Repositioning fertilizer manufacturing subsidies for improving food security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in China

China removed fertilizer manufacturing subsidies from 2015 to 2018 to bolster market-oriented reforms and foster environmentally sustainable practices.However,the impact of this policy reform on food security and the environment remains inadequately evaluated.Moreover,although green and low-carbon technologies offer environmental advantages,their widespread adoption is hindered by prohibitively high costs.This study analyzes the impact of removing fertilizer manufacturing subsidies and explores the potential feasibility of redirecting fertilizer manufacturing subsidies to invest in the diffusion of these technologies.Utilizing the China Agricultural University Agri-food Systems model,we analyzed the potential for achieving mutually beneficial outcomes regarding food security and environmental sustainability.The findings indicate that removing fertilizer manufacturing subsidies has reduced greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from agricultural activities by 3.88 million metric tons,with minimal impact on food production.Redirecting fertilizer manufacturing subsidies to invest in green and low-carbon technologies,including slow and controlled-release fertilizer,organic-inorganic compound fertilizers,and machine deep placement of fertilizer,emerges as a strategy to concurrently curtail GHG emissions,ensure food security,and secure robust economic returns.Finally,we propose a comprehensive set of government interventions,including subsidies,field guidance,and improved extension systems,to promote the widespread adoption of these technologies.

The multiple roles of crop structural change in productivity,nutrition and environment in China:A decomposition analysis

China's crop structure has undergone significant changes in the last two decades since 2000,with an increase in the share of cereals,vegetables,and fruit,squeezing out other crops.As a result,land productivity,nutrient supply,and carbon emissions have changed.How to reallocate limited farmland among crops to achieve the multiple goals of agrifood systems becomes an important issue.This study explores the sources of land productivity and nutrition supply growth and carbon emissions reduction,and identifies the multiple roles of crop structural change from 2003 to 2020 based on a decomposition analysis.The results reveal that the growth within crops is still the primary driver in land productivity and nutrition supply and the reduction in carbon emissions.However,structural change also plays various roles at different periods.From 2003 to 2010,crop structural change increased the total calorie supply but lowered land productivity and contributed at least 70%of the total growth of carbon emissions.The crop structure was relatively stable,and their effects were modest from 2010 to 2015.From 2015 to 2020,the crop structural change began to play a greater role and generate synergistic effects in improving land productivity,micronutrient supply,and reducing carbon emissions,contributing to approximately a quarter of the growth of land productivity and 30%of total carbon emissions reduction.These results suggest that strategies for crop structural change should comprehensively consider its multiple impacts,aiming to achieve co-benefits while minimizing trade-offs.

Food security amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Central Asia:Evidence from rural Tajikistan

Food security has been long understudied in the context of Central Asia.We present an analysis examining household-level food demand for Tajikistan and assessing the magnitude of its food security changes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Based on an extensive household survey data set from Tajikistan,we estimate the expenditure,income,and price elasticities for nine food categories using the QUAIDS model.Then,we develop a microsimulation model using the estimated elasticities to assess the dual impact of declining remittance income and rising food prices stemming from the pandemic shock.There are significant differences in demand elasticities across food groups,with high elasticities observed for nutritious foods,such as meat,fruit,eggs,and milk,in rural households.Moreover,our findings show that changes in remittance income and food prices significantly negatively affected food security for rural households during the COVID-19 pandemic.These findings have important implications for policymakers concerned about rural livelihoods and food security in remittance-receiving economies during the post-pandemic period.

Effects of Radix Puerariae, Radix Rehmanniae and Their Compatibility on Blood Glucose and Blood Lipids in Mice

[Objectives]To explore the effects of the compatibility of Radix Puerariae and Radix Rehmanniae on blood glucose and blood lipids in diabetic mouses.[Methods]Diabetic mouse model was established.The body weight and fasting blood glucose of mice were measured after 7 and 14 d of administration,and the biochemical indicators of blood lipids(TC,HDL-C,and LDL-C)were detected after 14 d of administration.[Results]Compared with the Radix Puerariae group and Radix Rehmanniae group,the compatibility group(1:2)had the best hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and TC and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly decreased(P<0.05),while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)significantly increased(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Radix Puerariae,Radix Rehmanniae and their combination can reduce the blood glucose of diabetic mice.The compatibility group(1:2)had a significant hypoglycemic effect(P<0.05),and LDL-C in the compatibility group(2:1)significantly declined,while HDL-C in the compatibility group(1:1)rose significantly.

