Valorization of Camellia oleifera oil processing byproducts to value-added chemicals and biobased materials: A critical review

The C.oleifera oil processing industry generates large amounts of solid wastes,including C.oleifera shell(COS)and C.oleifera cake(COC).Distinct from generally acknowledged lignocellulosic biomass(corn stover,bamboo,birch,etc.),Camellia wastes contain diverse bioactive substances in addition to the abundant lignocellulosic components,and thus,the biorefinery utilization of C.oleifera processing byproducts involves complicated processing technologies.This reviewfirst summarizes various technologies for extracting and converting the main components in C.oleifera oil processing byproducts into value-added chemicals and biobased materials,as well as their potential applications.Microwave,ultrasound,and Soxhlet extractions are compared for the extraction of functional bioactive components(tannin,flavonoid,saponin,etc.),while solvothermal conversion and pyrolysis are discussed for the conversion of lignocellulosic components into value-added chemicals.The application areas of these chemicals according to their properties are introduced in detail,including utilizing antioxidant and anti-in-flammatory properties of the bioactive substances for the specific application,as well as drop-in chemicals for the substitution of unrenewable fossil fuel-derived products.In addition to chemical production,biochar fabricated from COS and its applications in thefields of adsorption,supercapacitor,soil remediation and wood composites are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.Finally,based on the compositions and structural characteristics of C.oleifera byproducts,the development of full-component valorization strategies and the expansion of the appli-cationfields are proposed.

The northern Qiangtang Block rapid drift during the Triassic Period:Paleomagnetic evidence

As one of the pivotal Gondwana-derived blocks,the kinematic history of the northern Qiangtang Block(in the Tibetan Plateau)remains unclear,mainly because quantitative paleomagnetic data to determine the paleoposition are sparse.Thus,for this study,we collected 226 samples(17 sites)from Triassic sedimentary rocks in the Raggyorcaka and Tuotuohe areas of the northern Qiangtang Block(NQB).Stepwise demagnetization isolated high temperature/field components from the samples.Both Early and Late Triassic datasets passed field tests at a 99%confidence level and were proved to be primary origins.Paleopoles were calculated to be at 24.9°N and 216.5°E with A95=8.2°(N=8)for the Early Triassic dataset,and at 68.1 N,179.9 E with A(95)=5.6°(N=37)for the Late Triassic,the latter being combined with a coeval volcanic dataset published previously.These paleopoles correspond to paleolatitudes of14.3°S±8.2°and 29.9 N15.6°,respectively.Combining previously published results,we reconstructed a three-stage northward drift process for the NQB.(1)The northern Qiangtang Block was located in the subtropical part of the southern hemisphere until the Early Triassic;(2)thereafter,the block rapidly drifted northward from southern to northern hemispheres during the Triassic;and(3)the block converged with the Eurasian continent in the Late Triassic.The^4800 km northward movement from the Early to Late Triassic corresponded to an average motion rate of^11.85 cm/yr.The rapid drift of the NQB after the Early Triassic led to a rapid transformation of the Tethys Ocean.

Recyclable Perovskite Solar Cells with Lead Sulfate Contact

Previous cost analysis of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has revealed that the transparent conductive oxide(TCO)substrates account for most of the material cost,emphasizing the need to recover TCO in PSC recycling.However,the conventional use of compact and ultrathin electron transport materials(ETMs)such as TiO_(2)and SnO_(2),poses a challenge to their removal from the substrate,hindering effective PSC recycling.Here,PbSO_(4) nanoparticles with(011)surface were used as ETM to fabricate PSCs.The yielded metallicity on the PbSO_(4) nanoparticle surface promoted extracted electron transport across the nanoparticle surface.A certified efficiency as high as 17.9%for the submodule(204.9 cm^(2))with PbSO_(4) was realized successfully,and the best effi-ciency on a small area(0.1 cm^(2))reached 24.1%.The PbSO_(4) layer was removed effortlessly from the substrate by simple aminoethanol washing to recover the TCO,the most expensive component of PSCs.This work provides a novel strategy to prepare soluble insulator-based ETMs by constructing metallic surfaces of nanoparticles;thus,fabricating efficient and recyclable PSCs.

