基础研究薄弱地区项目资助政策优化路径——以地区科学基金项目为例

国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目经过近35年的发展,在资助区域不断扩大的同时,地区之间科学研究水平发展的不均衡现象却愈加明显。本文根据近5~10年国家自然科学基金项目资助数据,研究地区科学基金项目资助绩效及地区间科研水平发展差异,分析我国地区科学基金项目在促进基础研究薄弱地区发展方面可能存在的问题,提出针对基础研究薄弱地区资助政策和促进我国区域均衡发展的合理优化建议。

Enriched Constant Elements in the Boundary Element Method for Solving 2D Acoustic Problems at Higher Frequencies

The boundary element method(BEM)is a popular method for solving acoustic wave propagation problems,especially those in exterior domains,owing to its ease in handling radiation conditions at infinity.However,BEM models must meet the requirement of 6–10 elements per wavelength,using the conventional constant,linear,or quadratic elements.Therefore,a large storage size of memory and long solution time are often needed in solving higher-frequency problems.In this work,we propose two new types of enriched elements based on conventional constant boundary elements to improve the computational efficiency of the 2D acoustic BEM.The first one uses a plane wave expansion,which can be used to model scattering problems.The second one uses a special plane wave expansion,which can be used tomodel radiation problems.Five examples are investigated to showthe advantages of the enriched elements.Compared with the conventional constant elements,the new enriched elements can deliver results with the same accuracy and in less computational time.This improvement in the computational efficiency is more evident at higher frequencies(with the nondimensional wave numbers exceeding 100).The paper concludes with the potential of our proposed enriched elements and plans for their further improvement.

An Improved Harris Hawk Optimization Algorithm for Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem

Flexible job shop scheduling problem(FJSP)is the core decision-making problem of intelligent manufacturing production management.The Harris hawk optimization(HHO)algorithm,as a typical metaheuristic algorithm,has been widely employed to solve scheduling problems.However,HHO suffers from premature convergence when solving NP-hard problems.Therefore,this paper proposes an improved HHO algorithm(GNHHO)to solve the FJSP.GNHHO introduces an elitism strategy,a chaotic mechanism,a nonlinear escaping energy update strategy,and a Gaussian random walk strategy to prevent premature convergence.A flexible job shop scheduling model is constructed,and the static and dynamic FJSP is investigated to minimize the makespan.This paper chooses a two-segment encoding mode based on the job and the machine of the FJSP.To verify the effectiveness of GNHHO,this study tests it in 23 benchmark functions,10 standard job shop scheduling problems(JSPs),and 5 standard FJSPs.Besides,this study collects data from an agricultural company and uses the GNHHO algorithm to optimize the company’s FJSP.The optimized scheduling scheme demonstrates significant improvements in makespan,with an advancement of 28.16%for static scheduling and 35.63%for dynamic scheduling.Moreover,it achieves an average increase of 21.50%in the on-time order delivery rate.The results demonstrate that the performance of the GNHHO algorithm in solving FJSP is superior to some existing algorithms.

Identification of Green-Revertible Yellow 3(GRY3),encoding a 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase involved in chlorophyll synthesis under high temperature and high light in rice

Chlorophyll,a green pigment in photosynthetic organisms,is generated by two distinct biochemical pathways,the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway(TBP) and the methylerythritol 4-phosphate(MEP)pathway.MEP is one of the pathways for isoprenoid synthesis in plants,with 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase(HDR) catalyzing its last step.In this study,we isolated a greenrevertible yellow leaf mutant gry3 in rice and cloned the GRY3 gene,which encodes a HDR participating in geranylgeranyl diphosphate(GGPP) biosynthesis in chloroplast.A complementation experiment confirmed that a missense mutation(C to T) in the fourth exon of LOC_Os03g52170 causes the gry3 phenotype.Under high temperature and high light,transcript and protein abundances of GRY3 were reduced in the gry3 mutant.Transcriptional expression of chlorophyll biosynthesis,chloroplast development,and genes involved in photosynthesis were also affected.Excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation,cell death,and photosynthetic proteins degradation were occurred in the mutant.The content of GGPP was reduced in gry3 compared with Nipponbare,resulting in a stoichiometric imbalance of tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll precursors.These results shed light on the response of chloroplast biogenesis and maintenance in plants to high-temperature and high-light stress.

垂直点接触自旋霍尔纳米振荡器中自旋波动力学的微磁学模拟

基于微磁学模拟的方法,对垂直点接触自旋霍尔纳米振荡器(VNC-SHNO)中自旋波的激发和其非线性动力行为随电流、磁场及角度的依赖关系进行了详细的数值模拟研究.首先研究了纳米振荡器的频谱特性随激发电流的变化的关系,发现在低电流下,其频谱在远低于铁磁共振频率f_(FMR)处出现一个自旋相干性很好的振荡峰f_(1)以及几个高阶谐波峰,且其频率随电流增加表现出明显的红移;而在高电流下,其频谱除了出现低频f_(1)峰以外,在接近f_(FMR)处还出现了一个高频峰f_(2),但其频率几乎不随激发电流变化.其次,通过振荡模式的功率谱的空间分布图,发现f_(1)是局域在点接触边界的一类非线性“子弹”型自旋孤波,而f_(2)是分布在局域模f_(1)外围的一类准线性传播型自旋波.最后,还细致研究了外加磁场强度及外加磁场面外角度对自旋霍尔纳米振荡器中这两类自旋波的激发和调控规律,为下一步实验研究该器件的非线性动力特性及其在非线性逻辑计算中的应用提供了理论基础.

