A Review of Anode Materials for Dual‑Ion Batteries

Distinct from"rockingchair"lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),the unique anionic intercalation chemistry on the cathode side of dual-ion batteries(DIBs)endows them with intrinsic advantages of low cost,high voltage,and ecofriendly,which is attracting widespread attention,and is expected to achieve the next generation of large-scale energy storage applications.Although the electrochemical reactions on the anode side of DIBs are similar to that of LIBs,in fact,to match the rapid insertion kinetics of anions on the cathode side and consider the compatibility with electrolyte system which also serves as an active material,the anode materials play a very important role,and there is an urgent demand for rational structural design and performance optimization.A review and summarization of previous studies will facilitate the exploration and optimization of DIBs in the future.Here,we summarize the development process and working mechanism of DIBs and exhaustively categorize the latest research of DIBs anode materials and their applications in different battery systems.Moreover,the structural design,reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance of anode materials are briefly discussed.Finally,the fundamental challenges,potential strategies and perspectives are also put forward.It is hoped that this review could shed some light for researchers to explore more superior anode materials and advanced systems to further promote the development of DIBs.

Regulating^(*)COOH intermediate via amino alkylation engineering for exceptionally effective photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction

Photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2) into fuel represents a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality,while realizing high selectivity in this process is challenging due to uncontrollable reaction intermediate and retarded desorption of target products.Engineering the interface microenvironment of catalysts has been proposed as a strategy to exert a significant influence on reaction outcomes,yet it remains a significant challenge.In this study,amino alkylation was successfully integrated into the melem unit of polymeric carbon nitrides(PCN),which could efficiently drive the photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction.Experimental characterization and theoretical calculations revealed that the introduction of amino alkylation lowers the energy barrier for CO_(2) reduction into^(*)COOH intermediate,transforming the adsorption of^(*)COOH intermediate from the endothermic to an exothermic process.Notably,the as-prepared materials demonstrated outstanding performance in photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction,yielding CO_(2)at a rate of 152.8μmol h^(-1) with a high selectivity of 95.4%and a quantum efficiency of 6.6%.

流式细胞仪方法定量评价巨噬细胞非调理素吞噬能力

巨噬细胞是重要的天然免疫细胞,在抗细菌感染等免疫应答中发挥重要调控作用。当细菌等病原微生物感染机体时,准确的定量评价巨噬细胞的非调理素吞噬能力,常常被作为评价机体非特异免疫应答能力的重要指标。本文采用流式细胞仪结合细菌计数的方法,定量的检测了定居巨噬细胞和炎症浸润的巨噬细胞对细菌的非调理素吞噬能力变化。该研究方法将有助于定量评价在免疫应答中巨噬细胞的吞噬能力变化,以更准确反映在各种生理或病理条件下巨噬细胞的免疫应答状态。

