Hurst exponent of intron sequence is larger than that of exon sequence for the same gene.

Intercellular communication of notochord cells during their differentiation in Cynops orientalis

Intercellular communication of notochord cells during their differentiation was studied by microinjection of a fluorescent dye, Lucifer Yellow. Close correlation existed between the incidences of dye coupling and quantitative evaluation of gap junctions. High incidences of dye coupling and of gap junctions occurred at a stage when notochord cells were active in the change of cell shape and cell arrangement. With the subsidence of cell movements, both dye coupling and gap junctions were reduced to lower levels. It was, therefore, suggested that intercellular communication via gap junctions played an important role in the coordination of notochord cell movements.Gap junctions of altered configuration occurred in notochord cells in late tailbud stage. The comparison of incidences of dye coupling at this stage with those at other stages strongly suggested that the gap junctions of altered configuration functioned just as those of generalized type.

Influence of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) upon thematuration and allo-stimulatory activity of cultured progenitors of dendritic cells and the effectson the tolerance induction in allograft recipients

To investigate the influence of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) upon the maturation and the allo-stimulatory activity of cultured progenitors of dendritic cells (DCp), and to evaluate the effects of the pre-treated dentritic cells of recipients with MMF on the tolerance induction as well as its possible mechanism, GM-CSF and MMF were added to the in vitro cultured progenitor cells, and the immuno-phenotypical analysis was performed by means of flow cytometry. The secretion of IL-12 was detected by ELISA and the stimulatory activities of DCp on allogeneic T cells were observed by mixed lymphocyte reaction. Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were divided into 3 groups (each with 8 mice), in which group A of mice accepted allografts of heart from BALB/c mice, group B of mice had received untreated DCp from donors of BALB/c mice 7 days before transplantation, and C57BL/6 mice in group C were treated by injection with MMF-treated allografts of heart from BALB/c mice 7 days before transplantation. The survival times of allografts and the changes of the cytokine levels in sera of the recipient mice were observed after transplantation. The experimental results showed that MMF could significantly inhibit the expressions of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on DCs and the secretion of IL-12 and the allo-stimulatory activities of DCs were also markedly inhibited. The survival times of allografts in group B of mice were longer than those in group A, while the group C showed the longest survival times of allografts, with a marked reduction in the production of the Th1 type cytokines. It is evident that MMF has a suppressive effect on the maturation and allo-stimulatory activities of the cultured dendritic cell progenitors, thus leading to a donor specific tolerance in heart-transplanted recipients.

SALIRI-based(raltitrexed plus irinotecan)therapy as a second-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer(SALLY):A prospective,multicenter,non-interventional,registry study

Primary chemotherapy options for colorectal cancer(CRC)involve four key drugs:fluorouracils(5-FU),oxaliplatin,irinotecan and raltitrexed.The first-line regimen consists of 5-FU and leucovorin combined with oxaliplatin(FOLFOX),while the second-line regimen involves 5-FU and leucovorin combined with irinotecan(FOLFIRI)for metastatic CRC(mCRC)in China[1].

锂离子电池高镍三元正极材料LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)的性能研究

富镍正极材料(LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2))具有高容量的优点,是锂离子电池正极材料最有潜力的材料之一。为确定最佳合成条件,本工作研究了合成温度对材料性能的影响,并详细分析了材料电化学性能衰减的原因以及循环过程中材料结构的变化。采用热重/差示扫描量热法(TG/DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对合成的正极材料进行了物化表征,并对其电化学性能进行测试。结果表明,在低温段500℃保温4 h,高温段750℃保温14 h合成的正极材料NCM750在0.2 C首次放电比容量为186.2 mAh/g,首次充放电效率为82.5%,1 C放电比容量为185.1 mAh/g,100次循环后仍有175.2 mAh/g,容量保持率为95.2%。在此条件下合成的材料具有结构稳定,粒径均匀,电化学性能优异等优点,本工作对富镍正极材料的合成及结构变化进行研究,有助于加深对材料的了解。

Blood Oxygenation Level-dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Breast Cancer： Correlation with Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Background： Blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging （BOLD-MRI） is a functional MRI technique which involves using the paramagnetic properties of deoxyhemoglobin to image the local tissue oxygen concentration. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BOLD-MRI could evaluate hypoxia and angiogenesis of breast invasive ductal carcinoma （IDC）. Methods： Ninety-eight female patients with IDC were retrospectively included in this research. All patients underwent breast BOLD-MRI at 3.0 T before surgery. R2＊ values of BOLD-MR1 were measured. The expression of carbonic anhydrase IX （CA IX） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Spearman＇s correlation analysis was used to correlate R2＊ value with CA IX and VEGF levels. Results： Heterogeneous intensity on BOLD-MRI images was the main finding of IDCs. The mean R2＊ value was 52.8 ± 18.6 Hz. The R2＊ values in patients with axillary lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than the R2＊ values in patients without axillary lymph node metastasis （t = 2.882, P = 0.005）. R2＊ values increased with CA IX level and positively correlated with the level of CA 1X （r = 0.616, P 〈 0.001）; however, R2＊ value had no significantly correlation with the level of VEGF （r = 0.110, P = 0.281）. Conclusion： B OLD-MRI could noninvasively evaluate chronic hypoxia of IDC, but not angiogenesis.