Genetic analysis and fine-mapping of a dwarfing with withered leaf-tip mutant in rice

A dwarf mutant of rice （Oryza sativa L.） by mutagenesis of ethylene methylsulfonate （EMS） treatment from Nipponbare was identified. The mutant exhibited phenotypes of dwarfism and withered leaf tip （dwll）. Based on the intemode length of dwll, this mutant belongs to the dm type of dwarfing. Analysis of elongation of the second sheath and m-amylase activity in endosperm showed that the phenotype caused by dwll was insensitive to gibberellin acid treatment. Using a large F2 population derived from a cross between the dwll and an indica rice variety, TN1, the DWL1 gene was mapped to the terminal region of the long arm of chromosome 3. Fine-mapping delimited it into a 46 kb physical distance between two STS markers, HL921 and HL944, where 6 open reading frames were predicted. Cloning of DWL1 will contribute to dissecting molecular mechanism that regulates plant height in rice, which will be beneficial to molecular assisted selection of this important trait.

Fixed-time Sliding Mode Formation Control of AUVs Based on a Disturbance Observer

In this paper,we investigate formation tracking control of autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs)with model parameter uncertainties and external disturbances.The external disturbances due to the wind,waves,and ocean currents are combined with the model parameter uncertainties as a compound disturbance.Then a disturbance observer(DO)is introduced to estimate the compound disturbance,which can be achieved within a finite time independent of the initial estimation error.Based on a DO,a novel fixed-time sliding control scheme is developed,by which the follower vehicle can track the leader vehicle with all the states globally stabilized within a given settling time.The effectiveness and performance of the method are demonstrated by numerical simulations.

Genome-wide association study and transcriptome analysis reveal new QTL and candidate genes for nitrogen-deficiency tolerance in rice

The development of rice cultivars with improved nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)is desirable for sustainable agriculture.Achieving this goal depends in part on understanding how rice responds to low soil nitrogen(N)and identifying causative genes underlying this trait.To identify quantitative trait loci(QTL)or genes associated with low N response,we conducted a genome-wide association study(GWAS)using a diverse panel of 230 rice accessions and performed a transcriptomic investigation of rice accessions with differential responses to low N stress at two N levels.We detected 411 GWAS-associated genes in 5 QTL and 2722 differentially expressed genes in response to low N,of which 24 were identified by both methods and ranked according to gene annotations,literature queries,gene expression,and genetic diversity analysis.The large-scale datasets obtained from this study reveal low N-responsive characteristics and provide insights towards understanding the regulatory mechanisms of N-deficiency tolerance in rice,and the candidate genes or QTL would be valuable resources for increasing rice NUE via molecular biotechnology.

Command Filtered Finite/Fixed-time Heading Tracking Control of Surface Vehicles

This paper investigates the heading tracking problem of surface vehicles with unknown model parameters.Based on finite/fixed-time control theories and in the context of command filtered control,two novel adaptive control laws are developed by which the vehicle can track the desired heading within settling time with all signals of the closed-loop system are uniformly bounded.The effectiveness and performance of the schemes are demonstrated by simulations and comparison studies.

Spin-Wave Dynamics in an Artificial Kagome Spin Ice

Artificial spin ice(ASI) structures have significant technological potential as reconfigurable metamaterials and magnetic storage media.We investigate the field/frequency-dependent magnetic dynamics of a kagome ASI made of 25-nm-thick permalloy nanomagnet elements,combining magnetoresistance(MR) and microscale ferromagnetic resonance(FMR) techniques.Our FMR spectra show a broadband absorption spectrum from 0.2 GHz to 3 GHz at H below 0.3 kOe,where the magnetic configuration of the kagome ASI is in the multidomain state,because the external magnetic field is below the obtained coercive field Hc~0.3 kOe,based on both the low-field range MR loops and simulations,suggesting that the low-field magnetization dynamics of kagome ASI is dominated by a multimode resonance regime.However,the FMR spectra exhibit five distinctive resonance modes at the highfield quasi-uniform magnetization state.Furthermore,our micromagnetic simulations provide additional spatial resolution of these resonance modes,identifying the presence of two high-frequency primary modes,localized in the horizontal and vertical bars of the ASI,respectively;three other low-frequency modes are mutually exclusive and separately pinned at the corners of the kagome ASI by an edge-induced dipolar field.Our results suggest that an ASI structural design can be adopted as an efficient approach for the development of low-power filters and magnonic devices.