Anti-P-selectin lectin-EGF domain monoclonal antibody inhibits the maturation of human immature dendritic cells

Dendritic cells(DCs) are professinal antigen-presenting cells with the ability to initiate primary Tcell responses. While it iswell known that inflammatory stimuli induce the functional maturation of immature DCs, whether adhesion molecule selectins regulate DCmaturation is poorly understood. Using anti-P-selectin lectin-EGF domain monoclonal antibody (PsL-EGFmAb) that blocks the adhesionof P-, E-, and L-selectin, we demonstrate herein that selectins play important role in stimulating functional maturation of immature DCs.Immature DCs are generated from human cord blood CD34+hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells that were cultured in the presence of stemcell factor, Fms-like tyrosine-kinase-3 ligand, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and transform growth factor-β1. Whenstimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), immature DCs differentiated into mature DCs, producing increased levels of costim-ulatory molecules and interleukin (IL)-12 and obtaining the ability to potently activate naive Tcells. Interestingly, in contrast to matureDCs derived from TNF-α-induced immature DC cultures without PsL-EGFmAb, immature DCs treated with PsL-EGFmAb for7 days werecompletely blocked their maturation, as evidenced by decreased expression of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, and CD83, inhibi-ted production of IL-12, and inability to activate naive Tcellsin vitro. Thus, blockade of selectins using PsL-EGFmAb will prove to bea valuable tool for the study of the molecuar mechanisms of DC maturation, as well as for the prevention and treatment of DC-mediated au-toimmunity.

Neuroprotective effects of combined lead and cadmium,as well as N-acetylcysteine,on cerebral cortical neurons following lipid peroxidation injury

BACKGROUND： Studies have reported the antioxidant effects of lead and cadmium in the central nervous system, but very few have addressed the combined toxicity of lead and cadmium. The mechanisms by which these combined heavy metals are toxic, as well as how to protect cells from these agents, remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE： Primary cultured rat cortical neurons were used to determine the effects of combined lead and cadmium on levels of glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, and acetylcholinesterase （ACHE）, as well as malondialdehyde （MDA）, and to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of N-acetylcysteine （NAC）. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING An in vitro toxicological observation was performed at the Comparative Medicine Center of Yangzhou University from August 2007 to April 2008. MATERIALS： Lead acetate, cadmium acetate, and NAC were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich （St. Louis, USA）. Commercial kits of GSH-Px, SOD, CAT, ACHE, and MDA were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China. METHODS： The cerebral cortical neurons were isolated from newborn Sprague dawley rats at 24 hours after birth and primary cultured for 6 days. Thereafter, the cells were treated with a range of cadmium doses （0, 5.0, and 10.0μmol/L）, lead doses （0, 1.0, and 2.0 μmol/L）, or a combination of the two for 12 hours at 37℃in a 5% CO2 incubator, respectively. In addition, the cells were incubated with different doses of cadmium and/or lead and （0 and 50 μmol/L） NAC for 12 hours to assess the protective effects on cell survival. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The activity of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, and ACHE, as well as MDA content, in the cell lysates was detected using commercial kits. RESULTS： At 12 hours after treatment, compared to the control group, activity of GSH-Px, SOD, and AChE in the lead, cadmium, or combined treated cells was significantly decreased with increasing doses of cadmium/or lead （P 〈 0.05）, but CAT activity and MDA levels were significantly increased （P 〈 0.05）. The combination of cadmium and lead led to higher levels of toxicity than individual exposure. CONCLUSION： The degree of oxidative damage increased when the two heavy metals were combined. NAC protected neonatal cortical neurons by increasing activity of anti-oxidative enzymes and reducing lipid peroxidation, but the reduction was not statistically significant.