MoS2 as a long-life host material for potassium ion intercalation

Electrochemical potassium ion intercalation into two-dimensional layered MoS2 was studied for the first time for potential applications in the anode in potassium-based batteries. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that an intercalated potassium compound, hexagonal K0.4MoS2, formed during the intercalation process. Despite the size of K^＋, MoS2 was a long-life host for repetitive potassium ion intercalation and de-intercalation with a capacity retention of 97.5% after 200 cycles. The diffusion coefficient of the K^＋ ions in KxMoS2 was calculated based on the Randles-Sevcik equation. A higher K^＋ intercalation ratio not only encountered a much slower K^＋ diffusion rate in MoS2, but also induced MoS2 reduction. This study shows that metal dichalcogenides are promising potassium anode materials for emerging K-ion, K-O2, and K-S batteries.

Formation of Na_(0.44)MnO_(2) Nanowires via Stress-Induced Splitting of Birnessite Nanosheets

High aspect ratio Na0.44MnO2 nanowires with a complex one-dimensional(1 D)tunnel structure have been synthesized.We found that the reaction went through layered birnessite nanosheet intermediates,and that their conversion to the final product involved splitting of the nanosheets into nanowires.Based on our observations,a stress-induced splitting mechanism for conversion of birnessite nanosheets to Na0.44MnO2 nanowires is proposed.The final and intermediate phases show topotaxy with〈001〉f//〈020〉b or〈110〉b where frepresents the final Na_(0.44)MnO_(2)phase and b the intermediate birnessite phase.As a result of their high surface areas,the nanowires are efficient catalysts for the oxidation of pinacyanol chloride dye.

Interfacial design of new generation of dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells for water oxidation

Artificial photosynthesis involves the conversion of solar energy, water, and CO2into chemical fuels and oxygen. One of the most challenging steps is the production of oxygen from water oxidation, as it involves multi-electron and proton transfer processes. Recently, dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells （DSPECs） have been widely investigated as the devices to attain the goal of water oxidation. Generally, these devices are comprised of a wide band gap semiconductor, typically TiO2or SnO2, a molecular chromophore as a sensitizer, and a water oxidation catalyst （WOC）.

Preparation, Characterization, and Electrocatalytic Performance of Graphene-Methylene Blue Thin Films

We report a general method to graft aromatic molecules onto graphene thin film electrodes through a simple immersion process. Large-area electroactive graphene thin films grafted with methylene blue （MB） have been developed as electrocatalytic electrodes for the oxidation of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide （NADH）. The oxidation of NADH starts from -0.08 V （vs. Ag/AgC1） at the graphene-MB thin film electrodes, showing a decrease of 530 mV in overpotential compared to a Ti metal electrode. The graphene-MB thin films have promising applications in biosensors and biofuel cells due to their ability to promote NADH electron transfer reaction.

A reaction-and-assembly approach using monoamine zinc porphyrin for highly stable large-area perovskite solar cells

