Particle agglomeration and inhibition method in the fluidized pyrolysis reaction of waste resin

This work investigated the pyrolysis reaction of waste resin in a fluidized bed reactor.It was found that the pyrolysis-generated ash would adhere to the surface of ceramic particles,causing particle agglomeration and defluidization.Adding kaolin could effectively inhibit the particle agglomeration during the fluidized pyrolysis reaction through physical isolation and chemical reaction.On the one hand,kaolin could form a coating layer on the surface of ceramic particles to prevent the adhesion of organic ash generated by the pyrolysis of resin.On the other hand,when a sufficient amount of kaolin(-0.2%(mass))was added,the activated kaolin could fully contact with the Na+ ions generated by the pyrolysis of resin and react to form a high-melting aluminosilicate mineral(nepheline),which could reduce the formation of low-melting-point sodium sulfate and thereby avoid the agglomeration of ceramic particles.

Scale-up and thermal stability analysis of fluidized bed reactors for ethylene polymerization

A set of hydrodynamic similarity laws is applied to the scale-up of ethylene polymerization fluidized bed reactors(FBRs)under the condensed mode operation.The thermal stability of open-loop controlled FBRs is investigated by the homotopy continuation method.And the Hopf bifurcation point is selected as an index of the thermal stability similarity.The simulation results show the similarity in state variables,operation parameters,the space-time yield(STY),and the thermal stability of FBRs with different scales.Furthermore,the thermal stability behaviors and similarity of the closed-loop controlled FBRs with different scales are analyzed.The observed similar trend of Hopf bifurcation curves reveals the similarity in the thermal stability of closed-loop controlled FBRs with different scaling ratios.In general,the results of the thermal stability similarity confirm that the hydrodynamics scaling laws proposed in the work are applicable to the scale-up of FBRs under the condensed mode operation.

Types and microstructures of pores in shales of the Ordovician Wulalike Formation at the western margin of the Ordos Basin, China

Shale samples from the Ordovician Wulalike Formation at the western margin of the Ordos Basin are studied to define the types, microstructures and connectivity of pores as well as the relationships between the pore structures and gas content of the samples by using experimental techniques such as high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA), CO_(2) adsorption, and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The results show that the shale has 10 different lithofacies, typical mixed sedimentary characteristics, and poorly developed pores. The reservoir space mainly consists of intercrystalline pores, dissolution pores, intergranular pores, and micro-fissures, with organic pores occasionally visible. The pore size is mostly within 0.4–250 nm range but dominated by micropores and mesopores less than 20 nm, with pore numbers peaking at pore sizes of 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.82 nm, 3 nm, and 10 nm, respectively. The pores are poorly connected and macropores are rarely seen, which may explain the low porosity and low permeability of the samples. Samples with high content of organic matter and felsic minerals are potential reservoirs for oil and gas with their favorable physical properties and high connectivity. The pores less than 5 nm contribute significantly to the specific surface area and serve as important storage space for adsorbed gas.

Acoustic emission detection of slag performance in coal gasifiers

This work first investigated the detection of slags,slag pool liquid level,and slag accumulation height in laboratory scale based on acoustic emission(AE)detection,and further tried the feasibility of this method in an industrial scale coal gasifier.Results show that the energy and variance of acoustic signals can realize the accurate detection of large slag(criterion:E>1.5 E0,S>1.2 S0),and the average relative error is only 0.28%.The acoustic energy in the frequency range of 20–40 k Hz is defined as the characteristic energy,which can realize the accurate detection of slag accumulation height and slag pool liquid level,and the average relative error is only 3.94%.Furthermore,AE detection also realize accurate detection of large slag in an industrial scale gasifier and the acoustic signals at slag screen can be used to realize the early warning of the slag collapse(5 h earlier).

高性能聚乙烯产品设计

聚烯烃是国民经济建设和日常生活必不可少的重要基础材料和战略物资.目前,我国聚烯烃行业严重依赖进口,高端聚烯烃产品占进口量的一半以上,行业发展严重受制于人.金属有机催化理论的迅猛发展极大地增强了对聚合物分子结构的调控能力,使人们有可能设计出更多性能优异的聚烯烃新产品.但是,如何实现聚烯烃新产品的工业生产,并使之转化成为商品,是制约聚烯烃产品高性能化的瓶颈,涉及化学工程和高分子科学的深度交叉.本文分别从催化剂结构设计、非均相催化剂结构解析、聚合反应工艺以及产品加工工艺的层面介绍了当前聚乙烯高性能化的重要进展;重点介绍了从活性中心聚合微环境设计出发,通过与催化剂聚合行为的匹配,开发的高性能聚乙烯产品制备新工艺.利用烃类冷凝液的喷射蒸发,在单一流化床反应器中构建温度、浓度差异化的持液颗粒聚合和气相聚合共存的复合流型,打破流化床固有的温度浓度均一性特点,相继开发了超低/极低密度聚乙烯高端产品数万吨,率先生产热收缩膜、拉伸套管膜、双向拉伸聚乙烯膜等高端产品;利用催化剂在惰性组分纳微气泡富集区域的穿梭和碰撞,在生长的聚乙烯颗粒周围营造反应组分的传质开关,使分子链生长和结晶有节奏地交替进行,降低了初生态聚乙烯的链缠结程度,开发了易加工的超高分子量聚乙烯产品.

生物间非传递性竞争研究进展

生物间的竞争关系是决定群落中物种共存和生物多样性的关键因素。传统研究主要关注物种两两之间的竞争作用,而对多物种相互竞争形成的网络研究相对较少。近年来,类似于“石头-剪刀-布”游戏的非传递性竞争被认为是一种重要的物种共存和生物多样性的维持机制,越来越受到生态学家们的关注。本文首先回顾了非传递性竞争定义的发展过程,并介绍了非传递环的不同结构。其次介绍了基于竞争结局矩阵以及入侵增长率的非传递性竞争度量指标,并对比不同指标的特点与适用情形。随后通过多个研究实例介绍了非传递性竞争在自然群落中的普遍性,并指明物种之间的权衡是非传递性竞争产生的生物学机制。最后介绍了非传递性竞争对生物多样性与生态系统功能的影响。非传递性竞争本质上是物种两两之间相互作用的组合,是只包含单一作用类型的特殊网络结构。因此,非传递性竞争如何影响生物多样性-生态系统功能关系和群落稳定性,如何受到环境与高阶相互作用的影响,以及如何将竞争网络拓展到包含不同相互作用类型的生态网络,将是未来非传递性竞争研究的重要方向。对非传递性竞争的研究有助于整合生物间的各种相互作用,构建更加现实合理的生态网络,并加深对物种共存和生物多样性维持机制的认识,进而有助于指导生物多样性的保护和恢复工作。