Relationship of Post-Stroke Aphasic Types with Sex, Age and Stroke Types

Aim: To explore what is the relationship of the types of post-stroke aphasia with sex, age and stroke types. Methods: Retrospective analysis was administrated on data of 421 patients with acute stroke. Western battery aphasia was used to measure aphasiac type and aphasia quotient (AQ) score. The patients were divided into three age groups: young, middle-aged and elderly. The stroke types were classified into cerebral infraction (CI) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Results: All subjects were right-handed, which males and females accounted for 69.60% and 30.40%, respectively. There were 116 cases of Broca’s aphasia (85 males), 35 cases of Wernicke’s aphasia (20 males), 15 cases of conductive aphasia (10 males), 63 cases of transcortical motor aphasia (50 males), 11 cases of transcortical sensory aphasia (8 males), 27 cases of transcortical combined aphasia (13 males), 73 cases of anomic aphasia (47 males) and 81 cases of global aphasia (60 males). Male patients (69.60%) have a significantly higher morbidity of aphasia than that of females (30.40%) after stroke (χ2 = 11.57, P = 0.003), especially those under 65 years old (73.38%). For people 65 years and older, the morbidity of female (42.97%) tends to increase with age. Sex has no significant influence on the types of aphasia (χ2 = 13.84, P = 0.054). Broca’s aphasia is the most common type inboth male and female (29.01%, 24.22%, respectively). The distribution of aphasic types has no obvious difference among three age groups (χ2 = 14.94, P= 0.382). Aphasia induced by CI (306 cases) is more common than that by ICH (115 cases), but there was no difference in distribution of types of aphasia (χ2 = 13.23, P = 0.067). Conclusions: Male patients have a significantly higher level of morbidity of aphasia than females after stroke and a lower average age of onset than females. Broca’s aphasia is the most common one in both male and female. Broca’s aphasia, global and anomic aphasia are the most common aphasic types in both CI and ICH patients, except the female with ICH.

Enhancement of fine particle filtration with efficient humidification

Filtration is one of the most effective methods to remove suspended fine particles from air. In filtration processes,pressure drop of compact dust cake causes problems in efficiency and economy, which has received increasing attention and still remains challenging. In this study, we developed a novel technique to intensify the filtration of fine particles with efficient humidification. Two strategies for humidification, including ultrasonic atomization and steam humidification(controlling of ambient humidity), were employed and proved to be both effective. The regeneration frequency of the filter could be reduced by 55% with ultrasonic atomization, while steam humidification could lead to a 78% reduction in regeneration frequency. The effect of operating conditions on pressure drop and the mass loading during filtration were investigated. The dust cake showed a loose and porous structure with an optimized droplet-to-particle ratio. With the ratio of 1.53 and 0.0282, the maximum mass loading was 552 g·m-2upon the ultrasonic atomization and 720 g·m-2upon the steam humidification. The results show that humidification could slow down the increase of pressure drop during filtration and improve the efficiency of process.

Determination of physical properties for the mixtures of [BMIM]Cl with different organic solvents

Physical properties including refractive index, density, viscosity and conductivity for binary mixtures of l-butyl- 3-methyl imidazolium chloride （[BMIM]CI） and different organic solvents at 298.15 K have been investigated. Ex- cess molar volumes have been calculated and obtained data has been fitted by the Redlich-Kister equation. The density and refractive index were found to increase with increasing concentration of [BMIM]CI, however, excep- tions do exist as in the case of dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO）/[BMIM]CI. For DMSO/[BMIM]CI, the density decreases with increasing concentration. The addition of different organic solvents was able to disrupt the interactions within mixtures, leading to free mobility of ions. The free mobility of ions has been found to enhance conductivity and decrease viscosity to varying extents in all mixtures studied. It has been observed that solubility parameters, dielectric constants and composition of the solvents used play a vital role in determining the resultant properties. The data obtained will play an important role in understanding the effect of the addition of organic solvents in ILs to enhance their applicability.

White Matter Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease Revealed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging with TBSS

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impairments in multiple cognitive domains and it is hard to diagnose in early stage because it’s not easy to recognize and develop slowly. In this study, we try to evaluate the difference of white matter between AD and health volunteers using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and try to provide some evidence for diagnose AD in early stage. Twelve elderly Chinese patients with AD and twelve healthy volunteers were recruited and underwent DTI. The raw diffusion data were dealt with the toolkit of FSL image post-processing. Fractional anisotrogy (FA) data were then carried out by using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). The result showed that the FA of cingulum, hippocampus, corticospinal tract, and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus significantly reduced in AD patients than that of volunteers. This indicated that the integrity of white matter tracts in these regions with AD was disturbed. On the other hand, the FA of other encephalic regions had no discrepancy compared with that of healthy volunteers. FA values were found reduced significantly in AD patients, especially in the posterior of the brain. These findings may provide image methods to diagnose patients with early stage of AD.

