Expert consensus on pediatric orthodontic therapies of malocclusions in children

Malocclusion,identified by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of three major oral diseases,profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions,facial esthetics,and long-term development of~260 million children in China.Beyond its physical manifestations,malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children.Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition,by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth.Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development,ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase.From an economic and societal standpoint,the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated,underlining its profound practical and social importance.This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children,emphasizing critical need for early treatment.It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics,proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment,serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.

Carcinoma-associated fibroblast-derived lysyl oxidase-rich extracellular vesicles mediate collagen crosslinking and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition via p-FAK/ p-paxillin/YAP signaling

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)are the main cellular components of the tumor microenvironment and promote cancer progression by modifying the extracellular matrix(ECM).The tumor-associated ECM is characterized by collagen crosslinking catalyzed by lysyl oxidase(LOX).Small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)mediate cell-cell communication.However,the interactions between sEVs and the ECM remain unclear.Here,we demonstrated that sEVs released from oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)-derived CAFs induce collagen crosslinking,thereby promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT).CAF sEVs preferably bound to the ECM rather than being taken up by fibroblasts and induced collagen crosslinking,and a LOX inhibitor or blocking antibody suppressed this effect.Active LOX(αLOX),but not the LOX precursor,was enriched in CAF sEVs and interacted with periostin,fibronectin,and bone morphogenetic protein-1 on the surface of sEVs.CAF sEV-associated integrinα2β1 mediated the binding of CAF sEVs to collagen I,and blocking integrinα2β1 inhibited collagen crosslinking by interfering with CAF sEV binding to collagen I.CAF sEV-induced collagen crosslinking promoted the EMT of OSCC through FAK/paxillin/YAP pathway.Taken together,these findings reveal a novel role of CAF sEVs in tumor ECM remodeling,suggesting a critical mechanism for CAF-induced EMT of cancer cells.

Role of iron-based catalysts in reducing NO_(x) emissions from coal combustion

Nitrogen oxide(NO_(x))pollutants emitted from coal combustion are attracting growing public concern.While the traditional technologies of reducing NO_(x) were mainly focused on terminal treatment,and the research on source treatment is limited.This paper proposes a new coal combustion strategy that significantly reduces NO_(x) emissions during coal combustion.This strategy has two important advantages in reducing NO_(x) emissions.First,by introducing iron-based catalyst at the source,which will catalyze the conversion of coke nitrogen to volatile nitrogen during the pyrolysis process,thereby greatly reducing the coke nitrogen content.The second is de-NO_(x) process by a redox reaction between NO_(x) and reducing agents(coke,HCN,NH_(3),etc.)that occurred during coke combustion.Compared to direct combustion of coal,coke prepared by adding iron-based catalyst has 46.1% reduction in NO_(x) emissions.To determine the effect of iron-based additives on de-NO_(x) performance,demineralized coal(de-coal)was prepared to eliminate the effect of iron-based minerals in coal ash.The effects of iron compounds,additive dosages,and combustion temperatures on de-NO_(x) efficiency are systematically studied.The results revealed that the NO_(x) emission of the coke generated by pyrolysis of de-coal loaded with 3%(mass)Fe_(2)O_(3) decreases to 27.3% at combustion temperature of 900℃.Two main reasons for lower NO_(x) emissions were deduced:(1)During the catalytic coal pyrolysis stage,the nitrogen content in the coke decreases with the release of volatile nitrogen.(2)Part of the NO_(x) emitted during the coke combustion was converted into N_(2) for the catalytic effect of the Fe-based catalysts.It is of great practical value and scientific significance to the comprehensive treatment and the clean utilization process of coal.

HAUSDORFF DIMENSION OF SOME KIND OF ALTERNATING OPPENHEIM SERIES EXPANSION

For Oppenheim series epansions, the authors of [7] discussed the exceptional sets Bm={x∈（0,1]：1〈dj（x）/h（j-1）（d（j-1）（x））≤m for any j ≥2} In this paper, we investigate the Hausdorff dimension of a kind of exceptional sets occurring in alternating Oppenheim series expansion. As an application, we get the exact Hausdorff dimension of the-set in Luroth series expansion, also we give an estimate of such dimensional number.

