Decentralized finance(DeFi)is a general term for a series of financial products and services.It is based on blockchain technology and has attracted people’s attention because of its open,transparent,and intermediary ...Decentralized finance(DeFi)is a general term for a series of financial products and services.It is based on blockchain technology and has attracted people’s attention because of its open,transparent,and intermediary free.Among them,the DeFi ecosystem based on Ethereum-based blockchains attracts the most attention.However,the current decentralized financial system built on the Ethereum architecture has been exposed to many smart contract vulnerabilities during the last few years.Herein,we believe it is time to improve the understanding of the prevailing Ethereum-based DeFi ecosystem security issues.To that end,we investigate the Ethereum-based DeFi security issues:1)inherited from the real-world financial system,which can be solved by macro-control;2)induced by the problems of blockchain architecture,which require a better blockchain platform;3)caused by DeFi invented applications,which should be focused on during the project development.Based on that,we further discuss the current solutions and potential directions ofDeFi security.According to our research,we could provide a comprehensive vision to the research community for the improvement of Ethereum-basedDeFi ecosystem security.展开更多
Phaeocystis is an important bloom-forming species and over 100 blooms have occurred since 1997 along the Chinese coasts,while only the species P.globosa was described.In this project,a total of 246 phytoplankton sampl...Phaeocystis is an important bloom-forming species and over 100 blooms have occurred since 1997 along the Chinese coasts,while only the species P.globosa was described.In this project,a total of 246 phytoplankton samples collected from the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea,and the East China Sea in April 2021 were analyzed to evaluate the species diversity and geographical distribution of the genus Phaeocystis based on metabarcoding 18S r DNA sequence.Four described Phaeocystis species were recognized,including P.globosa,P.pouchetii,P.jahnii,and P.cordata,and each has distinguished geographical distribution characteristics.P.globosa was the most widespread and abundant species,and P.pouchetii was found in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea with substantially elevated abundance.P.cordata was also a widespread species,but its abundance was relatively low,while P.jahnii gathered only in the southeastern East China Sea.Water temperature,phosphate as well as ammonium contents were found to be associated with the abundance of P.globosa,P.pouchetii,and P.jahnii significantly.Moreover,two uncharacterized Phaeocystis species were detected in the Chinese seas,indicating the diversity of the genus remains underestimated worldwide.展开更多
双组份信号转导系统是放线菌中重要的全局调控系统之一,参与细胞形态分化、氮磷代谢、次级代谢产物合成和其他生理代谢过程。本文采用生物信息学方法系统分析了Nonomuraea sp.中双组份信号转导系统(two-component signal transduction s...双组份信号转导系统是放线菌中重要的全局调控系统之一,参与细胞形态分化、氮磷代谢、次级代谢产物合成和其他生理代谢过程。本文采用生物信息学方法系统分析了Nonomuraea sp.中双组份信号转导系统(two-component signal transduction system,TCS)的分布、系统分类、结构与功能,初步构建了部分TCS调控网络,旨在揭示Nonomuraea sp.中次级代谢产物合成与TCS之间的关系,为提高糖肽抗生素A40926效价和发现新的潜在生物活性物质奠定基础。展开更多
In microbial ecology,there is limited understanding of the mechanisms governing patterns in community structure across space and time.Here,we studied the changes of bacterial co-occurrence network structure over four ...In microbial ecology,there is limited understanding of the mechanisms governing patterns in community structure across space and time.Here,we studied the changes of bacterial co-occurrence network structure over four primary successional soils after glacier retreat,including a sand dune system and three glacier foreland series,varying in timescale from centuries to millennia.We found that in all series,network structure was most complex in the earliest stages of succession,and became simpler over time.Richness and abundance of keystone species and network stability also declined over time.It appears that with less productive,nutrient poor and physiologically extreme conditions of early succession,closer interactions among bacterial species are ecologically selected for.These may take the form of consortia(with positive interactions)or stronger niche exclusion(with negative interactions).Additionally,we quantified the relative roles of different structuring processes on bacterial community using a bin-based null model analysis(iCAMP).With each successional series,community composition was initially governed by stochasticity,but as succession proceeded there was a progressive increase in deterministic selection over time,correlated with decreasing pH.Overall,our results show a consistency among the four series in long-term processes of community succession,with more integrated networks and greater stochasticity in early stages.展开更多
