Research on the origin and evolution of technical management regulations for railway

Purpose–To facilitate technical managers and field workers to master and understand the provisions of Technical Management Regulations for Railway more accurately,so as to better serve the comprehensive revision of the Regulations,this paper carries out the research on the traceability and evolution of the provisions of the Regulations.Design/methodology/approach–This paper studies and analyzes the evolution of the 11th edition of the Regulations by analyzing the relevance of clauses and summarizes the historical background of the development of calendar editions of the Regulations.The basic research on the traceability and evolution of the Regulations is carried out from four aspects:the continuity of the development of the Regulations,the authority of contents,the relevance of clauses and the richness of historical materials.Findings–From the first edition of the Regulations issued by the former Ministry of Railways in 1950 to the 11th edition,there have been ten comprehensive revisions.There is a strong correlation and continuity between the calendar editions of the Regulations in terms of chapter structure and clauses.Studying the context of the terms of the Regulations is an important way to understand and master the current clauses of the Regulations.Originality/value–Through the research on the traceability and evolution of the clauses of the Regulations,one is to explore the context of the development of railway technical equipment in China,the other is to clarify the historical background when the provisions were formulated and the third is to trace the development and evolution of the provisions.The revision of the Regulations is based on an accurate grasp of the context of the provisions,which can effectively judge the possible security risks caused by the revision of the provisions and avoid the possible risks in field implementation from the source.

The chromosome-level Stevia genome provides insights into steviol glycoside biosynthesis

Stevia(Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)is well known for its very sweet steviol glycosides(SGs)consisting of a common tetracyclic diterpenoid steviol backbone and a variable glycone.Steviol glycosides are 150–300 times sweeter than sucrose and are used as natural zero-calorie sweeteners.However,the most promising compounds are biosynthesized in small amounts.Based on Illumina,PacBio,and Hi-C sequencing,we constructed a chromosome-level assembly of Stevia covering 1416 Mb with a contig N50 value of 616.85 kb and a scaffold N50 value of 106.55 Mb.More than four-fifths of the Stevia genome consisted of repetitive elements.We annotated 44,143 high-confidence protein-coding genes in the high-quality genome.Genome evolution analysis suggested that Stevia and sunflower diverged~29.4 million years ago(Mya),shortly after the whole-genome duplication(WGD)event(WGD-2,~32.1 Mya)that occurred in their common ancestor.Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the expanded genes in Stevia were mainly enriched for biosynthesis of specialized metabolites,especially biosynthesis of terpenoid backbones,and for further oxidation and glycosylation of these compounds.We further identified all candidate genes involved in SG biosynthesis.Collectively,our current findings on the Stevia reference genome will be very helpful for dissecting the evolutionary history of Stevia and for discovering novel genes contributing to SG biosynthesis and other important agronomic traits in future breeding programs.

Ferroptosis in cancer: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death characterized by the lethal accumulation of iron-dependent membranelocalized lipid peroxides.It acts as an innate tumor suppressor mechanism and participates in the biological processes of tumors.Intriguingly,mesenchymal and dedifferentiated cancer cells,which are usually resistant to apoptosis and traditional therapies,are exquisitely vulnerable to ferroptosis,further underscoring its potential as a treatment approach for cancers,especially for refractory cancers.However,the impact of ferroptosis on cancer extends beyond its direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells.Ferroptosis induction not only inhibits cancer but also promotes cancer development due to its potential negative impact on anticancer immunity.Thus,a comprehensive understanding of the role of ferroptosis in cancer is crucial for the successful translation of ferroptosis therapy from the laboratory to clinical applications.In this review,we provide an overview of the recent advancements in understanding ferroptosis in cancer,covering molecular mechanisms,biological functions,regulatory pathways,and interactions with the tumor microenvironment.We also summarize the potential applications of ferroptosis induction in immunotherapy,radiotherapy,and systemic therapy,as well as ferroptosis inhibition for cancer treatment in various conditions.We finally discuss ferroptosis markers,the current challenges and future directions of ferroptosis in the treatment of cancer.

Synchrotron radiation photoemission study on growth of gadolinium film over Ni(110)surface

The growth of Gd film on Ni(110) surfaco was studied by synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy and XPS techniques. It is revealed that in the coverage range of 0—0.22 nm Gd4f core level showed a single-peak structure, therefore Gd film grows over Ni(110) in the layer-by-layer mode. However, when Gd coverage was larger than 0.22, nm the Gd4f peak turned gradually into double-peak and a double-peak structure with 2.3 eV separation was formed at 1.51 nm, meanwhile similar phenomenon was observed in the Gd4d XPS spectra. It is suggested that the double-peak structure of Gd4f was derived from the growth of Gd film in cluster mode and the Gd atomic clusters may exhibit different electronic states from Gd metal owing to their special structures. The Gd4f double-peak evolved into a single-peak on annealing at 600 K, implying that Gd clusters are thermodynamically unstable.

Co-exposure of sulfur nanoparticles and Cu alleviate Cu stress and toxicity to oilseed rape Brassica napus L.

Experimentswere performed to explore the impact of sulfur nanoparticles(SNPs)on growth,Cu accumulation,and physiological and biochemical responses of oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)inoculated with 5 mg/L Cu-amended MS medium supplemented with or without 300 mg/L SNPs exposure.Cu exerted severe phytotoxicity and inhibited plant growth.SNPs application enhanced the shoot height,root length,and dry weight of shoot and root by 34.6%,282%,41.7%and 37.1%,respectively,over Cu treatment alone,while the shoot and root Cu contents and Cu-induced lipid perodixation as the malondialdehyde(MDA)levels in shoots and roots were decreased by 37.6%,35%,28.4%and 26.8%.Further,the increases in superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),ascorbate peroxidase(APX),glutathione reductase(GR)and glutathione S-transferase(GST)enzyme activities caused by Cu stress were mitigated in shoots(10.9%–37.1%)and roots(14.6%–35.3%)with SNPs addition.SNPs also positively counteracted the negative effects on shoot K,Ca,P,Mg,Mn,Zn and Fe contents and root K,Ca,Mg and Mn contents from Cu exposure alone,and significantly promoted the nutrients accumulation in plant.Additionally,in comparison with common bulk sulfur particles(BSPs)and sulfate,SNPs showed more positive effects on promoting growth in shoots(6.7%and 19.5%)and roots(10.9%and 15.1%),as well as lowering the shoot Cu content(40.1%and 43.3%)under Cu stress.Thus,SNPs application has potential to be a green and sustainable technology for increasing plant productivity and reducing accumulation of toxic metals in heavy metal polluted soils.