Uridine dynamic administration affects the circadian variation of bile acid metabolism in high-fat-diet-fed mice

High-fat diet(HFD)is demonstrated to disturb the bile acid metabolism.The rhythm of bile acid metabolism can also be affected by uridine,whose metabolism exhibits a daily rhythm.However,the mechanism of dynamic uridine administration affecting bile acid during HFD remains unclear.In this study,C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD(the control group;CON)or HFD with oral administration of uridine in the daytime(DUR)and nighttime(NUR)to investigate the mechanism of the effect of uridine on the bile acid.This study showed that the mRNA expression of uridine transporters and circadian clock genes in the jejunum was affected by zeitgeber time(ZT)(P<0.001).Genes related to the metabolism of pyrimidines in the liver showed a high dependence on daily rhythm(P<0.01),and DUR remarkably up-regulated the expression of ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2(RRM2)(P<0.05)compared to the CON group.Importantly,the mRNA expression of bile acids nuclear receptors,bile acid synthesis,and transporters in the liver showed significantly rhythmically changed(P<0.05),and the expression of cholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase(CYP7A1),fibroblast growth factor receptor 4(FGFR4),Na^(+)/taurocholate co transporting polypeptide(NTCP),and bile salt export pump(BSEP)mRNAs of mice with uridine administration increased significantly(P<0.05).The mRNA expression of the transporters of cholesterol and bile acids in the ileum was also affected by ZT(P<0.01)and significantly dependent on uridine administration(P<0.05).The expression of FXR and SHP was significantly affected by ZT and uridine,respectively.In conclusion,dynamic administration of uridine could regulate the rhythm of gene expression of pyrimidine and bile acid metabolism in the liver and ileum of HFD-fed mice,which contributed to the further study of circadian rhythmic physiological and pathological changes of bile acids.

Construction of EMS-Induced Peanut Mutant Libraries and Identification of Pod-Related Traits Mutant Lines

Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)is an oil and economic crop of vital importance,and peanut pod is the key organ influencing the yield and processing quality.Hence,the Pod-related traits(PRTs)are considered as important agronomic traits in peanut breeding.To broaden the variability of PRTs in current peanut germplasms,three elite peanut cultivars were used to construct Ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)-induced mutant libraries in this study.The optimal EMS treatment conditions for the three peanut varieties were determined.It was found that the median lethal dose(LD50)of EMS treatment varied greatly among different genotypes.Finally,the EMS-induced peanut mutant libraries were constructed and a total of 124 mutant lines for PRTs were identified and evaluated.Furthermore,“M-8070”,one of the mutant lines for pod constriction,was re-sequenced via high-throughput sequencing technology.The genome-wide variations between“M-8070”and its wild parent“Fuhua 8”(FH 8)were detected.2994 EMS-induced single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and 1188 insertion-deletions(InDels)between“M-8070”and its wild parent were identified.The predominant SNP mutation type was C/G to T/A transitions,while the predominant InDel mutation type was“1-bp”.We analyzed the distribution of identified mutations and annotated their functions.Most of the mutations(91.68%of the SNPs and 77.69%of the InDels)were located in the intergenic region.72 SNPs were identified in the exonic region,leading to 27 synonymous,43 nonsynonymous and 2 stop-gain variation for gene structure.13 Indels were identified in the exonic region,leading to 4 frame-shift,8 non-frame-shift and 1 stop-gain variations of genes.These mutations may lead to the phenotypic variation of“M-8070”.Our study provided valuable resources for peanut improvement and functional genomic research.

Pyrocincholic acid 3β-O-β-D-quinovopyranosyl-28-O-β-Dglucopyranoside suppresses adipogenesis and regulates lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Obesity is crucially involved in many metabolic diseases,such as type 2 diabetes,cardiovascular disease and cancer.Regulating the number or size of adipocytes has been suggested to be a potential treatment for obesity.In this study,we investigated the effect of pyrocincholic acid 3β-O-β-D-quinovopyranosyl-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(PAQG),a 27-nor-oleanolic acid saponin extracted from Metadina trichotoma,on adipogenesis and lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.The 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were incubated with vehicle or PAQG for 6 days in differentiation process.PAQG significantly reduced the adipogenesis,adiponectin secretion and the expression level of key transcription factors related to adipogenesis,such as PPARc,C/EBPb,C/EBPa,and FABP4.Moreover,PAQG increased the levels of FFA and glycerol in medium and reduced TG level in mature adipocytes.Interestingly,PAQG not only promoted the activation of AMPK and genes involved in fatty oxidation including PDK4 and CPT1a,but also inhibited those genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis,such as SREBP1c,FAS,ACCa and SCD1.In conclusion,PAQG inhibits the differentiation and regulates lipid metabolism of 3T3-L1 cells via AMPK pathway,suggesting that PAQG may be a novel and promising natural product for the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia.

