Shear-wave splitting beneath Yunnan area of Southwest China

Systematic analyses of seismic data recorded by the Yunnan regional seismograph network reveal significant crustal and upper mantle anisotropy. Splitting of the S phase of local earthquakes and teleseismic SKS, PKS, and SKKS phases indicates time-delays from 1.60 ms/km to 2.30 ms/km in the crust, and from 0.55 s to 1.65 s in the upper mantle which corresponds to an The polarization orientations of fast shear waves in direction, and the mantle anisotropy has a nearly styles and mechanisms exist between the crust and anisotropic layer with a thickness about between 55 165 km. the crust are complicated with a predominantly north-south west-east direction. Our results show different deformation upper mantle.

Shear-wave splitting in the crust:Regional compressive stress from polarizations of fast shear-waves

When propagating through anisotropic rocks in the crust, shear-waves split into faster and slower components with almost orthogonal polarizations. For nearly vertical propagation the polarization of fast shear- wave （PFS） is parallel to both the strike of the cracks and the direction of maximum horizontal stress, therefore it is possible to use PFS to study stress in the crust. This study discusses several examples in which PFS is applied to deduce the compressive stress in North China, Longmenshan fault zone of east edge of Tibetan plateau and Yunnan zone of southeast edge of Tibetan plateau, also discusses temporal variations of PFS orientations of 1999 Xiuyan earthquake sequences of northeastern China. The results are consistent to those of other independent traditional stress measurements. There is a bridge between crustal PFS and the crustal principal compressive stress although there are many unclear disturbance sources. This study suggests the PFS results could be used to deduce regional and in situ principal compressive stress in the crust only if there are enough seismic stations and enough data. At least, PFS is a useful choice in the zone where there are a large number of dense seismic stations.

Seismic relocation,focal mechanism and crustal seismic anisotropy associated with the 2010 Yushu M_S7.1 earthquake and its aftershocks

The 2010 Yushu MsT.1 earthquake occurred in Ganzi-Yushu fault, which is the south boundary of Bayan Har block. In this study, by using double difference algorithm, the locations of mainshock （33.13°N, 96.59°E, focal depth 10.22 km） and more than 600 aftershocks were obtained. The focal mechanisms of the mainshock and some aftershocks with Ms〉3.5 were estimated by jointly using broadband velocity waveforms from Global Seismic Network （GSN） and Qinghai Seismic Network as well. The focal mechanisms and relocation show that the strike of the fault plane is about 125° （WNW-ESE）, and the mainshock is left-laterally strikeslip. The parameters of shear-wave splitting were obtained at seismic stations of YUS and L6304 by systematic analysis method of shear-wave splitting （SAM） method. Based on the parameters of shear-wave splitting and focal mechanism, the characteristics of stress field in seismic source zone were analyzed. The directions of polarization at stations YUS and L6304 are different. It is concluded that after the mainshock and the Ms6.3 aftershock on April 14, the stress-field was changed.

疏水二氧化硅粉体对高温硫化硅橡胶性能的影响

采用橡胶的混炼硫化工艺,将3种疏水性纳米粉体材料二氧化硅气凝胶、疏水气相白炭黑和疏水沉淀白炭黑加入到高温硫化硅橡胶(HTV)中,对比分析了3种纳米粉体对硅橡胶物理力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,二氧化硅气凝胶对硅橡胶的力学增强作用最为显著,气凝胶硅橡胶复合材料具有极大的拉伸强度(9.52 N/mm^2)、极大的断裂伸长率(750%)、较高的撕裂强度(33.98 kN/m)、高疏水接触角(124°)、极高的硬度(70 HA)、低磨损率(0.04 g/cm^2)和极低的导热系数(0.11 W/(m·K))。

Preliminary seismic anisotropy in the upper crust of the south segment of Xiaojiang faults and its tectonic implications

The Xiaojiang faults,striking north-tosouth(NS),and the Honghe faults,striking north-to-west(NW),are first-order block boundaries that intersect to form a concentrated stress zone at an acute angle in the southern part of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block(SYB).It is also a crucial zone for material escaping from the Tibetan Plateau(TP)due to the collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate.In December 2017,the Institute of Earthquake Forecasting of the China Earthquake Administration(CEA)deployed a linear temporary seismic broadband array,the Honghe-Xiaojiang temporary Seismic Array(HX Array),across first-order block boundaries in the southern SYB.By using the waveform data of small earthquakes recorded by stations in the HX Array across Xiaojiang faults from 2017 to 2019,and by permanent seismic stations of the China National Earthquake Networks from 2012 to 2019,this paper adopts the systematic analysis method of shear-wave splitting(SWS),SAM method,to obtain preliminary results for seismic anisotropy in the upper crust.The study area can be divided into two subzones according to the spatial distribution of the directions of polarization of the fast shear-wave(PFS)at the stations:the northern zone(zone A,where the HX Array is located)and the southern zone(zone B,to the south of the HX Array).The results show that the directions of the PFS at stations in zone A were highly consistent,dominant in the NE direction,correlated with the in-situ principal compressive stress,and were seemingly unaffected by the Xiaojiang faults.The directions of the PFS as recorded at stations in zone B were more complicated,and were dominant in the NS direction parallel to that of the regional principal compressive stress.This suggests the joint influence of complex tectonics and regional stress in this narrow wedge area.By referring to the azimuthal anisotropy derived from seismic ambient noise in the southeast margin of the TP,the NS direction of the PFS in the middle and lower crust,and its EW direction in the upper mantle,this paper concludes that azimuthal anisotropy in the upper crust differed from that in the lower crust in the south segment of Xiaojiang faults,at least beneath the observation area,and azimuthal anisotropy in the crust was different from that in the upper mantle.The results support the pattern of deformation of ductile flow in the lower crust,and the decoupling between the upper and lower crusts as well as that between the crust and the mantle in the study area.The crustal directions of the PFS appeared to be independent of the Xiaojiang faults,suggesting that the influence of the South China block on the SYB passed through the Xiaojiang faults to the Yimen region.The results of this study indicate that anisotropic studies based on data on the dense temporary seismic array can yield clearer tectonic information,and reveal the complex spatial distribution of stress and deformation in the upper crust of the south segment of Xiaojiang faults.

Crustal thickness and v_P/v_S ratio in Shanxi Graben, China

Shanxi Graben is in the middle part of the North China Craton, from south to north. With the teleseismic data recorded by Regional Seismograph Networks and the temporary ZBnet-W Seismic Array around east part of Shanxi Graben, we measured the crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio beneath each station using the H-K stack of receiver functions. The observed crustal thickness shows obvious lateral variation, increasing gradually from east to west in the Shanxi Graben. Beneath the Shanxi Graben the crust is relatively thicker than both sides of the south and the north. In addition, the Vp/Vs ratio in the north of study zone is higher than that in the south. The highest Vp/Vs ratio exists in the crust of the Xinding basin and the Datong basin. Our study also suggests that high velocity ratio might result from the strong activities of the magmation and volcanism.

Electro-chemo-mechanical analysis of the effect of bending deformation on the interface of flexible solid-state battery

Flexible solid-state battery has several unique characteristics including high flexibility,easy portability,and high safety,which may have broad application prospects in new technology products such as rollup displays,power implantable medical devices,and wearable equipments.The interfacial mechanical and electrochemical problems caused by bending deformation,resulting in the battery damage and failure,are particularly interesting.Herein,a fully coupled electro-chemo-mechanical model is developed based on the actual solid-state battery structure.Concentration-dependent material parameters,stress-dependent diffusion,and potential shift are considered.According to four bending forms(k=8/mm,0/mm,-8/mm,and free),the results show that the negative curvature bending is beneficial to reducing the plastic strain during charging/discharging,while the positive curvature is detrimental.However,with respect to the electrochemical performance,the negative curvature bending creates a negative potential shift,which causes the battery to reach the cut-off voltage earlier and results in capacity loss.These results enlighten us that suitable electrode materials and charging strategy can be tailored to reduce plastic deformation and improve battery capacity for different forms of battery bending.

Receiver function structures beneath the Haiyuan fault on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau

We performed a receiver function analysis on teleseismic data recorded along two dense seismic profiles and from 4 broadband regional seismic stations across the northeastern Tibetan plateau.The crustal thickness and vP/vS ratio were measured by the H-κdomain search algorithm.The Moho discontinuity across the Haiyuan arc fault zone was also revealed by common conversion point(CCP)imaging.Our study results show that the crustal thickness and the vP/vS ratio were 42–56 km and 1.60–1.88,respectively.The crustal thickening on the northeastern margin indicates that the crust is shortening or that there was a superimposition of crusts during the collision of the Tibetan plateau with Eurasian block.Our results suggest that Haiyuan fault likely resulted from the interactions of high temperature and pressure conditions during the collision of the Indian and Asian continents.The Moho beneath the Haiyuan tectonic region exhibits an obvious offset and a vague discontinuity according to CCP imaging.This study suggests that the Haiyuan arc fault zone is a trans-crustal fault that cuts through the Moho in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Moreover,there are indications of strong deformation in the intensive crustal extrusion from the interior of the Tibetan Plateau to its northeastern margin.

青藏高原东缘地震各向异性、应力及汶川地震影响

使用国家地震台网固定台站和区域流动地震台站资料,通过对最长达18年记录开展的剪切波分裂分析,得到青藏高原东缘构造域(包括龙门山断裂带)的上地壳各向异性空间分布和时间变化特征.通过快剪切波(快波)偏振和慢剪切波(慢波)时间延迟参数,获得了快波偏振的分区分布特征和汶川地震前后不同分区统计特征的时间变化.剪切波分裂参数受到应力场和断裂构造的影响,块体边界或断裂附近的快波偏振特征比块体内部更为复杂,导致一些分区显示两个优势方向.在汶川MS8.0地震前后,可以观察到一些台站或区域的剪切波分裂参数的变化,既有快波偏振方向的改变,也有慢波时间延迟的变化.地震前后有明显变化的台站,基本符合两种情况:一是震中距较近;二是处于大的断裂或构造边界附近.研究发现,汶川地震前后,龙门山断裂带区域的慢波时间延迟的降幅显著大于周边区域;龙门山断裂带北段的慢波时间延迟降幅,大于龙门山断裂带中段,大于龙门山断裂带南端与鲜水河断裂、安宁河断裂的交汇区,这反映了地壳应力及介质物性状态的变化.通过分析剪切波分裂参数,推断出龙门山断裂带域及周边区域的主压应力分布.本文同时还分析了芦山地震前后剪切波分裂特征的变化.研究认为,利用地震剪切波特性监测应力变化,进而可应用于地震应力预测研究.需要注意是,不同的构造部位对应力变化有不同的响应.

华南地壳结构与构造边界特征:来自地震背景噪声和重力联合成像模型的约束

查明华南板块的地壳精细结构,厘清不同块体的地壳物质属性和构造边界特征,对研究华南成矿带的深部动力学成因以及华南板块的形成演化具有重要意义.随着新方法的发展和对多类型数据的深入挖掘,对壳内精细结构的分辨率逐渐提高,有鉴于此,本研究通过收集华南地区地震台站的波形数据,利用背景噪声面波和布格重力异常联合反演华南板块的地壳S波速度结构.结果表明:联合反演模型获取的布格重力异常与观测重力值拟合较好,印证了新方法的可靠性;上地壳内主要沉积盆地呈现明显的低速特征,地壳厚度由西到东呈现减薄的趋势,且在中地壳内,江南造山带南段的地壳结构呈现北东向的高低速带状穿插分布,在南北重力梯度带和江山-绍兴-萍乡-永州一线存在“蘑菇云”形状的中地壳隆升;随着深度的增加,在21~30 km下地壳,速度的横向变化不再与地壳浅层主要构造相对应,整个区域的速度分布呈现东高西低的趋势,且随着深度的增加这一特征越发明显;在30~40 km深度上,速度变化的东西分界与南北的布格重力异常梯度带近似重合.据此推测,江南造山带与扬子和华夏地块的构造边界分别沿着九江-常德-吉首-铜仁-百色一线和江山-绍兴-萍乡-永州-柳州-钦州一线;区域构造演化的动力学模型显示,扬子地块不断地为江南造山带西翼的北西向逆冲推覆提供驱动力,联合反演获取的地壳结构模型为探讨印支、扬子和华夏地块碰撞拼合的深部动力学过程以及区域成矿作用提供了重要约束.

Quasi-waveform seismic tomography of crustal structures in the capital circle region of China

Seismic tomography is one of the main tools to explore the interior of the earth.In this study,the quasi-waveform seismic tomographic method is used for the first time to reveal the crustal structures in the capital region of China.3-D highresolution V_P,V_S and the Poisson’s ratio models are generated by inverting 29839 direct P-and 29972 direct S-wave traveltimes selected from 3231 local earthquakes.The results reveal strong crustal heterogeneities.The velocity anomalies at shallow depths are well consistent with surface geologic structures.The relatively low-velocity anomaly layer in the middle crust may be the result of multiple phases of tectonic activity.Earthquakes generally occurred on the boundaries of high-and low-velocity and Poisson’s ratio anomalies.There are obvious low-velocity anomalies below the hypocenters of the Tangshan earthquake and the historical Sanhe-Pinggu earthquake,implying the existence of fluids.The similar velocity structures around the hypocenters of the two earthquakes indicate that the occurrences of the two earthquakes may be related to the same mechanism.The highresolution velocity models provide important observational constraints on the small-scale heterogeneities and dynamic mechanism of the crust in the capital region of China.