Breathable,antifreezing,mechanically skin-like hydrogel textile wound dressings with dual antibacterial mechanisms

Hydrogels are emerging as the most promising dressings due to their excellent biocompatibility,extracellular matrix mimicking structure,and drug loading ability.However,existing hydrogel dressings exhibit limited breathability,poor environmental adaptability,potential drug resistance,and limited drug options,which extremely restrict their therapeutic effect and working scenarios.Here,the current research introduces the first paradigm of hydrogel textile dressings based on novel gelatin glycerin hydrogel(glyhydrogel)fibers fabricated by the Hofmeister effect based wet spinning.Benefiting from the unique knitted structure,the textile dressing features excellent breathability(1800 times that of the commercially available 3 M dressing)and stretchability(535.51±38.66%).Furthermore,the glyhydrogel textile dressing can also withstand the extreme temperature of-80℃,showing the potential for application in subzero environments.Moreover,the introduction of glycerin endows the textile dressing with remarkable antibacterial property and expands the selection of loaded drugs(e.g.,clindamycin).The prepared glyhydrogel textile dressing shows an excellent infected wound healing effect with a complete rat skin closure within 14 days.All these functions have not been achievable by traditional hydrogel dressings and provide a new approach for the development of hydrogel dressings.

Proteomic identification of new diagnostic biomarkers of early-stage cutaneousmycosis fungoides

Dear editor,Mycosis fungoides(MF),the most common subtype of cutaneous T cell lymphoma,is a rare disease[1,2].Patients with early-stageMF have a 5-year overall survival between 88%and 100%[3].In patients with advanced MF,the skin may present with tumors and erythroderma,and the median survival of patients with lymph node and visceral metastasis is 13 months[4].Therefore,it is important to achieve an early diagnosis to improve prognosis[5].

Recent advances in electrochemical sensors for antibiotics and their applications

The abuse of antibiotics will cause an increase of drug-resistant strains and environmental pollution,which in turn will affect human health.Therefore,it is important to develop effective detection techniques to determine the level of antibiotics contamination in various fields.Compared with traditional detection methods,electrochemical sensors have received extensive attention due to their advantages such as high sensitivity,low detection limit,and good selectivity.In this mini review,we summarized the latest developments and new trends in electrochemical sensors for antibiotics.Here,modification methods and materials of electrode are discussed.We also pay more attention to the practical applications of antibiotics electrochemical sensors in different fields.In addition,the existing problems and the future challenges ahead have been proposed.We hope that this review can provide new ideas for the development of electrochemical sensors for antibiotics in the future.

Temperature‑Gated Light‑Guiding Hydrogel Fiber for Thermoregulation During Optogenetic Neuromodulation

With the rise of optogenetic manipulation of neurons,the effects of optogenetic heating on temperature-sensitive physi-ological processes,and the damage to surrounding tissues have been neglected.This manuscript reports the fabrication of a highly temperature-sensitive semi-interpenetrating optical hydrogel fiber(TSOHF)using the integrated dynamic wet-spinning technique.TSOHF exhibits a structural tunable diameter,clear core/sheath structure,tunable temperature-sensitivity,excellent light propagation property(0.35 dB cm^(-1),650 nm laser light),and good biocompatibility(including tissue-like Young’s modulus,stable dimensional stability,and low cytotoxicity).Based on these properties,a potential application of optogenetic regulation of neural tissue(hypoglossal nerve),with controllable temperature using TSOHF was designed and performed.Further,this work provides new insight into molecular design and a practical approach to continually manufacture a temperature-sensitive hydrogel optical fiber for applications in intelligent photomedicine.

