Red Blood Cell-Mimic Nanocatalyst Triggering Radical Storm to Augment Cancer Immunotherapy

Red blood cells(RBCs)have recently emerged as promosing candidates for cancer treatment in terms of relieving tumor hypoxia and inducing oxidative damage against cancer cells,but they are still far from satisfactory due to their limited oxygen transport and reactive oxygen species generation rate in tumor tissue.Herein,artificial RBCs(designated FTP@RBCM)with radical storm production ability were developed for oncotherapy through multidimensional reactivity pathways of Fe-protoporphyrin-based hybrid metal-organic frameworks(FTPs,as the core),including photodynamic/chemodynamic-like,catalase-like and glutathione peroxidase-like activities.Meanwhile,owing to the advantages of long circulation abilities of RBCs provided by their cell membranes(RBCMs),FTP with a surface coated with RBCMs(FTP@RBCM)could enormously accumulate at tumor site to achieve remarkably enhanced therapeutic efficiency.Intriguingly,this ROS-mediated dynamic therapy was demonstrated to induce acute local inflammation and high immunogenic cancer death,which evoked a systemic antitumor immune response when combined with the newly identified T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing molecule 3(Tim-3)checkpoint blockade,leading to not only effective elimination of primary tumors but also an abscopal effect of growth suppression of distant tumors.Therefore,such RBC-mimic nanocatalysts with multidimensional catalytic capacities might provide a promising new insight into synergistic cancer treatment.

Impact of Long-range Desert Dust Transport on Hydrometeor Formation over Coastal East Asia

Model simulations and hydrological reanalysis data for 2007 are applied to investigate the impact of long-range desert dust transport on hydrometeor formation over coastal East Asia. Results are analyzed from Hong Kong and Shanghai, which are two representative coastal cities of East Asia. Long-range desert dust transport impacts mainly spring and summer clouds and precipitation over coastal East Asia. In spring, clouds and precipitation come mainly from large-scale condensation and are impacted mainly by dust from the Gobi, Sahara, and Thar deserts. These desert dusts can participate in the precipitation within and below the clouds. At lower latitudes, the dust particles act mainly as water nuclei. At higher latitudes, they act as both water nuclei and ice nuclei. The effect of Gobi, Sahara, and Thar dust on large-scale clouds and precipitation becomes stronger at higher latitudes. In summer, clouds and precipitation over coastal East Asia come mainly from convection and are impacted mainly by dust from the Taklamakan, Arabian, and Karakum-Kavir deserts. Most Taklamakan dust particles can participate in precipitation within convective clouds as ice nuclei, while Arabian and Karakum-Kavir dust particles participate only as water nuclei in precipitation below the clouds. The effect of Taklamakan dust on convective clouds and precipitation becomes stronger at lower latitudes. Of all the desert dusts, that from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts has the relatively largest impact. Gobi dust impacts climate change in coastal East Asia by affecting spring water clouds at higher latitudes.

Improvement of Optical Reactivity for Nano-TiO2 Film by Nitrogen ECR Plasma

Nitrogen ion was implanted into the nano-TiO2 film surfaces by electron cyclotron resonance （ECR） plasma modification to improve the optical reactivity in visible-light region for nano-TiO2. Diagnosing the N2 plasma by optical emission spectroscopy （OES） was applied to the process of plasma modification. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） was used for analysis of the binding of element after plasma modification. It is shown that the surface modification was caused by excitated N. The injecting of N2 and N＋ leads to the increase in the dissociative interstitial state N in the films. The doped N makes for TiO2-xNx appearing in the TiO2 films. TiO2-xNx forms the impurity energy state in the TiO2 energy band gap and reduces the energy band gap. This is the main reason leading to the red shift of absorption edge.

Impact of Saharan dust on landfalling North Atlantic tropical cyclones over North America in September

本项研究利用再分析数据和模式模拟数据分析了沙尘的气溶胶光学厚度与台风的登陆,轨迹,强度及相关气象环境参数的关系,揭示了9月北大西洋台风的登陆次数会在撒哈拉沙尘较强的年份中增加,以及这一现象的物理机制,撒哈拉沙尘对热带北大西洋中部海表温度具有抑制作用,会阻碍该地区的台风活动,因此台风只能向西移动进入海表温度较高的热带北大西洋西部,从而更易于形成强台风,这一物理过程将导致台风登陆北美大陆的频次增加,特别是强台风登陆美国的可能性增强,产生更大的潜在破坏性.

Influence of dust aerosols on eastern Pacific tropical cyclone intensity

The thermodynamic state of the tropical atmosphere plays an important role in the development of tropical cyclone(TC)intensity.This study reports new results that demonstrate a negative association between eastern Pacific TC intensity in offshore regions and dust aerosol optical depth(AOD)for the years 1980–2019.At the same time,a negative response of cloud water in the lower troposphere to dust AOD is reported by analyzing MERRA-2 reanalysis data and GCM simulations from CMIP6.This response can be explained by the dust semi-direct effect,in which dust aerosols absorb solar radiation,promoting the evaporation of clouds.In principle,this aerosol-driven vaporization modification could affect the enthalpy of the air surrounding a TC.Using potential intensity theory,the authors demonstrate that change in TC intensity related to dust AOD conditions is a consequence of the anomalous enthalpy of the air surrounding a TC caused by the dust semi-direct effect.