理论设计和实验研究吡啶掺杂聚合氮化碳提升光催化CO_(2)还原性能

光催化CO_(2)还原是利用太阳光和水将CO_(2)转化为高价值化学品或燃料(如CO、甲醇、甲烷等),被认为是解决CO_(2)问题的理想途径之一.CO_(2)分子中C=O离解能高而活化困难,且光催化CO_(2)还原涉及多质子耦合多电子转移过程且产物多样,因而研制效率高且选择性好的光催化剂是该技术的关键.聚合物氮化碳(PCN)作为一种结构可调的有机光催化剂,具有化学稳定性好且能带位置适宜于还原CO_(2)的优势,是一种具有发展潜力的CO_(2)还原光催化剂;但是PCN也存在因其禁带宽度较大而对可见光响应范围有限以及因其结构由三均三嗪单元构成而缺乏足够活性位点来吸附和活化CO_(2)等不足.目前在提升PCN的光催化CO_(2)还原性能方面已有不少研究,但所得的PCN基光催化剂在效率和选择性上仍处于较低水平.考虑到光催化CO_(2)还原涉及复杂的热力学和动力学要求,对基于PCN的光催化剂进行精准设计和研究是非常必要的,这有望获得同时具有可见光吸收增强、光生载流子复合减少、吸附和活化CO_(2)的位点增加以及能带位置适宜等特性的高性能光催化剂.为此,本论文采用理论设计与实验研究相结合的方法,以吡啶掺杂PCN为模型,研制了一种用于CO_(2)还原的高性能PCN基光催化剂.本文设计了将吡啶掺杂到PCN结构单元中不同位置的两种结构,并运用理论计算确定其中禁带宽度较窄、更利于光生载流子分离、更有助于CO_(2)吸附和活化以及总能量较低的结构作为最优结构.然后,采用尿素与适量的2-氨基吡啶共聚的方法,制备了吡啶掺杂的PCN样品,并通过一系列表征确定结构设计成功.还测定了所得吡啶掺杂PCN样品的光学和光电化学特性,评价了它们光催化CO_(2)还原的活性和选择性.最后,通过理论计算和实验研究,阐明了该吡啶掺杂PCN光催化剂的性能增强机制及其光催化还原CO_(2)的反应路径.结果表明,以CO(bpy)_(2)为助催化剂,本文制备的吡啶掺杂PCN(CN-5%AP)光催化剂不仅取得了较高的CO产量,而且还获得99.6%的CO选择性,在λ=420 nm处的表观量子效率可达2.86%.研究表明,该吡啶掺杂的PCN光催化性能增强主要源于其提升的CO_(2)吸附容量以及对CO_(2)还原为CO反应的促进.综上,本工作为设计和制备实现高效CO_(2)还原的光催化剂提供了参考.

Improved crystallinity and self-healing effects in perovskite solar cells via functional incorporation of polyvinylpyrrolidone

Air moisture is the key issue for perovskites which invades the films and accelerates the damage of devices. Here, polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) is introduced to the methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3)) perovskite precursor to control crystal growth and endow the devices with self-healing ability in a moisture environment. The strong C=O...ΗAΝ hydrogen bonding interactions between PVP and MAPbI_(3) was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. By introducing hydrogen bonding in the MAPbI_(3)-based PSCs, we form a compact perovskite film of excellent electronic quality with a power conversion efficiency(PCE) of up to 20.32%. Furthermore, the O...ΗAΝ hydrogen bonding interactions at the grain boundaries suppress the decomposition of methylammonium cations and improve the recyclable dissolution–recrystallization of perovskite. As a result, the MAPbI_(3)-PVP based cells exhibited striking moisture stability and self-healing behavior, with negligible decay in efficiency after 500 h of operation in high humidity(65% ± 5% relative humidity) and rapid recovering ability after their removal from the humid environment.

200-nm long TiO_2 nanorod arrays for efficient solid-state Pb S quantum dot-sensitized solar cellsR

To ensure the infiltration of spiro-OMeTAD into the quantum dot-sensitized photoanode and to consider the limit of the hole diffusion length in the spiro-OMeTAD layer, a rutile TiO2 nanorod array with a length of 200 nm, a diameter of 20 nm and an areal density of 720 ram 2 was successfully prepared using a hydrothermal method with an aqueous-grown solution of 38 mM titanium isopropoxide and 6 M hydrochloric acid at 170 ℃ for 75 min. PbS quantum dots were deposited by a spin coating-assisted successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction （spin-SILAR）, and all solid-state PbS quantum dot-sensitized TiO2 nanorod array solar cells were fabricated using spiro-OMeTAD as electrolytes. The results revealed that the average crystal size of PbS quantum dots was -78 nm using Pb（NO3）2 as the lead source and remain unchanged with the increase of the number of spin-SILAR cycles. The all solid-state PbS quantum dot-sensitized TiO2 nanorod array solar cells with spin-SILAR cycle numbers of 20, 30 and 40 achieved the photoelectric conversion efficiencies of 3.74%, 4.12% and 3.11%, respectively, under AM 1.5 G illumination （100 mW/cm2）.