Regional joint PM_(2.5)-O_(3) control policy benefits further air quality improvement and human health protection in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas

Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas(hereinafter referred to as“2+26”cities)are one of the most severe air pollution areas in China.The fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))and surface ozone(O_(3))pollution have aroused a significant concern on the national scale.In this study,we analyzed the pollution characteristics of PM_(2.5) and O_(3) in“2+26”cities,and then estimated the health burden and economic loss before and after the implementation of the joint PM_(2.5)-O_(3) control policy.During 2017–2019,PM_(2.5) concentration reduced by 19%while the maximum daily 8 hr average(MDA8)O_(3) stayed stable in“2+26”cities.Spatially,PM_(2.5) pollution in the south-central area and O_(3) pollution in the central region were more severe than anywhere else.With the reduction in PM_(2.5) concentration,premature deaths fromPM_(2.5) decreased by 18%from 2017 to 2019.In contrast,premature deaths from O_(3) increased by 5%.Noticeably,the huge potential health benefits can be gained after the implementation of a joint PM_(2.5)-O_(3) control policy.The premature deaths attributed to PM_(2.5) and O_(3) would be reduced by 91.6%and 89.1%,and the avoidable economic loss would be 60.8 billion Chinese Yuan(CNY),and 68.4 billion CNY in 2035 compared with that in 2019,respectively.Therefore,it is of significance to implement the jointPM_(2.5)-O_(3) control policy for improving public health and economic development.

Study on drug synthesis and activity of sodium olpadronate

As a systemic metabolic disease caused by a variety of factors,osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mass,bone tissue microstructural degradation,and decreased bone mechanical properties,accompanied by bone fragility and fracture,which is a common risk of senile disease.In China,osteoporosis has become a common disease and has frequent morbidity,with the incidence trend on the rise.Bisphosphates have received much attention in this field as inhibitory bone resorption agents,and sodium olpadronate belongs to the third-generation bisphosphonates.This experiment investigated the synthetic process and pharmacological activity of sodium olpadronate.Using 3-(N,N-dimethylamino)-propionitrile as the starting material,the synthesis process was improved to reduce cost with a total yield of 49.7%,which was 24.0%higher than that reported in the literature.Pharmacodynamic experiments showed that sodium olpadronate could be used to treat osteoporosis.Moreover,toxicology experiments showed no obvious toxic side effects.Taken together,sodium olpadronate had very promising development prospects.

Mechanically robust antireflective coatings

Mechanical strength is an essential parameter that influences and limits the lifetime performance of antireflective （AR） coatings in optical devices. Speciflcally, amphiphobic AR coatings with reduced reflectance are of great significance as they considerably enlarge the range of fundamental applications. Herein, we describe the design and fabrication of amphiphobic AR coatings with reduced reflectance and enhanced mechanical resilience. Introducing a thin polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE） layer on top of the bilayer SiOz coating via vapor deposition method makes it highly liquid repellent. We achieved reduced reflectance （〈 1%） over the entire visible wavelength range, as well as tunability according to the desired wavelength region. The fabricated film showed better thermal stability （up to 300℃） with stable AR efficiency, when an ultrathin dense coat of Al2O3 was deposited via atomic layer deposition （ALD） on the polymer-based bilayer SiO2 antireflective coating （P-BSAR）. The experimental results prove that the omnidirectional AR coating in this study exhibits multifunctional properties and should be suitable for the production of protective optical equipment and biocompatible polymer films for the displays of portable electronic devices.

Sulfur retention efficiency of clean coke produced by co-pyrolysis of coal with CaCO_(3) to substitute household coal

Raw coal is used by many suburban and rural households for cooking and heating and results in severe air pollution,especially problematic SO_(2) emissions.A source treatment strategy was proposed to reduce SO_(2) emissions,which used the co-pyrolysis of raw coal with a CaCO3 additive to produce clean coke.The effect of Ca/S molar ratio on the SO_(2) capture efficiency of clean coke was investigated,and the SO_(2) retention efficiency was optimized at a Ca/S molar ratio of 1.5.The sulfur retention mechanism of clean coke was attributed to:(1)CaCO3 decomposition to CaO and partial reaction of CaO with H2S to generate CaS during pyrolysis.(2)Transformation of the remaining sulfur in the clean coke to SO_(2) during combustion,capture by unreacted CaO to form CaSO_(4),and direct oxidation of CaS to CaSO_(4).The feasibility of SO_(2) emission reduction by clean coke in a practical household stove was verified.