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and epidermal hyperplasia.However,the regulatory complexity of cytokine and cellular networks still needs to be i...Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and epidermal hyperplasia.However,the regulatory complexity of cytokine and cellular networks still needs to be investigated.Here,we show that the expression of FXYD3,a member of the FXYD domain-containing regulators of Na+/K+ATPases family,is significantly increased in the lesional skin of psoriasis patients and mice with imiquimod(IMQ)-induced psoriasis.IL-17A,a cytokine important for the development of psoriatic lesions,contributes to FXYD3 expression in human primary keratinocytes.FXYD3 deletion in keratinocytes attenuated the psoriasis-like phenotype and inflammation in an IMQ-induced psoriasis model.Importantly,FXYD3 promotes the formation of the IL-17R-ACT1 complex by competing with IL-17R for binding to TRAF3 and then enhances IL-17A signaling in keratinocytes.This promotes the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and leads to the expression of proinflammatory factors.Our results clarify the mechanism by which FXYD3 serves as a mediator of IL-17A signaling in keratinocytes to form a positive regulatory loop to promote psoriasis exacerbation.Targeting FXYD3 may serve as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of psoriasis.展开更多
Innate immunity plays a prominent role in the host defense against pathogens and must be precisely regulated.As vital orchestrators in cholesterol homeostasis,microRNA-33/33*have been widely investigated in cellular m...Innate immunity plays a prominent role in the host defense against pathogens and must be precisely regulated.As vital orchestrators in cholesterol homeostasis,microRNA-33/33*have been widely investigated in cellular metabolism.However,their role in antiviral innate immunity is largely unknown.Here,we report that VSV stimulation decreased the expression of miR-33/33*through an IFNAR-dependent manner in macrophages.Overexpression of miR-33/33*resulted in impaired RIG-I signaling,enhancing viral load and lethality whereas attenuating type I interferon production both in vitro and in vivo.In addition,miR-33/33*specifically prevented the mitochondrial adaptor mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein(MAVS)from forming activated aggregates by targeting adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase(AMPK),subsequently impeding the mitophagy-mediated elimination of damaged mitochondria and disturbing mitochondrial homeostasis which is indispensable for efficient MAVS activation.Our findings establish miR-33/33*as negative modulators of the RNA virus-triggered innate immune response and identify a previously unknown regulatory mechanism linking mitochondrial homeostasis with antiviral signaling pathways.展开更多
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province 2020B0101090003CCF-NSFOCUS Kunpeng Scientific Research Fund (CCFNSFOCUS 2021010)+4 种基金Innovation Fund Program of the Engineering Research Center for Integration and Application of Digital Learning Technology of Ministry of Education under Grant No.1221027National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.61902083,62172115,61976064)Guangdong Higher Education Innovation Group 2020KCXTD007 and Guangzhou Higher Education Innovation Group (No.202032854)Guangzhou Fundamental Research Plan of“Municipal-School”Jointly Funded Projects (No.202102010445)Guangdong Province Science and Technology Planning Project (No.2020A1414010370).
文摘Decentralized finance(DeFi)is a general term for a series of financial products and services.It is based on blockchain technology and has attracted people’s attention because of its open,transparent,and intermediary free.Among them,the DeFi ecosystem based on Ethereum-based blockchains attracts the most attention.However,the current decentralized financial system built on the Ethereum architecture has been exposed to many smart contract vulnerabilities during the last few years.Herein,we believe it is time to improve the understanding of the prevailing Ethereum-based DeFi ecosystem security issues.To that end,we investigate the Ethereum-based DeFi security issues:1)inherited from the real-world financial system,which can be solved by macro-control;2)induced by the problems of blockchain architecture,which require a better blockchain platform;3)caused by DeFi invented applications,which should be focused on during the project development.Based on that,we further discuss the current solutions and potential directions ofDeFi security.According to our research,we could provide a comprehensive vision to the research community for the improvement of Ethereum-basedDeFi ecosystem security.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41976114)the Open Fund of Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental ScienceQingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(No.LMEES201803)。
文摘Phaeocystis is an important bloom-forming species and over 100 blooms have occurred since 1997 along the Chinese coasts,while only the species P.globosa was described.In this project,a total of 246 phytoplankton samples collected from the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea,and the East China Sea in April 2021 were analyzed to evaluate the species diversity and geographical distribution of the genus Phaeocystis based on metabarcoding 18S r DNA sequence.Four described Phaeocystis species were recognized,including P.globosa,P.pouchetii,P.jahnii,and P.cordata,and each has distinguished geographical distribution characteristics.P.globosa was the most widespread and abundant species,and P.pouchetii was found in the Bohai Sea and the northern Yellow Sea with substantially elevated abundance.P.cordata was also a widespread species,but its abundance was relatively low,while P.jahnii gathered only in the southeastern East China Sea.Water temperature,phosphate as well as ammonium contents were found to be associated with the abundance of P.globosa,P.pouchetii,and P.jahnii significantly.Moreover,two uncharacterized Phaeocystis species were detected in the Chinese seas,indicating the diversity of the genus remains underestimated worldwide.