Early Detection of Regional and Global Left Ventricular Myocardial Function Using Strain and Strain-rate Imaging in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Background：Strain and strain-rate imaging （SRI） have been found clinically useful in the assessment of cardiac systolic and diastolic function as well as providing new insights in deciphering cardiac physiology and mechanics in cardiomyopathies,and identifying early subclinical changes in various pathologies.The aim of this study was to evaluate the regional and global left ventricular （LV） myocardial function in metabolic syndrome （MS） with SRI so that we can provide more myocardial small lesions in patients with MS,which is robust and reliable basis for early detection of LV function.Methods：Thirty-nine adults with MS were enrolled in the study.There was a control group of 39 healthy adults.In addition to classic echocardiographic assessment of LV global functional changes,SRI was used to evaluate regional and global LV function.Including：Peak systolic strain （S）,peak systolic strain-rate （SR-s）,peak diastolic strain-rate （SR-e）.Results：There were no statistically significant differences between MS and controls in all traditional parameters of LV systolic function.On the other hand,significant differences were observed between MS and the control group in most of the parameters of S,SR-s,SR-e in regional LV function.Multiple stepwise regression analyses revealed that S and SR significantly were negatively correlated with blood pressure,waist circumference,fasting plasma glucose,uric acid,suggesting that risk factories were relevant to regional systolic dysfunction.Conclusion：In MS with normal LV ejection fraction,there was regional myocardial dysfunction,risk factors contributed to the impairment of systolic and diastolic function of the regional myocardium.Assessment of myocardial function using SRI could be more accurate in MS patient evaluation than conventional echocardiography alone.

A Rapid and Simple Approach to Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody Based on DNA Immunization

Inoculation with purified specific protein is usually the first step for preparation of monoclonal antibody (mAb). But it is quite difficult to obtain pure proteins especially with natural structures.Here we attempt to replace the protein inoculation with DNA immunization in the preparation of mAb.The eukaryotic expression vectors pcDNA3-PreS2/S and pVAX-PreS2/S encoding the HBV M protein were constructed and prepared for DNA immunization.Female BALB/c mice developed a well antibody response to the target antigen after muscle injection with corresponding plasmids.The mice with effective antibodies induced were used for preparation of mAb.We found the mice immunized with three administrations of pcDNA3-PreS2/S and boosted by intrasplenic injection with the same plasmid could be exploited for preparation of mAb.And positive hybridoma cell 2D3 that can secrete specific mAb was cloned and analyzed.Our studies demonstrate that gene immunization may provide a convenient and efficient way to prepare mAbs.Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2004;1(4):295-299.

Specific siRNA Downregulated TLR9 and Altered Cytokine Expression Pattern in Macrophage after CpG DNA Stimulation

Bacterial CpG DNA or synthetic oligonucleotides(ODNs)that contain unmethylated CpG motifs(CpG ODN)can directly activate antigen-presenting cells(APCs)to secrete various cytokines through the intraceilular receptor TLR9.Cytokine profiles elicited by the actions of stimulatory CpG DNA on TLR9 expressed APCs are crucial to the subsequent immune responses.To date,cytokine profiles in APCs upon CpG ODN stimulation in vitro are not fully investigated.In the present study,vector-based siRNA was used to downregulate TLR9 expression.Cytokine profiles were observed in murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 transfected with TLR9-siRNA plasmid upon CpG ODN stimulation.We found that not all the cytokine expressions by the macrophage were decreased while TLR9 was downregulated. IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β expressions were significantly decreased,but IL-6, IFN-β and IL-10 expressions were not affected.Interestingly,the level of IFN-α was even increased.This alteration of cytokines produced by TLR9-downregulated APCs upon CpG ODN stimulation might indicate that the role of CpG DNA is more complicated in the pathogenesis and prevention of diseases.Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2005;2(2):130-135.

Correlates of Sexual Lifestyles Among Older Adults Living With HIV in China: Findings From the Sexual Well-being (SWELL) Study

Sexual lifestyles are closely related to overall human health and well-being.Few studies have focused on sexual lifestyles among older adults living with HIV(OALHIV),especially in low-and middle-income countries.This study is a part of the sexual well-being among older adults in China(SWELL)study,which is a multicenter cross-sectional study focused on sexual health among older adults aged 50 years and older.Participants were 680 OALHIV(≥50 years old)from the SWELL study conducted from June 2020 to December 2022.Data were collected through one-on-one interviews.We used logistic regression to assess the correlates of sexual activity and sexual satis-faction.Among all participants,37.1%were sexually active.Being older,male,in a steady relationship and employed were associated with being sexually active.The prevalence of sexual satisfaction was 69.8%among sexually active OALHIV.Being homosexual and reporting a better general health status were associated with sexual satisfaction.The OALHIV who have depressive symptoms were less likely to report sexual satisfaction.To support holistic healthy aging among OALHIV,it is important for healthcare providers to be educated about the importance of enquiring about sexual activity,satisfaction and problems and addressing concerns while conveying sex-positive attitudes during clinical reviews,as these are still critical aspects of their health and well-being.

