Carbon Capture and Storage:History and the Road Ahead

The large-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage(CCS)is becoming increasingly urgent in the global path toward net zero emissions;however,global CCS deployment is significantly lagging behind its expected contribution to greenhouse gas emission reduction.Reviewing and learning from the examples and history of successful CCS practices in advanced countries will help other countries,including China,to promote and deploy CCS projects using scientific methods.This paper shows that the establishment of major science and technology CCS infrastructures in advanced countries has become the main source of CCS technological innovation,cost reduction,risk reduction,commercial promotion,and talent training in the development and demonstration of key CCS technologies.Sound development of CCS requires a transition from pilot-scale science and technology infrastructures to large-scale commercial infrastructures,in addition to incentive policies;otherwise,it will be difficult to overcome the technical barriers between small-scale demonstrations and the implementation of million-tonne-scale CCS and ten-million-tonne-scale CCS hubs.Geological CO_(2) storage is the ultimate goal of CCS projects and the driving force of CO_(2) capture.Further improving the accuracy of technologies for the measurement,monitoring,and verification(MMV)of CO_(2) storage capacity,emission reduction,and safety remains a problem for geological storage.CO_(2) storage in saline aquifers can better couple multiple carbon emission sources and is currently a priority direction for development.Reducing the energy consumption of lowconcentration CO_(2) capture and the depletion of chemical absorbents and improving the operational efficiency and stability of post-combustion CO_(2) capture systems have become the key constraints to largescale CCS deployment.Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)is also important in order for countries to maximize fossil fuel extraction instead of importing oil from less environmentally friendly oil-producing countries.

Research Progress on Classical Prescriptions in Treating Mammary Glands Hyperplasia

According to Zhongjing Zhang's academic thought,gynecological diseases mostly result from deficiency,accumulated cold,and qi stagnation,so the treatment of gynecological miscellaneous diseases should take qi and blood as the general principle,and focus on the liver.The pathogenesis of mammary glands hyperplasia(MGH)is liver and kidney deficiency,disharmony of the thoroughfare vessel and the conception vessel,the causes of which are emotional imbalance,liver qi depression,and failure of transportation due to spleen deficiency.The superficial causes include qi stagnation,phlegm coagulation,and blood stasis,which are mainly related to the liver,spleen,kidney,the thoroughfare vessel,and the conception vessel.In clinical treatment of MGH,Xiaochaihu Decoction or Sini Powder can be used for qi stagnation syndrome,Xiao Xianxiong Decoction for phlegm coagulation syndrome,Guizhi Fuling Pill or Dahuang Zhechong Pill for spleen deficiency syndrome,and Wenjing Decoction for the deficiency-cold syndrome.

Origin of abnormal high pressure and its relationship with hydrocarbon accumulation in the Dina 2 Gas Field, Kuqa Depression

Based on distribution of formation pressure by indirect estimation and formation testing,this study investigates origin of abnormal high pressure in the Dina 2 Gas Field in the Kuqa Depression in combination with the latest research findings.Contribution of major overpressure mechanisms to this gas field is estimated,and generation of the abnormal high pressure as well as its relationship with natural gas accumulation is explored.Disequilibrium compaction,tectonic stress,and overpressure transfer are the major overpressure mechanisms.Overpressure transfer resulted from vertical opening of faults and folding is the most important cause for the overpressure.Gas accumulation and abnormal high pressure generation in the reservoirs of the Dina 2 Gas Field show synchroneity.During the early oil-gas charge in the Kangcun stage,the reservoirs were generally normal pressure systems.In the Kuqa deposition stage,rapid deposition caused disequilibrium compaction and led to generation of excess pressure(approximately 5-10 MPa)in the reservoirs.During the Kuqa Formation denudation stage to the Quaternary,reservoir overpressure was greatly increased to approximately 40-50 MPa as a result of vertical pressure transfer by episodic fault activation,lateral overpressure transfer by folding and horizontal tectonic stress due to intense tectonic compression.The last stage was the major period of ultra-high pressure generation and gas accumulation in the Dina 2 Gas Field.

Reservoir and lithofacies shale classification based on NMR logging

Shale gas reservoirs have fine-grained textures and high organic contents,leading to complex pore structures.Therefore,accurate well-log derived pore size distributions are difficult to acquire for this unconventional reservoir type,despite their importance.However,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)logging can in principle provide such information via hydrogen relaxation time measurements.Thus,in this paper,NMR response curves(of shale samples)were rigorously mathematically analyzed(with an Expectation Maximization algorithm)and categorized based on the NMR data and their geology,respectively.Thus the number of the NMR peaks,their relaxation times and amplitudes were analyzed to characterize pore size distributions and lithofacies.Seven pore size distribution classes were distinguished;these were verified independently with Pulsed-Neutron Spectrometry(PNS)well-log data.This study thus improves the interpretation of well log data in terms of pore structure and mineralogy of shale reservoirs,and consequently aids in the optimization of shale gas extraction from the subsurface.