文摘In microbial ecology,there is limited understanding of the mechanisms governing patterns in community structure across space and time.Here,we studied the changes of bacterial co-occurrence network structure over four primary successional soils after glacier retreat,including a sand dune system and three glacier foreland series,varying in timescale from centuries to millennia.We found that in all series,network structure was most complex in the earliest stages of succession,and became simpler over time.Richness and abundance of keystone species and network stability also declined over time.It appears that with less productive,nutrient poor and physiologically extreme conditions of early succession,closer interactions among bacterial species are ecologically selected for.These may take the form of consortia(with positive interactions)or stronger niche exclusion(with negative interactions).Additionally,we quantified the relative roles of different structuring processes on bacterial community using a bin-based null model analysis(iCAMP).With each successional series,community composition was initially governed by stochasticity,but as succession proceeded there was a progressive increase in deterministic selection over time,correlated with decreasing pH.Overall,our results show a consistency among the four series in long-term processes of community succession,with more integrated networks and greater stochasticity in early stages.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91842103,31870907,81930041)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Z19H100001).
文摘Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and epidermal hyperplasia.However,the regulatory complexity of cytokine and cellular networks still needs to be investigated.Here,we show that the expression of FXYD3,a member of the FXYD domain-containing regulators of Na+/K+ATPases family,is significantly increased in the lesional skin of psoriasis patients and mice with imiquimod(IMQ)-induced psoriasis.IL-17A,a cytokine important for the development of psoriatic lesions,contributes to FXYD3 expression in human primary keratinocytes.FXYD3 deletion in keratinocytes attenuated the psoriasis-like phenotype and inflammation in an IMQ-induced psoriasis model.Importantly,FXYD3 promotes the formation of the IL-17R-ACT1 complex by competing with IL-17R for binding to TRAF3 and then enhances IL-17A signaling in keratinocytes.This promotes the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways and leads to the expression of proinflammatory factors.Our results clarify the mechanism by which FXYD3 serves as a mediator of IL-17A signaling in keratinocytes to form a positive regulatory loop to promote psoriasis exacerbation.Targeting FXYD3 may serve as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of psoriasis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81401283,81771699)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ19H100001,LY18H100004,and LY15C080001)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2018QNA7008).
文摘Innate immunity plays a prominent role in the host defense against pathogens and must be precisely regulated.As vital orchestrators in cholesterol homeostasis,microRNA-33/33*have been widely investigated in cellular metabolism.However,their role in antiviral innate immunity is largely unknown.Here,we report that VSV stimulation decreased the expression of miR-33/33*through an IFNAR-dependent manner in macrophages.Overexpression of miR-33/33*resulted in impaired RIG-I signaling,enhancing viral load and lethality whereas attenuating type I interferon production both in vitro and in vivo.In addition,miR-33/33*specifically prevented the mitochondrial adaptor mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein(MAVS)from forming activated aggregates by targeting adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase(AMPK),subsequently impeding the mitophagy-mediated elimination of damaged mitochondria and disturbing mitochondrial homeostasis which is indispensable for efficient MAVS activation.Our findings establish miR-33/33*as negative modulators of the RNA virus-triggered innate immune response and identify a previously unknown regulatory mechanism linking mitochondrial homeostasis with antiviral signaling pathways.