Dissolved metal ion removal by online hollow fiber ultrafiltration for enhanced size characterization of metal-containing nanoparticles with single-particle ICP-MS

Single particle-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) is a powerful tool for size-characterization of metal-containing nanoparticles (MCNs) at environmentally relevant concentrations,however,coexisting dissolved metal ions greatly interfere with the accuracy of particle size analysis.The purpose of this study is to develop an online technique that couples hollow fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) with SP-ICP-MS to improve the accuracy and size detection limit of MCNs by removing metal ions from suspensions of MCNs.Through systematic optimization of conditions including the type and concentration of surfactant and complexing agent,carrier pH,and ion cleaning time,HFUF completely removes metal ions but retains the MCNs in suspension.The optimal conditions include using a mixture of 0.05 vol.%FL-70 and 0.5 mmol/L Na2S2O_(3)(pH=8.0) as the carrier and 4 min as the ion cleaning time.At these conditions,HFUF-SP-ICP-MS accurately determines the sizes of MCNs,and the results agree with the size distribution determined by transmission electron microscopy,even when metal ions also are present in the sample.In addition,reducing the ionic background through HFUF also lowers the particle size detection limit with SP-ICP-MS (e.g.,from 28.3 to 14.2 nm for gold nanoparticles).This size-based ion-removal principle provided by HFUF is suitable for both cations (e.g.,Ag+) and anions (e.g.,AuCl_(4)^(-)) and thus has good versatility compared to ion exchange purification and promising prospects for the removal of salts and macromolecules before single particle analysis.

Integrated microfluidic devices for in vitro diagnostics at point of care

Given the continuous and growing demand for point of care(POC)diagnostic tests,attention has been shifted toward integration and miniaturization of laboratory protocols into“sample-in-answer-out”devices.Microfluidic technologies have been considered an ideal solution to address the requirements of POC diagnostics since many laboratory functions can be miniaturized and incorporated onto a single integrated chip.In this review,we summarize the advances of integrated microfluidic devices for POC diagnostics in the last 3 years.Particularly,we summarize current materials used for microfluidic chip fabrication,discuss the innovation of versatile integrated microfluidic devices,especially the strategies for simplifying sample preparation in manual or self-driven systems,and new detection methods of microfluidic chips.In addition,we describe new integrated microfluidic devices for POC diagnostics of protein-targeted immunodiagnostics,nucleic acid molecular tests,and small molecule metabolites analysis.We also provide future perspectives and current challenges for clinical translation and commercialization of these microfluidic technologies.

Long-term nitrogen and phosphorus removal,shifts of functional bacteria and fate of resistance genes in bioretention systems under sulfamethoxazole stress

To understand the long-term performance of bioretention systems under sulfamethoxazole (SMX) stress, an unplanted bioretention system (BRS) and two modified BRSs with coconut-shell activated carbon (CAC) and CAC/zero-valent-iron (Fe^(0)) granules (CAC-BRS and Fe/CAC-BRS) were established. Both CAC-BRS and Fe/CAC-BRS significantly outperformed BRS in removing total nitrogen (TN)(CAC-BRS:82.48%;Fe/CAC-BRS:78.08%;BRS:47.51%), total phosphorous (TP)(CAC-BRS:79.36%;Fe/CAC-BRS:98.26%;BRS:41.99%),and SMX (CAC-BRS:99.74%, Fe/CAC-BRS:99.80%;BRS:23.05%) under the long-term SMX exposure (0.8 mg/L, 205 days). High-throughput sequencing revealed that the microbial community structures of the three BRSs shifted greatly in upper zones after SMX exposure.Key functional genera, dominantly Nitrospira, Rhodoplanes, Desulfomicrobium, Geobacter,were identified by combining the functional prediction by the FAPROTAX database with the dominant genera. The higher abundance of nitrogen functional genes (nirK, nirS and nos Z) in CAC-BRS and Fe/CAC-BRS might explain the more efficient TN removal in these two systems. Furthermore, the relative abundance of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs)sul I and sulII increased in all BRSs along with SMX exposure, suggesting the selection of bacteria containing sul genes. Substrates tended to become reservoirs of sul genes. Also,co-occurrence network analysis revealed distinct potential host genera of ARGs between upper and lower zones. Notably, Fe/CAC-BRS succeeded to reduce the effluent sul genes by1-2 orders of magnitude, followed by CAC-BRS after 205-day exposure. This study demon-strated that substrate modification was crucial to maintain highly efficient nutrients and SMX removals, and ultimately extend the service life of BRSs in treating SMX wastewater.