Toward innovative veterinary nanoparticle vaccines

Nanoparticles are significant for veterinary vaccine development because they are safer and more effective than conventional formulations.One promising area of research involves self-assembled protein nanoparticles(SAPNs),which have shown potential for enhancing antigen-presenting cell uptake,B-cell activation,and lymph node trafficking.Numerous nanovaccines have been utilized in veterinary medicine,including natural self-assembled protein nanoparticles,rationally designed self-assembled protein nanoparticles,animal virus-derived nanoparticles,bacteriophagederived nanoparticles,and plant-derived nanoparticles,which will be discussed in this review.SAPN vaccines can produce robust cellular and humoral immune responses and have been shown to protect against various animal infectious diseases.This article attempts to summarize these diverse nanovaccine types and their recent research progress in the field of veterinary medicine.Furthermore,this paper highlights their disadvantages and methods for improving their immunogenicity.

The truncated form of fagellin (tFlic) provides the 2dCap subunit vaccine with better immunogenicity and protective efects in mice

Porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2)is the main causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases,and it causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry each year.It is crucial to develop an efective vaccine against the circulating strain PCV2d,which is prone to substantial degrees of mutation.In this study,a truncated form of fagellin(tFlic:85-111 aa)was inserted into the C-terminal sequence of 2dCap,and Western blotting results showed that recombinant Cap-tFlic VLPs were successfully expressed.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and dynamic light scattering(DLS)data indicated that purifed recombinant Cap-tFlic fusion proteins existed in the form of polymers and that tFlic could not afect the formation and internalization of VLPs.Integrated Cap-tFlic VLPs induced the expression of antigen presentation-related factors(MHC-II and CD86)by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells(BM-DCs),and the expression of TLR5-related factors(TNF-α)was dramatically elevated.Mice intramuscularly immunized with Cap-tFlic VLPs exhibited signifcantly higher levels of Cap-specifc antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than mice immunized with wild-type Cap VLPs.The data obtained in the current study indicate that Cap-tFlic may be a candidate for a subunit vaccine against PCV2 in the future.

南疆枸杞木虱发生规律及绿色防控技术研究

随着农业供给侧结构性改革纵深发展,近几年南疆各地枸杞种植面积持续增加,枸杞木虱危害不断加重。枸杞木虱一年发生5代,中后期各种虫态均共存。南疆枸杞木虱3代中期与4代前期叠加,4代末期与5代前中期叠加,形成两次超高峰,引起7月中下旬与9月中下旬两次叶片全部枯死脱落。木虱在南疆全年危害大,繁殖力强,世代重叠严重,发生量大,呈爆发成灾局势,防治不力会造成毁灭性的危害。笔者通过绿色防控与统防统治相融合、科学合理用药、大面积防治等措施减弱木虱迁飞危害,减少化学农药使用量,为零残留、绿色生态枸杞产业发展提供技术保障。

Reconstruction of energy spectrum of runaway electrons in nanosecond-pulse discharges in atmospheric air

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the runaway electron spectrum with a gas diode composed of a rough spherical cathode and plane anode under the excitation of a nanosecond-pulse generator in atmospheric air.The runaway electron beams are measured by a collector covered with aluminum foil with a thickness from 0μm(mesh grid)to 50μm.The energy spectrum is calculated by an improved Tikhonov regularization called the maximum entropy method.The experimental results show that the transition state of the discharge consisted of multiple streamer channels stretched from the cathode with glow-like plasma uniformly distributed over the anode.The number of runaway electrons measured by the collector is in the order of 1010 in atmospheric pressure air with a gap spacing of 5 mm and applied voltages of70–130 kV.The cathode with a rough surface creates a more inhomogeneous electric field and larger emission site for the runaway electrons around the cathode,providing conditions for the coexistence of filamentary streamer and diffuse discharge.The reconstructed spectra show that the energy distribution of the runaway electrons presents a single-peak profile with energies from eU_(m/2)–2 eU_(m/3)(U_(m)is maximal voltage across the gap).

Key Techniques of Stereoscopic and Efficient Cultivation of Strawberry in Southern Xinjiang

Strawberry is rich in nutrition,which is the only fresh fruit in winter in southern Xinjiang,with good prospect of stereoscopic cultivation.In this paper,the key techniques such as stereoscopic cultivation pattern,the combination of different modes,the substrate of strawberry cultivation,the drip irrigation system,the formula of nutrient solution,the selection of varieties,the propagation of seed and seedling,the induction of flower buds,the planting and management of plants,and the green control of diseases and insect pests are introduced,and greenhouse space and solar energy are fully used to maximize the economic and social benefits of strawberry farming combined with tourism.The results will further promote the quality and efficiency of strawberry industry in southern Xinjiang,and provide a reference for strawberry growers.

Graphene enhances artemisinin production in the traditional medicinal plant Artemisia annua via dynamic physiological processes and miRNA regulation

We investigated the effects of graphene on the model herb Artemisia annua,which is renowned for produc-ing artemisinin,a widely used pharmacological compound.Seedling growth and biomass were promoted when A.annua was cultivated with low concentrations of graphene,an effect which was attributed to a 1.4-fold increase in nitrogen uptake,a 15%–22%increase in chlorophyllfluorescence,and greater abun-dance of carbon cycling–related bacteria.Exposure to 10 or 20 mg/L graphene resulted in a�60%increase in H2O2,and graphene could act as a catalyst accelerator,leading to a 9-fold increase in catalase(CAT)ac-tivity in vitro and thereby maintaining reactive oxygen species(ROS)homeostasis.Importantly,graphene exposure led to an 80%increase in the density of glandular secreting trichomes(GSTs),in which artemisinin is biosynthesized and stored.This contributed to a 5%increase in artemisinin content inmature leaves.Inter-estingly,expression of miR828 was reduced by both graphene and H2O2 treatments,resulting in induction of its target gene AaMYB17,a positive regulator of GST initiation.Subsequent molecular and genetic assays showed that graphene-induced H2O2 inhibits micro-RNA(miRNA)biogenesis through Dicers and regulates the miR828–AaMYB17 module,thus affecting GST density.Our results suggest that graphene may contribute to yield improvement in A.annua via dynamic physiological processes together with miRNA regulation,and it may thus represent a new cultivation strategy for increasing yield capacity through nanobiotechnology.