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of polymeric C_3N_4 doped with theobromine composed of an imidazole ring and a pyrimidine ring

Molecular doping has been proven to be an effective approach to adjusting the electronic structure of polymeric carbon nitride(PCN)and thus improving its optical properties and photocatalytic activity.Herein,theobromine,a compound composed of an imidazole ring and a pyrimidine ring,was first copolymerized with urea to prepared doped PCN.Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations indicate that,a narrowing in band gap and a positive shift in valence band positon happened to the theobromine doped PCN,owing to the synergistic effect between the pyrimidine ring and the imidazole ring in the theobromine molecule.Moreover,it is shown that the doping with theobromine at a suitable mass fraction makes the obtained sample exhibit decreased photoluminescent emission,enhanced photocurrent density,and reduced charge-transport resistance.Consequently,an enhancement in the photocatalytic activity for water oxidation is found for the sample,which oxygen evolution rate is 4.43 times higher than that of the undoped PCN.This work sheds light on the choice of the molecular dopants for PCN to improve its photocatalytic performance.

Design of a graphene oxide@melamine foam/polyaniline@erythritol composite phase change material for thermal energy storage

At present,only a single modification method is adopted to improve the shortcomings of erythritol(ET)as a phase change material(PCM).Compared with a single modification method,the synergistic effect of multiple modification methods can endow ET with comprehensive performance to meet the purpose of package,supercooling reduction,and enhancement of thermal conductivity.In this work,we innovatively combine graphene oxide(GO)nanosheet modified melamine foam(MF)and polyaniline(PANI)to construct a novel ET-based PCM by blending and porous material adsorption modification.PANI as the nucleation center can enhance the crystallization rate,thereby reducing the supercooling of ET.Meanwhile,GO@MF foam can not only be used as a porous support material to encapsulate ET but also as a heat conduction reinforcement to improve heat storage and release rate.As a result,the supercooling of GO@MF/PANI@ET(GMPET)composite PCM decreases from 91.2℃ of pure ET to 57.9℃ and its thermal conductivity(1.58 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1))is about three times higher than that of pure ET(0.57 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)).Moreover,after being placed at 140℃ for 2 h,there is almost no ET leakage in the GMPET composite PCM,and the mass loss ratio is less than 0.75%.In addition,the GMPET composite PCM displays a high melting enthalpy of about 259 J·g^(-1) and a high initial mass loss temperature of about 198℃.Even after the 200th cycling test,the phase transition temperature and the latent heat storage capacity of the GMPET PCM all remain stable.This work offers an effective and promising strategy to design ET-based composite PCM for the field of energy storage.

The establishment of Boron nitride@sodium alginate foam/polyethyleneglycol composite phase change materials with high thermal conductivity, shape stability, and reusability

Adopting organic phase change materials(PCMs) for the management of electronic devices is restricted by low thermal conductivity. In this paper, the composite PCMs are established by freeze-drying and vacuum impregnation. Herein, polyethylene glycol(PEG) is induced as heat storage materials, boron nitride(BN) is embedded as filler stacking in an orderly fashion on the foam walls to improve thermal conductivity and sodium alginate(SA) is formed as supporting material to keep the shape of the composite stable. X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer, thermal gravimetric analysis, thermal conductivity meter, differential scanning calorimeter, and Fourier transform infrared were used to characterize the samples and thermal cycles were employed to measure the shape stability. The results exhibit the BN@SA/PEG composite PCMs have good chemical compatibility, stable morphology, and thermal stability. Due to the high porosity of foam, PEG endows the composite PCMs with high latent heat(149.11 and 141.59 J·g^(-1)). Simultaneously, BN@SA/PEG shows an excellent heat performance with high thermal conductivity(0.99 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1)), reusability, and shape stability, contributing the composite PCMs to application in the energy storage field. This study provides a strategy to manufacture flexible, long-serving, and shape-stable PCMs via introducing BN@SA foam as a storage framework, and these PCMs have great potential in thermal management in the electronic field.