Teratogenic Effect of Paulownia Flower Extract on Rats

In this study, Paulownia flower extract of different concentrations was administered to pregnant rats by gavage to investigate its teratogenic effect. It was found that Paulownia has neither teratogenic effect nor growth inhibitory effect on rats, and it can be used in animal production as new feed additive.

CEPC Technical Design Report

The Circular Electron Positron Collider(CEPC)is a large scientific project initiated and hosted by China,fostered through extensive collaboration with international partners.The complex comprises four accelerators:a 30 GeV Linac,a 1.1 GeV Damping Ring,a Booster capable of achieving energies up to 180 GeV,and a Collider operating at varying energy modes(Z,W,H,and tt).The Linac and Damping Ring are situated on the surface,while the subterranean Booster and Collider are housed in a 100 km circumference underground tunnel,strategically accommodating future expansion with provisions for a potential Super Proton Proton Collider(SPPC).The CEPC primarily serves as a Higgs factory.In its baseline design with synchrotron radiation(SR)power of 30 MW per beam,it can achieve a luminosity of 5×10^(34)cm^(-2)s^(-1)per interaction point(IP),resulting in an integrated luminosity of 13 ab^(-1)for two IPs over a decade,producing 2.6 million Higgs bosons.Increasing the SR power to 50 MW per beam expands the CEPC's capability to generate 4.3 million Higgs bosons,facilitating precise measurements of Higgs coupling at sub-percent levels,exceeding the precision expected from the HL-LHC by an order of magnitude.This Technical Design Report(TDR)follows the Preliminary Conceptual Design Report(Pre-CDR,2015)and the Conceptual Design Report(CDR,2018),comprehensively detailing the machine's layout,performance metrics,physical design and analysis,technical systems design,R&D and prototyping efforts,and associated civil engineering aspects.Additionally,it includes a cost estimate and a preliminary construction timeline,establishing a framework for forthcoming engineering design phase and site selection procedures.Construction is anticipated to begin around 2027-2028,pending government approval,with an estimated duration of 8 years.The commencement of experiments and data collection could potentially be initiated in the mid-2030s.

广西蚕沙细菌组成多样性解析和VBNC菌群的发掘

【目的】解析广西蚕沙中细菌群落组成与多样性,为蚕沙中菌种资源发掘和蚕沙的综合利用提供科学依据。【方法】通过高通量测序技术研究细菌群落组成特征,同时利用常规稀释涂布平板法和基于复苏促进因子(Rpf)的MPN培养系统解析并筛选蚕沙中可培养和活的非可培养(VBNC)状态的优势菌群,并经16SrRNA基因测序对筛选得到的菌株作初步分类鉴定。【结果】高通量测序表明,广西蚕沙样品中细菌归属于10个门、18个纲、27个目、57个科、96个属,其中4个属的丰度达1%以上,优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)肠杆菌属(Enterobacter);通过稀释涂布平板法共获得14个属的33株可培养细菌,其中4个属(Citrobacter、Weissella、Chitinophaga、Pseudoclavibacter)在高通量测序中未被检测到;而在MPN培养系统中,基于复苏促进因子的处理组细菌总数最大检出丰度提高了100倍,并从中共检出21株对Rpf敏感的VBNC菌株,其中6个属(Paenibacillus、Caulobacter、Roseomonas、Pantoea、Erwinia、Acinetobacter)为传统分离法中未能获得的菌属,2个属(Paenibacillus和Caulobacter)在高通量测序中未被检测到。【结论】蚕沙细菌多样性丰富,不同方法解析蚕沙细菌组成多样性存在一定差异,而且通过添加Rpf首次发现了蚕沙中存在大量过去未被认知的VBNC状态细菌,其中从16S rRNA基因序列同源性推测有3个VBNC菌株为潜在新种。此研究结果为深入挖掘蚕沙中微生物资源提供了新的视角与途径,为蚕沙的综合处理提供了研究基础。

中国母婴营养健康研究队列与进展

生命早期1000天(母亲怀孕到幼儿2周岁)是膳食营养影响一生健康的关键窗口期,成年期疾病的预防应从生命早期开始.出生队列研究是探讨多种暴露因素与不良妊娠结局及出生缺陷的关系、生命早期暴露对终身健康影响的优选方法.中国母婴营养健康研究队列(China maternal and infant nutrition health cohort study, MINC)是国家母婴乳品健康工程技术研究中心启动的多地区健康母婴营养研究出生队列,重点研究早期膳食营养、喂养方式、生活习惯等与婴儿肠道菌群和近期、远期健康的相关性,探索成人非感染性疾病的早期营养干预预防措施,指导婴幼儿科学喂养.本文介绍了MINC背景、结构、研究目的及队列已入组人群、生物样本收集、母乳成分、肠道菌群等研究进展.