Oceanic thermal forcing of North Atlantic tropical cyclones

利用大气与海洋再分析数据等相关资料,本项研究发现,北大西洋强台风(Saffir-Simpson分类中的第4和第5类)的最大强度与亚热带北大西洋的次表层海温呈正相关.由于亚热带北大西洋的次表层海温会影响当地的海表温度,该地区海面产生的水汽通过近地面的反气旋大气环流可被输送到位于热带的台风主要发展区域,进而影响台风的最大强度.与此同时,位于西非北部和南欧的近岸涌升流会影响亚热带北大西洋的次表层海温.因此,强台风的最大强度也被发现与上述两个涌升流区域的海温具有相关性,但是这种相关性主要体现在年代际时间尺度上。

The enhanced genomic 6mA metabolism contributes to the proliferation and migration of TSCC cells

In contrast to the well-established genomic 5-methylcytosine(5mC),the existence of N^(6)-methyladenine(6 mA)in eukaryotic genomes was discovered only recently.Initial studies found that it was actively regulated in cancer cells,suggesting its involvement in the process of carcinogenesis.However,the contribution of 6 mA in tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC)still remains uncharacterized.In this study,a pan-cancer type analysis was first performed,which revealed enhanced 6mA metabolism in diverse cancer types.The study was then focused on the regulation of 6 mA metabolism,as well as its effects on TSCC cells.To these aspects,genome 6mA level was found greatly increased in TSCC tissues and cultured cells.By knocking down 6mA methylases N6AMT1 and METTL4,the level of genomic 6mA was decreased in TSCC cells.This led to suppressed colony formation and cell migration.By contrast,knockdown of 6mA demethylase ALKBH1 resulted in an increased 6 mA level,enhanced colony formation,and cell migration.Further study suggested that regulation of the NF-κB pathway might contribute to the enhanced migration of TSCC cells.Therefore,in the case of TSCC,we have shown that genomic 6mA modification is involved in the proliferation and migration of cancer cells.

Association between tropospheric temperature and tropical cyclone peak intensity over the North Pacific and North Atlantic

As natural weather disasters,tropical cyclones(TCs)are destructive in proportion to their peak intensity.This study investigates the association of North Atlantic,western North Pacific,and eastern North Pacific TC peak intensities with tropospheric air temperature,respectively,by applying NCEP–NCAR and MERRA reanalysis data.Both the correlation between TC peak intensity and air temperature and the difference in air temperature between strong and weak TC peak intensity conditions reveal that significant cooling of the tropopause and uppertropospheric warming are accompanied by strengthening TC peak intensity for North Atlantic TCs,suggesting an important effect of upper-tropospheric static stability on TC peak intensity.However,warming in the lower troposphere is associated with strong TC peak intensity for eastern North Pacific TCs,indicating a major effect of lower-tropospheric static stability on TC peak intensity.The peak intensity of western North Pacific TCs is mainly affected by vertical wind shear,not the atmospheric temperature.

Scattering Inversion Study for Suspended Label-Free Lymphocytes with Complex Fine Structures

Objective and Impact Statement.Distinguishing malignant lymphocytes from normal ones is vital in pathological examination.We proposed an inverse light scattering(ILS)method for label-free suspended lymphocytes with complex fine structures to identify their volumes for pathological state.Introduction.Light scattering as cell’s“fingerprint”provides valuable morphology information closely related to its biophysical states.However,the detail relationships between the morphology with complex fine structures and its scattering characters are not fully understood.Methods.To quantitatively inverse the volumes of membrane and nucleus as the main scatterers,clinical lymphocyte morphologies were modeled combining the Gaussian random sphere geometry algorithm by 750 reconstructed results after confocal scanning,which allowed the accurate simulation to solve ILS problem.For complex fine structures,the specificity for ILS study was firstly discussed(to our knowledge)considering the differences of not only surface roughness,posture,but also the ratio of nucleus to the cytoplasm and refractive index.Results.The volumes of membrane and nucleus were proved theoretically to have good linear relationship with the effective area and entropy of forward scattering images.Their specificity deviations were less than 3.5%.Then,our experimental results for microsphere and clinical leukocytes showed the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients(PPMCC)of this linear relationship were up to 0.9830~0.9926.Conclusion.Our scattering inversion method could be effectively applied to identify suspended label-free lymphocytes without destructive sample pretreatments and complex experimental systems.

Malic enzyme 2 as a therapeutic target for cancer: comments on ‘Malic enzyme 2 maintains protein stability of mutant p53 through 2-hydroxyglutarate’

In mammalian cells,there are three isoformsof malicenzymes(MEs):a cytosolic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate*(NADP+)dependent isoform(ME1),a mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isoform(ME2),and a mitochondrial NADp+-dependent isoform(ME3),of which ME1 and ME2 are the major isoforms.As essential modulators of metabolism and aging,MEs havebeen reported to be targetsfor wild-type p53(wtp53),which can transcriptionally repress their expression.Reciprocally,downregulation of ME1 and ME2leads to wtp53activation via distinct mechanisms(iang et al.,2013;Figure 1A).