BEHAVIORAL HEARING SCREENING OF INFANTS

It is estimated that most of the deaf children have some residual hearing. If these deaf children can be identified early, fit with hearing aids early,andtrained to speak early,they may be able to join the mainstream of hearing society.There are about 1. 16 million deaf children in China,and the number is increasingby 20 to 40 thousand each year. Some objective screening methods,such as auditorybrainstem response and otoacoustic emissions, can be more expensive than usingtrained people to perform behavioral screening. A portable “Behavioral infantScreening Audiometer”was designed by the authors. This audiometer can deliver different frequency and itensity sounds to the infants. The operator judges whether theinfant’s hearing is normal by his or her behavioral response,typically a head turn.Infants from three city communities in Beijing were screened in the communityclinics. The only criterion used for screening was that the inrants be between the ageof 26 and 36 weeks old. A total of 520 inrants were screened,and 43(8．3%) of themfailed. It took an average of 3 minutes to test an infant. Follow-up otoscope,auditory brainstem response audiometry and impedance audiometry in the First ClinicalCollege of Beijing Medical University on these 43 infants showed that 6 (1．15 % ) ofthem had a hearing loss and 37 of them had normal hearing. Follow-up on abovementioned tests were also performed on 50 infants from a control group that hadPassed the initial screening. None of them had hearing loss. The sensitivity of thisbehavioral screening was 100% and the speciticity of it was 92．8%. These resultssuggest that behavioral hearing screening is suitable for infants.

Glucocorticoid receptor promotes the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by suppressing HIF1α-dependent glycolysis

Immunomodulatory signaling imposes tight regulations on metabolic programs within immune cells and consequentially determines immune response outcomes.Although the glucocorticoid receptor(GR)has been recently implicated in regulating the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs),whether the dysregulation of GR in MDSCs is involved in immune-mediated hepatic diseases and how GR regulates the function of MDSCs in such a context remains unknown.Here,we revealed the dysregulation of GR expression in MDSCs during innate immunological hepatic injury(IMH)and found that GR regulates the function of MDSCs through modulating HIF1α-dependent glycolysis.Pharmacological modulation of GR by its agonist(dexamethasone,Dex)protects IMH mice against inflammatory injury.Mechanistically,GR signaling suppresses HIF1αand HIF1α-dependent glycolysis in MDSCs and thus promotes the immune suppressive activity of MDSCs.Our studies reveal a role of GR-HIF1αin regulating the metabolism and function of MDSCs and further implicate MDSC GR signaling as a potential therapeutic target in hepatic diseases that are driven by innate immune cell-mediated systemic inflammation.

3D shape-stable temperature-regulated macro-encapsulated phase change material:KAl(SO_(4))_(2)·12H_(2)O-C_(2)H_(2)O_(4)·2H_(2)O-CO(NH_(2))_(2) eutectic/polyurethane foam as core and carbon modified silicone resin as shell

Micro-encapsulated phase change materials(PCMs)have been confirmed a high-efficiency way to store latent heat,but their poor mechanical properties,expensive and complicated synthesis block their industrial application.Herein,borrowing from this structure and magnifying it,we prepared a novel 3D shape-stable temperature-regulated macro-encapsulated PCMs.The KAl(SO_(4))_(2)·12H_(2)O-C_(2)H_(2)O_(4)·2H_(2)O-CO(NH_(2))_(2)(APSD-OAD-Urea)was configured as PCM to composite with light-weight porous polyurethane foam(PUF)framework,and the enthalpy reduction of PCM@PUF(core)was only 1.70%.Subsequent,carbon modified silicone resin(CMS,shell)was introduced to macro-encapsulate PCM@PUF.The results showed that with the optimized mass ratio of 75%APSD-25%OAD and extra addition of 10% Urea,the obtained PCM had a relatively high enthalpy(194.6 J/g),appropriate phase transition temperature(42.17℃)and suppressed supercooling(0.504℃).CMS thin-layer with 2.0 mm thickness increased resistance to deformation,impressions,scratches,and possessed a brilliant sealing effect on PCM@PUF to achieve leak-free and operation steady of PCM.PCM@PUF@CMS with low thermal conductivity from inside out displayed an outstanding thermal insulation performance.Moreover,the fluctuation of the thermodynamic property after 150 thermal cycles is relatively small.All these above enable the application of PCM@PUF@CMS in the thermal energy storage system and provide a novel strategy for the preparation of macro-encapsulated PCMs.