Enteromorpha polysaccharide-zinc replacing prophylactic antibiotics contributes to improving gut health of weaned piglets

This research aimed to study whether Enteromorpha polysaccharide-zinc(EP-Zn)can act as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned piglet feeds.Two hundred and twenty-four weaned piglets from 14 pens were randomly assigned into 1 of 2 groups according to their body weight and litter size(7 pens/group).The piglets in the antibiotics group were fed with olaquindox at 400 mg/kg and enduracidin at 800 mg/kg basal diet,and piglets in the EP-Zn group were fed with EP-Zn at 800 mg/kg basal diet.One piglet per pen was selected to collect samples after 14 d of feeding.Results showed that EP-Zn supplementation significantly increased the plasma anti-oxidants level compared with the antibiotics group.However,a nonsignificant difference was observed in growth performance between treatment groups.Additionally,the intestinal tight junction(TJ)protein expression and the histopathologic evaluation data showed that EP-Zn contributed to improving intestinal development.Further,piglets in the EP-Zn group had a lower level of intestinal inflammation-related cytokines including IL-6(P<0.001),IL-8(P<0.05),IL-12(P<0.05)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)(P<0.001),and showed an inhibition of the phosphor-ylation nuclear transcription factor-kappa B(p-NF-kB)(P<0.05)and total NF-kB(P<0.001)level in the jejunal mucosa.Taken together,it is supposed that EP-Zn,to some extent,would be a potent alternative to prophylactic antibiotics in improving the health status of weaned piglets.

Optimized clinical practice for superaged patients with hip fracture:significance of damage control and enhanced recovery program

With the advent of global aging,the incidence,mortality,and medical costs of hip fracture among aged patients are increasing annually.The number of controlled clinical studies and health economics analyses that conform to evidence-based medicine principles is growing day by day.However,unfortunately,no specific recommendations regarding the procedures for the treatment of hip fracture are available.Meanwhile,the existence of both traditional treatment systems and new treatment theories means that most doctors confront difficult choices in their daily practice.These factors make the therapeutic approach for aged patients,especially among superaged patients with hip fracture,extremely challenging.This study focuses on superaged patients(>80 years as defined by the World Health Organization)with hip fracture and includes their preoperative pathological condition;therapeutic decision-making in terms of the benefit and risk ratio,damage control theory,and enhanced recovery after surgery were also investigated.These patients were discussed specifically by combining the current treatment strategies from several experts and the results of a meta-analysis published recently.The study presents some new ideas and approaches currently recognized in the field,such as preoperative assessment,surgical planning,safety consideration,complication intervention,and enhanced recovery implementation,and further presents some clear interpretations regarding misunderstandings in clinical practice.Finally,optimized treatment according to damage control principles and enhanced recovery after surgery during the perioperative period among superaged hip fracture patients is defined.

Nanoporous titanium implant surface promotes osteogenesis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis via integrin β1/FAKpY397/MAPK pathway

Macrophages and osteoclasts are both derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage,which plays as the osteoclastic part of bone metabolism.Although they are regulated by bone implant surface nanoarchitecture and involved in osseointegration,the beneath mechanism has not been simultaneously analyzed in a given surface model and their communication with osteoblasts is also blurring.Here,the effect of implant surface topography on monocyte/macrophage lineage osteoclastogenesis and the subsequent effect on osteogenesis are systematically investigated.The nanoporous surface is fabricated on titanium implant by etching and anodizing to get the nanotubes structure.The early bone formation around implant is significantly accelerated by the nanoporous surface in vivo.Meanwhile,the macrophage recruitment and osteoclast formation are increased and decreased respectively.Mechanistically,the integrin mediated FAK phosphorylation and its downstream MAPK pathway(p-p38)are significantly downregulated by the nanoporous surface,which account for the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis.In addition,the nanoporous surface can alleviate the inhibition of osteoclasts on osteogenesis by changing the secretion of clastokines,and accelerate bone regeneration by macrophage cytokine profiles.In conclusion,these data indicate that physical topography of implant surface is a critical factor modulating monocyte/macrophage lineage commitment,which provides theoretical guidance and mechanism basis for promoting osseointegration by coupling the osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis.