Research Advances in Infectious Mononucleosis Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus

Infectious mononucleosis (IM), primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), manifests as the classic triad of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Severe cases may involve organ damage, most commonly affecting the liver. Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical presentation and laboratory parameters, with commonly used indicators including EBV-specific antibodies, EBV-DNA load, and the ratio of atypical lymphocytes. Treatment primarily involves symptomatic supportive care, with a cautious approach to the routine use of antiviral medications. In recent years, significant research in traditional Chinese medicine has been conducted in China, showing promising advancements. This article provides a comprehensive review of EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis, offering insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

羟基积雪草苷通过激活Nrf2-HO-1通路发挥抗衰老及皮肤修复作用

考察羟基积雪草苷(MA)对D-半乳糖诱导的皮肤衰老小鼠的抗衰老及皮肤修复作用。将小鼠分为6组(n=12):正常组(N)、模型组(M)、低、中、高剂量MA组(L-MA,M-MA,H-MA)和高剂量MA+Nrf2抑制剂ML385组(H-MA+ML385)。分别检测了各组小鼠的体重、皮肤含水量、皮肤组织中的抗氧化指标(SOD、CAT、GSH-Px和MDA)、HYP和HA水平。采用HE染色评价了小鼠皮肤组织结构。通过RT-qPCR检测了小鼠皮肤组织中MMP-1、MMP-3、Nrf2、Keap1和HO-1的转录水平。通过Western blotting检测了小鼠皮肤组织中Nrf2、Keap1和HO-1的蛋白表达水平。结果显示,与M组比较,L-MA组、M-MA组和H-MA组小鼠皮肤含水量升高,表皮和真皮厚度增加,皮肤结构明显改善,SOD、CAT和GSH-Px水平升高,MDA水平降低,HYP和HA水平升高,MMP-1和MMP-3 mRNA相对表达量降低,Nrf2和HO-1的mRNA和蛋白相对表达量升高,Keap1 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量降低(P<0.05)。ML385部分减弱了MA对Nrf2-HO-1通路的激活效果,并减弱了MA的抗衰老和皮肤修复作用(P<0.05)。本研究表明,MA具有良好的抗衰老和皮肤修复作用,其机制与激活Nrf2-HO-1通路有关。

富砷湖滨湿地底泥细菌群落结构及多样性对水位变化的响应

为探究富砷底质下高原湖滨湿地底泥微生物群落对水位变化的响应特征,本研究以室内模拟实验的方式,探讨不同水位条件对富砷湖滨湿地底泥细菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明,细菌丰度、多样性与水位高低具有显著相关性,细菌丰度由多到少排序为:高水位>中水位>无水位,即水位越高,细菌丰度越高,细菌群落多样性则表现为高水位条件下较高;在细菌群落结构中,门水平分类上的5种优势细菌分别为变形菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门,各优势菌门对水位条件的响应表现出多样性的特征;纲水平分类上,γ-变形菌纲为优势菌纲,其在不同水位条件下的变化趋势同变形菌门完全一致;在不同水位条件下,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、土壤有机碳(SOC)以及硝氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)含量对底泥中细菌群落的影响显著,其中,总氮(TN)、土壤有机碳(SOC)、硝氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)对细菌优势群落影响最为显著且呈现出多样性的特征。水位条件对富砷湖滨湿地底泥中细菌群落结构及多样性具有显著影响,该结果可用于进一步发掘细菌群落与环境之间的潜在关系,为高原湖滨湿地的污染防控和治理提供科学依据。

基于深度学习理念的普通高中计算思维培养教学实践

信息时代对青少年的信息知识储备与信息应用能力都提出更高的要求。通俗来讲,计算思维是青少年适应信息化社会的复合型心智工具。然而,如何有效培养计算思维是中小学教师群体面临的教学困境。以深度学习为理论基础,以“大单元”为设计思想,关注教学设计要素之间的互动与协调,从学习目标的选择、学习单元的设计、学习任务的构思、学习评价的嵌入四个方面展开论述,构建出面向计算思维的教学设计模型。课堂实践表明,学生表现出良好的学习主动性和课堂活跃度,应用计算思维进行问题解决的思路更加流畅。

The transcription factor SlHY5 regulates the ripening of tomato fruit at both the transcriptional and translational levels

Light plays a critical role in plant growth and development,but the mechanisms through which light regulates fruit ripening and nutritional quality in horticultural crops remain largely unknown.Here,we found that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5(HY5),a master regulator in the light signaling pathway,is required for normal fruit ripening in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum).Loss of function of tomato HY5(SlHY5)impairs pigment accumulation and ethylene biosynthesis.Transcriptome profiling identified 2948 differentially expressed genes,which included 1424 downregulated and 1524 upregulated genes,in the Slhy5 mutants.In addition,genes involved in carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis and ethylene signaling were revealed as direct targets of SlHY5 by chromatin immunoprecipitation.Surprisingly,the expression of a large proportion of genes encoding ribosomal proteins was downregulated in the Slhy5 mutants,and this downregulation pattern was accompanied by a decrease in the abundance of ribosomal proteins.Further analysis demonstrated that SlHY5 affected the translation efficiency of numerous ripening-related genes.These data indicate that SlHY5 regulates fruit ripening both at the transcriptional level by targeting specific molecular pathways and at the translational level by affecting the protein translation machinery.Our findings unravel the regulatory mechanisms of SlHY5 in controlling fruit ripening and nutritional quality and uncover the multifaceted regulation of gene expression by transcription factors.

Economic evaluation of cervical cancer screening strategies in urban China

Objective:This study evaluated the feasibility of different cervical cancer screening strategies in urban China.Methods:A Markov model was constructed to simulate a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 females aged 30-59 years in a 20-year period.Screening strategies included liquid-based cytology(LBC)every three years,human papillomavirus(HPV)DNA testing every three and five years,respectively,and a combination of HPV DNA testing and LBC(HPV+LBC)every three and five years,respectively.Model outcomes included cumulative incidence over 20 years,cumulative risk of cervical cancer,costs,life year saved(LYS),quality-adjusted life years(QALYs)and benefits.The cost-effectiveness ratios(CERs),incremental cost-effectiveness ratios(ICERs),costutility ratios(CURs),and benefit-cost ratios(BCRs)were used as outcomes in the health economic evaluation analysis.Univariate sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the stability of the results.Results:The cumulative incidence of the five screening strategies ranged from 833.02 to 1,158.07 cases per100,000 females.HPV DNA testing was most effective in reducing the cumulative risk of cervical cancer,saving life years and QALYs and gaining benefits.The CERs of HPV DNA testing every three and five years,and LBC every three years were considered to be very cost-effective if they were below China's GDP per capita.The CERs of HPV+LBC were considered to be cost-effective if they were below three times GDP per capita.The incremental cost-effectiveness analysis showed that HPV DNA testing every three and five years,LBC every three years and HPV+LBC every five years were dominant strategies.Conclusions:The findings of this study indicated that HPV DNA testing every five years or LBC every three years should be recommended in urban China.

Effects of the transverse electric field on nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge in atmospheric airflow

In this paper,an asymmetric electrode geometry(the misalignment between the ends of highvoltage and grounded electrodes)is proposed in order to investigate the effects of the transverse electric field on nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge(DBD).The results show that diffuse discharge manifests in the misaligned region and the micro-discharge channel in the aligned region moves directionally.Moreover,the diffuse discharge area increases with the decrease of the discharge gap and pulse repetition frequency,which is consistent with the variation of the moving velocity of the micro-discharge channel.When airflow is introduced into the discharge gap in the same direction as the transverse electric field,the dense filamentary discharge region at the airflow inlet of asymmetric electrode geometry is larger than that of symmetric electrode geometry.However,when the direction of the airflow is opposite to that of the transverse electric field,the dense filamentary discharge region of asymmetric electrode geometry is reduced.The above phenomena are mainly attributed to the redistribution of the space charges induced by the transverse electric field.

Speed Regulation Method Using Genetic Algorithm for Dual Three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Dual three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(DTP-PMSM)is a nonlinear,strongly coupled,high-order multivariable system.In today’s application scenarios,it is difficult for traditional PI controllers to meet the requirements of fast response,high accuracy and good robustness.In order to improve the performance of DTP-PMSM speed regulation system,a control strategy of PI controller based on genetic algorithm is proposed.Firstly,the basic mathematical model of DTP-PMSM is established,and the PI parameters of DTP-PMSM speed regulation system are optimized by genetic algorithm,and the modeling and simulation experiments of DTP-PMSM control system are carried out by MATLAB/SIMULINK.The simulation results show that,compared with the traditional PI control,the proposed algorithm significantly improves the performance of the control system,and the speed output overshoot of the GA-PI speed control system is smaller.The anti-interference ability is stronger,and the torque and double three-phase current output fluctuations are smaller.

<i>In Vitro</i>Mass Scale Propagation of Wild <i>Cymbidium lowianum</i>with a Rare and Endangered Plant

The wild Cymbidium lowianum, a national-level rare and endangered species of Orchid, is an excellent garden plant with ornamental flowers with striking, deep red lips in a V-shaped formation. The objective of this study was to establish a micropropagation protocol system via immature seeds of wild Cymbidium lowianum, evaluate the Murashige and Skoog (MS), half-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS) medium, 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), a-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), organic additions activated charcoal (AC) and banana pulp (BP) effects on the different morphogenesis (seed germination, multiple shoot and rooting) in vitro. The optimal combination for the germination of seed was 1.0 mg·L-1 BA with 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA in 1/2 MS, and addition 0.3%AC, which resulted in 95% seed germination in 90 days. The best formulation for multiple shoot was 1/2 MS medium containing 2.5 mg·L-1 BA, 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA and addition 8% BP in which produced 19.8 shoots per protocorm in 60 days. Multiple shoots were cut and rooted in 1/2 MS supplemented with 1.5 mg·L-1 NAA,0.1 mg·L-1 BA and 0.3% AC, roots initiated 20 days after culture, the rooting percentages reached to 100%, in which 4.7 per shoot produced roots in 60 days. The survival rate of plantlet was up to 92% in moss after 30 days. This finding reveals that it is possible to obtain in vitro culture of Cymbidium lowianum using immature seeds in asymbiotic culture.

Targeting miRNAs in Osteoblast Differentiation under Malnutrition Conditions

Aims: Previous studies reported that reduced bone formation was identified in fasting adult female mice compared with the ad libitum control group. An increasing number of studies have shown that miRNAs contribute to bone homeostasis. Unfortunately, there are minor concerns about the underlying mechanisms in osteoblastic differentiation under malnutrition conditions. Methods: We investigated microRNAs (miRNAs) in osteoblastic differentiation under malnutrition conditions using high-throughput bioinformatics approaches. To screen for targeted microRNAs, sequences were quantified by aligning reads to miRbase using miRDeep2 software. Unadjusted p-values were calculated using the Student’s t-test. Genes with a p-value of <0.05 and log 2FC (fold change) ≥ 1 were considered differentially expressed genes (DEGs). DEGs were submitted to Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, respectively. Results: They were mainly enriched in biological process terms type and biological pathways, respectively. Particularly, we evaluated seven microRNAs, mir-494 3p, mir-466, mir-455, mir-708, mir-298, mir-92 and mir-224, which likely play roles in osteoblastogenesis in fasting adult mice. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study on the expression pattern of miRNA in osteoblasts of malnourished adult mice. These targeting miRNAs may provide a potential therapeutic approach to treat osteoporosis.

Construction of Zebrafish Mutants of CNTF Gene Using CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Technology

Background: The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD), a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is projected to increase twofold by 2030. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most commonly observed gene in both familial and sporadic PD cases. Notably, there is a substantial augmentation in motor activity during both larval and adult stages of zebrafish lacking the lrrk2 gene. Nevertheless, the precise genetic abnormalities accountable for eliciting these phenotypes in zebrafish are yet to be elucidated. Methods: Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted on zebrafish larvae at 6 days post fertilization (dpf) belonging to both the wild-type and lrk2(-/-) groups. Guide RNA was designed and subsequently employed in the PCR process. Electrophoresis was performed to facilitate identification. Results: The expression of CNTF mRNA was significantly diminished in lrrk2(-/-), in comparison to the wildtype zebrafish larvae. This finding implies that CNTF may have crucial implications in the regulated functioning of lrrk2, which is widely acknowledged as the predominant genetic factor contributing to hereditary PD. The primers for CNTF DNA were meticulously designed, and the electrophoresis results of the PCR product were subsequently presented. The wild type zebrafish embryos were meticulously prepared for micro-injection, and the resulting efficiency identification displayed the presence of the mutant PCR product, which exhibited the presence of several debris. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the successful generation of CNTF mutant zebrafish using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique. Further investigations are necessary to deepen our understanding of the exogenous CNTF gene’s functionality.

以微生物群为导向的食物干预在营养不良患儿中的研究进展

保持肠道微生物的稳态对维持人体健康至关重要。人体肠道微生物的演变参与诸多的生理功能,生命早期肠道微生物群就开始出现变化。婴幼儿的营养不良发病率居高不下,尤其在中低收入国家。越来越多研究证实,肠道微生物群的发育不成熟及其代谢物异常与营养不良有关。营养饮食是影响肠道微生物群的最主要因素,已有研究开始致力于评估以微生物群为导向的食物干预,在改善婴幼儿营养不良中的潜在治疗价值。因此,该文总结了该领域的最新进展,以期寻找新的婴幼儿营养不良治疗手段。

气候暖湿化对高寒草甸土壤线虫群落的短期影响

20世纪80年代后期青藏高原进入暖湿时期,为探明青藏高原东缘气候暖湿化对高寒草甸土壤线虫群落的影响,2020年5月作者在四川西北阿坝藏族羌族自治州红原县境内设置了对照(CK)、增水50%(P50)、增温2℃(T2)、增水50%增温2℃(P50+T2)4种处理。2022年9月,对各处理样地的线虫群落组成、密度、多样性和营养类群,以及植物群落盖度、物种数、土壤理化性质进行调查。采用单因素方差分析和t-检验比较不同处理对土壤线虫群落的影响,并用冗余分析和相关性分析探索线虫群落与土壤理化性质和植物群落特征之间的关系。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,P50处理中线虫群落密度和多样性增加,但不显著;T2处理中螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)、类双胃属(Diplogsteroides)等37个属消失,群落密度、类群数和Shannon多样性显著降低,优势度显著增加;P50+T2处理中0–10 cm和10–20 cm土层的线虫密度分别显著增加和降低;(2)P50处理使0–10 cm土层的食真菌线虫、植物寄生线虫和捕食-杂食线虫密度增加,食细菌线虫密度下降;T2处理使0–10cm土层各营养类群密度均下降,但植物寄生线虫和捕食-杂食线虫下降幅度大于食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫,使食细菌线虫和食真菌线虫的相对密度增加;P50+T2处理使0–10 cm土层食真菌线虫密度显著提高,10–20 cm土层食细菌线虫和植物寄生线虫密度显著降低;(3)线虫群落密度和多样性均与土壤湿度和植物盖度呈正相关,与硝态氮呈负相关。以上研究结果表明,不同类群线虫对水热变化的响应存在差异,增温对高寒草甸表层土壤线虫群落密度和多样性不利,而增水及水热同步增加有利于提高线虫群落密度。

Precise mode control of laser-written waveguides for broadband,low-dispersion 3D integrated optics

Three-dimensional(3D)glass chips are promising waveguide platforms for building hybrid 3D photonic circuits due to their 3D topological capabilities,large transparent windows,and low coupling dispersion.At present,the key challenge in scaling down a benchtop optical system to a glass chip is the lack of precise methods for controlling the mode field and optical coupling of 3D waveguide circuits.Here,we propose an overlap-controlled multi-scan(OCMS)method based on laser-direct lithography that allows customizing the refractive index profile of 3D waveguides with high spatial precision in a variety of glasses.On the basis of this method,we achieve variable mode-field distribution,robust and broadband coupling,and thereby demonstrate dispersionless LP21-mode conversion of supercontinuum pulses with the largest deviation of<0.1 dB in coupling ratios on 210 nm broadband.This approach provides a route to achieve ultra-broadband and low-dispersion coupling in 3D photonic circuits,with overwhelming advantages over conventional planar waveguide-optic platforms for on-chip transmission and manipulation of ultrashort laser pulses and broadband supercontinuum.

Life’s Essential 8 and risk of non-communicable chronic diseases:Outcome-wide analyses

Background:Life’s Simple 7,the former construct of cardiovascular health(CVH)has been used to evaluate adverse non-communicable chronic diseases(NCDs).However,some flaws have been recognized in recent years and Life’s Essential 8 has been established.In this study,we aimed to analyze the association between CVH defined by Life’s Essential 8 and risk of 44 common NCDs and further estimate the population attributable fractions(PAFs)of low-moderate CVH scores in the 44 NCDs.Methods:In the UK Biobank,170,726 participants free of 44 common NCDs at baseline were included.The Life’s Essential 8 composite measure consists of four health behaviours(diet,physical activity,nicotine exposure,and sleep)and four health factors(body mass index,non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol,blood glucose,and blood pressure),and the maximum CVH score was 100 points.CVH score was categorized into low,moderate,and high groups.Participants were followed up for 44 NCDs diagnosis across 10 human system disorders according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th edition(ICD-10)code using linkage to national health records until 2022.Cox proportional hazard models were used in this study.The hazard ratios(HRs)and PAFs of 44 NCDs associated with CVH score were examined.Results:During the median follow-up of 10.85 years,58,889 incident NCD cases were documented.Significant linear dose-response associations were found between higher CVH score and lower risk of 25(56.8%)of 44 NCDs.Low-moderate CVH(<80 points)score accounted for the largest proportion of incident cases in diabetes(PAF:80.3%),followed by gout(59.6%),sleep disorder(55.6%),chronic liver disease(45.9%),chronic kidney disease(40.9%),ischemic heart disease(40.8%),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(40.0%),endometrium cancer(35.8%),lung cancer(34.0%),and heart failure(34.0%)as the top 10.Among the eight modifiable factors,overweight/obesity explained the largest number of cases of incident NCDs in endocrine,nutritional,and metabolic diseases(35.4%),digestive system disorders(21.4%),mental and behavioral disorders(12.6%),and cancer(10.3%);however,the PAF of ideal sleep duration ranked first in nervous system(27.5%)and neuropsychiatric disorders(9.9%).Conclusions:Improving CVH score based on Life’s Essential 8 may lower risk of 25 common NCDs.Among CVH metrics,avoiding overweight/obesity may be especially important to prevent new cases of metabolic diseases,NCDs in digestive system,mental and behavioral disorders,and cancer.

Birth weight,ideal cardiovascular health metrics in adulthood,and incident cardiovascular disease

Background:Prenatal and postnatal factors may have joint effects on cardiovascular health,and we aimed to assess the joint association of birth weight and ideal cardiovascular health metrics(ICVHMs)prospectively in adulthood with incident cardiovascular disease(CVD).Methods:In the UK Biobank,227,833 participants with data on ICVHM components and birth weight and without CVD at baseline were included.The ICVHMs included smoking,body mass index,physical activity,diet information,total cholesterol,blood pressure,and hemoglobin A1c.The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios(HRs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)in men and women.Results:Over a median follow-up period of 13.0 years(2,831,236 person-years),we documented 17,477 patients with incident CVD.Compared with participants with birth weights of 2.5-4.0 kg,the HRs(95%CIs)of CVD among those with low birth weights was 1.08(1.00-1.16)in men and 1.23(1.16-1.31)in women.The association between having a birth weight<2.5 kg and CVD risk in men was more prominent for those aged<50 years than for those of older age(P for interaction=0.026).Lower birth weight and non-ideal cardiovascular health metrics were jointly related to an increased risk of CVD.Participants with birth weights<2.5 kg and ICVHMs score 0-1 had the highest risk of incident CVD(HR[95%CI]:3.93[3.01-5.13]in men;4.24[3.33-5.40]in women).The joint effect(HR[95%CI]:1.36[1.17-1.58])could be decomposed into 24.7%(95%CI:15.0%-34.4%)for a lower birth weight,64.7%(95%CI:56.7%-72.6%)for a lower ICVHM score,and 10.6%(95%CI:2.7%-18.6%)for their additive interaction in women.Conclusions:Birth weight and ICVHMs were jointly related to CVD risk.Attaining a normal birth weight and ideal ICVHMs may reduce the risk of CVD,and a simultaneous improvement of both prenatal and postnatal factors could further prevent additional cases in women.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D,genetic susceptibility,and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes:A prospective cohort in East China

Background:The serum vitamin D level varies widely by population,and studies have linked vitamin D levels with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).However,the relationship is inconsistent and the impact of vitamin D on T2DM among East Chinese adults is unclear.The study aimed to investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25[OH]D)levels and the risk of T2DM and evaluated whether the association is modified by genetic predisposition.Methods:In the Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors(SPECT-China)cohort,1862 participants free of T2DM at baseline were included.A weighted genetic risk score was calculated with 28 variants associated with T2DM.Hierarchical logistic models were used to examine the association of serum 25(OH)D and genetic risk with T2DM.Results:After a 5-year follow-up,132 cases of T2DM were documented.We observed no significant association between quartiles of serum 25(OH)D and T2DM risk after multivariable adjustment(χ^(2)=0.571,P_(for trend)=0.426).Compared to those in the lowest quartile of 25(OH)D,the odds ratios(ORs)(95%confidence interval[CI])for participants with increased quartiles were 1.29(0.74-2.25),1.35(0.77-2.36),and 1.27(0.72-2.24),respectively.We observed a positive association of glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)with 25(OH)D at baseline(β=1.752,P=0.001)and after follow-up(β=1.385,P=0.003),and a negative association of ln conversion homeostasis model assessment(HOMA)-βwith 25(OH)D at baseline(β=-0.982,P=0.021).There was no significant interaction between 25(OH)D and diabetes genetic predisposition on the risk of T2DM(χ^(2)=2.710,P_(for interaction)=0.100).The lowest OR(95%CI)of T2DM was among participants with low genetic risk and the highest quartile of 25(OH)D(0.17[0.05-0.62]).Conclusion:Serum 25(OH)D may be irrelevant to the risk of incident T2DM among East Chinese adults regardless of genetic predisposition.

Photoinduced generation of alkyl and phthalimide nitrogen radicals from N-hydroxyphthalimide esters for the synthesis of benzophenone-type bioisosteres

N-Hydroxyphthalimide(NHPI)esters have emerged as powerful sources of alkyl radicals generated by single-electron transfer,but homolysis of NHPI ester to produce an alkyl radical and a phthalimide nitrogen radical is still in its infancy.In this study,we developed a light-induced method for generation of alkyl and phthalimide nitrogen radicals from NHPI esters and subsequent reactions of the radicals with[1.1.1]propellane and aryl aldehydes for rapid generation of bicycle[1.1.1]pentane ketones.This method does not require metals or photosensitizers,features a broad substrate scope(90 examples)and excellent functional group tolerance,and can be used for the functionalization of structurally complex natural products and drugs.Mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction involves photoinduced homolytic cleavage of the Cs_(2)CO_(3)-NHPI ester complex to produce alkyl and phthalimide nitrogen radicals and subsequent hydrogen atom transfer between the phthalimide nitrogen radical and the aldehyde to generate an acyl radical.

A review on the developments and space applications of mid- and long-wavelength infrared detection technologies

Mid-wavelength infrared(MWIR)detection and long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)detection constitute the key technologies for space-based Earth observation and astronomical detection.The advanced ability of infrared(IR)detection technology to penetrate the atmosphere and identify the camouflaged targets makes it excellent for space-based remote sensing.Thus,such detectors play an essential role in detecting and tracking low-temperature and far-distance moving targets.However,due to the diverse scenarios in which space-based IR detection systems are built,the key parameters of IR technologies are subject to unique demands.We review the developments and features of MWIR and LWIR detectors with a particular focus on their applications in space-based detection.We conduct a comprehensive analysis of key performance indicators for IR detection systems,including the ground sampling distance(GSD),operation range,and noise equivalent temperature difference(NETD)among others,and their interconnections with IR detector parameters.Additionally,the influences of pixel distance,focal plane array size,and operation temperature of space-based IR remote sensing are evaluated.The development requirements and technical challenges of MWIR and LWIR detection systems are also identified to achieve high-quality space-based observation platforms.

公司法规范变革的六大重要视角

引言公司的组建和运营,其复杂程度绝不亚于国家或政府的组建和运行,而良好运行的公司将惠及投资者和全社会。1为消除公司争讼导致的公司生活梗阻现象,降低投资与交易成本,维护投资与交易安全,构建和恢复和谐的公司秩序,推动公司制度与资本制度的发展,现代公司法治必须建立健全公正透明、畅通快捷的公司争讼解决机制。