Excellent magnetic softness-magnetization synergy and suppressed defect activation in soft magnetic amorphous alloys by magnetic field annealing

Fe-based amorphous alloys with high saturation magnetic flux density(B_(s))are increasingly attractive from both scientific and technological points of view,however,they usually suffer from the trade-off between magnetization and softness.In this work,we explore the soft magnetic properties(SMPs),magnetic and atomic structures,and defect activation during creep deformation of as-quenched and annealed Fe_(82.65-x)Co_(x)Si_(2)B_(14)Cu_(1.35)(x=0-20)amorphous alloys(AAs).Improved magnetic softness-magnetization synergy has been realized in all these alloys by field annealing.Particularly,superb SMPs with superhigh B_(s) of 1.86 T,low coercivity of 1.2 A/m and high effective permeability of 16300 are obtained in the Fe_(66.65)Co_(16)Si_(2)B_(14)Cu_(1.35) AA.The locally regularized arrangement of domains,homogenized structure with less structural/magnetic defects and suppressed crystal-like ordering by field annealing contribute synergistically to the superb SMPs.Besides,the relaxation time spectra obtained from creep deformation indicate less liquid-like and solid-like defects activated in the field-annealed AA,which is correlated with the structural homogenization and superb SMPs.This work provides new and comprehensive insight into the interplay among external field,heterogeneous structure,SMPs and defect activation of Fe-based AAs,and offers a promising pathway for softening amorphous alloys with high Bs.

Experimental research and numerical simulation of the thermal performance of a tube-fin cold energy storage unit using water/modified expanded graphite as the phase change material

In this study,experimental and numerical investigations were conducted on a tube-fin heat-exchanger latent-heat cold energy storage unit.The fin side of the heat exchanger was filled with water as the energy storage medium,and modified expanded graphite(MEG)was employed to improve the thermal characteristics of water.The water contact angle of the expanded graphite decreased from 106.31°to 0°,and the hydrophilicity and the absorption rate of water significantly improved after the modification.Moreover,the experimental analyses of the charge/discharge process showed that the cooling capacity of the system filled with 90 wt.%water/MEG was 80.8%of that of pure water,whereas its cooling time was only 69.7%of that of pure water.The average power increased by 15.9%compared with that of water.The system filled with 90 wt.%water/MEG completed two energy charging and discharging cycles,whereas the system filled with water completed only 1.5 cycles within 15000 s.Furthermore,the effects of the flow rate and inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on the charging process were explored.Finally,a numerical model was built and validated to investigate the phase change behavior and the effect of the structure size on the performance of the system.The heat-exchanger fin spacing had no significant effect on the cold energy storage unit,whereas the vertical spacing of the tube pass had the highest effect.It can be concluded that the heat exchanger combined with high-thermal-conductivity water/MEG exhibits better energy storage capacity and working power,showing a wide application prospect in the field of cold energy storage.

Polyamorphism mediated by nanoscale incipient concentration wave uncovering hidden amorphous intermediate state with ultrahigh modulus in nanostructured metallic glass

Comprehending the pressure-/temperature-induced structural transition in glasses,as one of the most fascinating issues in material science,is far from being well understood.Here,we report novel polyamorphic transitions in a Cu-based metallic glass(MG)with apparent nanoscale structural heterogeneity relating to proper Y addition.The low-density MG compresses continuously with increasing pressure,and then a compression plateau appears after∼8.1 GPa,evolving into an intermediate state with an ultrahigh bulk modulus of∼467 GPa.It then transforms to a high-density MG with significantly decreased structural heterogeneity above∼14.1 GPa.Three-dimensional atom probe tomography reveals concentration waves of Cu/Zr elements with an average wavelength of∼5-6 nm,which promote the formation of interconnected ringlike networks composed of Cu-rich and Zr-rich dual-glass domains at nanometer scale.Our experimental and simulation results indicate that steplike polyamorphism may stem from synergic effects of the abnormal compression of the Zr-Zr bond length at the atomic scale and the interplay between the applied pressure and incipient concentration waves(Cu and Zr)at several nanometer scales.The present work provides new insights into polyamorphism in glasses and contributes to the development of high-performance amorphous materials by high-pressure nanostructure engineering.