Inhibiting the irreversible escape of organic cations and iodide species in perovskite films is crucial for the fabrication of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here,we develop a reaction-and-assembly approach using monoamine zinc porphyrin(ZnP)to modify methylammonium(MA^+)lead iodide perovskite film.The amine group in ZnP reacts with MA^+and I^-ions to yield monoammonium zinc porphyrin(ZnP-H+I-).The resultant films show no escape of iodide when immersed in ether solutions.Measurements from space-charge limited currents and transient photoluminescence indicate the modified films have reduced density of defects.These results suggest the formed ZnP-H^+I^-is bound on the surface and grain boundary of perovskite film to retard migrations of ions.DFT calculations also show that the energy alignment between ZnP-H^+and perovskite facilitates the electron transfer and reduces charge recombination at the perovskite grains.Furthermore,post-treating the Zn Pdoped film with ZnP again results in the formation of a one dimension zig-zag coordination polymer on the surface of the perovskite film.The single crystal structure of ZnP shows the polymer layer is formed through the coordination interaction between the Zn(II)metal center and a neighboring monoamine.The polymer facilitates the interfacial charge transfer,and reduces the escape of organic cations and iodide species in perovskite films,thereby keeping the excellent cell performance(20.0%)and further realizing the ion encapsulation.Finally,the modified PSCs retain over 90%of its original efficiency over2,000 h at 85°C or AM 1.5 G continuous illumination,or over 6,000 h in 45%humidity without encapsulation.This work affords a new strategy to achieve the efficient ions immobilization and encapsulation by in situ reaction and coordination assembly of mono-amine zinc porphyrin.

Biomass briquette fuel,boiler types and pollutant emissions of industrial biomass boiler:A review

Biomass is considered a renewable and cleaner energy source alternative to fossil fuels.In recent years,industrial biomass boilers have been rapidly developed and widely used in the industrial field.This work makes a review on the fuel types used in industrial biomass boilers,the fuel characteristics and the characteristics of air pollutants emitted from the combustion of industrial biomass boilers and other contents in different studies.However,the existing research still has many deficiencies.In the future,further research on biomass fuel,industrial biomass boiler combustion process and the pollutants emitted by industrial biomass boiler combustion,especially the carbonaceous aerosol emitted by in-dustrial biomass boiler and carbonaceous aerosol optical properties still need to be made.At the same time,the potential harm of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from industrial biomass boiler sources to human health and climate change needs to be studied in depth.This review provides a scientific basis for the accurate evaluation of industrial biomass boilers and the effective prevention and control of various pollutants of industrial biomass boilers.

Differentiating grain and grain boundary ionic conductivities of Li-ion antiperovskite electrolytes

Recently,antiperovskites such as Li_(2)OHX(X​=​Cl,Br)have gained attention as possible solid-state electrolytes for use in all-solid-state batteries.Their low melting point allows for scalable manufacturing,making them more attractive than other inorganic solid-state electrolytes,and their high ion selectivity and good mechanical rigidity are superior to those of polymer electrolytes.However,there is significant variation of up to three orders of magnitude between reported ionic conductivities in different studies.One of the likely reasons is that studies have not separated Li-ion conduction contributions from the grain and the grain boundaries.Therefore,in this study,we present an electrochemical impedance analysis of Li-ion antiperovskites(Li_(2)OHBr and Li_(2)OHCl)prepared by different methods:cold press,hot press,and melt casting.We thereby separate the contributions from grain ionic conduction and grain boundary ionic conduction.While each method gives the same grain conductivity,the grain boundary conductivity depends on the preparation method.The largest improvement in grain boundary conductivity was found using the melt-casting method.These results provide an explanation for the reported variations in ionic conductivity.

教育视域下中国中产阶层成长

中产阶层是"橄榄型"社会的基础,历来受到各国的重视。促进中产阶层的成长壮大,是社会和谐稳定、国家长治久安的必然要求。教育对中产阶层成长壮大有支柱性作用。从教育视域分析,目前中国中产阶层的人口比例偏低,与劳动力人口中接受高等教育程度总体偏低,高等教育人口在年龄、城乡、区域行业分布上存在巨大差异等客观因素相关,同时与教育内部存在资源配置不均、阶层教育不公、教育身份固化和职教制度滞后等阻碍因素直接关联。所以,中国中产阶层要不断成长壮大,实现社会下层民众持续向上流动,夯实建构"橄榄型"社会的基础,就必须推进教育改革,实现教育资源均衡配置,缩小优质教育阶层差距,破除教育身份固化制约,完善职业技术教育制度。