Study of ghost image suppression in polarized catadioptric virtual reality optical systems

Backgrounds This paper introduces a polarized catadioptric virtual reality optical system.With a focus on the issue of serious ghost image in the system,root causes are analyzed based on design principles and optical structure.Methods The distribution of stray light is simulated using Lighttools,and three major ghost paths are selected using the area of the diffuse spot,S d and the energy ratio of the stray light,K as evaluation means.A method to restrain the ghost image through optimization of the structure of the optical system by controlling the focal power of the ghost image path is proposed.Results/Conclusions The results show that the S_(d) for the ghost image path increases by 40%and K decreases by 40%after optimization.Ghost image is effectively suppressed,which provides the theoretical basis and technical support for ghost suppression in a virtual reality optical system.

GR5 acts in the G protein pathway to regulate grain size in rice

Grain size is an important determinant of grain yield in rice.Although dozens of grain size genes have been reported,the molecular mechanisms that control grain size remain to be fully clarified.Here,we report the cloning and characterization of GR5(GRAIN ROUND 5),which is allelic to SMOS1/SHB/RLA1/NGR5 and en-codes an AP2 transcription factor.GR5 acts as a transcriptional activator and determines grain size by influencing cell proliferation and expansion.We demonstrated that GR5 physically interacts withfive Gg subunit proteins(RGG1,RGG2,DEP1,GS3,and GGC2)and acts downstream of the G protein complex.Four downstream target genes of GR5 in grain development(DEP2,DEP3,DRW1,and CyCD5;2)were re-vealed and their core T/CGCAC motif identified by yeast one-hybrid,EMSA,and ChIP–PCR experiments.Our results revealed that GR5 interacts with Gg subunits and cooperatively determines grain size by regu-lating the expression of downstream target genes.Thesefindings provide new insight into the genetic reg-ulatory network of the G protein signaling pathway in the control of grain size and provide a potential target for high-yield rice breeding.

Carotenoid isomerase regulates rice tillering and grain productivity by its biosynthesis pathway

Tillers are unique inflorescence-like branches in grasses,and their number determines the panicle number,plant architecture,and yield(Shang et al.,2021).Tiller formation mainly undergoes axillary meristem(AM)initiation and tiller bud outgrowth(Wang et al.,2018;Yan et al.,2023).The rice(Oryza sativa)KNOX gene OSH1 is expressed in AMs,and an osh1 mutant produces fewer tillers(Tanaka et al.,2015).

国家自然科学基金对港澳地区基础研究的资助情况分析和未来发展建议

香港地区和澳门地区科技力量是国家创新体系和国家战略科技力量的重要组成部分。为推动港澳科技力量进一步融入国家创新体系,国家自然科学基金委员会多措并举支持港澳地区的基础研究和人才培养,充分发挥港澳地区在科技创新领域的独特优势,推进粤港澳大湾区人才高地建设。本文通过梳理总结2019—2022年国家自然科学基金对港澳地区基础研究的资助情况,分析资助现状,对未来发展提出有针对性的政策建议,为优化新时期国家自然科学基金对港澳地区基础研究的资助机制提供参考。

Stochastic Joint Replenishment Optimization under Joint Inbound Operational Cost

With e-commerce concentrating retailers and customers onto one platform,logistics companies(e.g.,JD Logistics)have launched integrated supply chain solutions for corporate customers(e.g.,online retailers)with warehousing,transportation,last-mile delivery,and other value-added services.The platform’s concentration of business flows leads to the consolidation of logistics resources,which allows us to coordinate supply chain operations across different corporate customers.This paper studies the stochastic joint replenishment problem of coordinating multiple suppliers and multiple products to gain the economies of scale of the replenishment setup cost and the warehouse inbound operational cost.To this end,we develop stochastic joint replenishment models based on the general-integer policy(SJRM-GIP)for the multi-supplier and multi-product problems and further reformulate the resulted nonlinear optimization models into equivalent mixed integer second-order conic programs(MISOCPs)when the inbound operational cost takes the square-root form.Then,we propose generalized Benders decomposition(GBD)algorithms to solve the MISOCPs by exploiting the Lagrangian duality,convexity,and submodularity of the sub-problems.To reduce the computational burden of the SJRM-GIP,we further propose an SJRM based on the power-of-two policy and extend the proposed GBD algorithms.Extensive numerical experiments based on practical datasets show that the stochastic joint replenishment across multiple suppliers and multiple products would deliver 13∼20%cost savings compared to the independent replenishment benchmark,and on average the proposed GBD algorithm based on the enhanced gradient cut can achieve more than 90%computational time reduction for large-size problem instances compared to the Gurobi solver.The power-of-two policy is capable of providing high-quality solutions with high computational efficiency.

Stochastic spin-orbit-torque device as the STDP synapse for spiking neural networks

Neuromorphic hardware,as a non-Von Neumann architecture,has better energy efficiency and parallelism than the conventional computer.Here,with the numerical modeling spin-orbit torque(SOT)device using current-induced SOT and Joule heating effects,we acquire its magnetization stochastic switching probability as a function of the interval time of input current pulses and use it to mimic the spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning behavior like actual brain working.We further demonstrate that the artificial spiking neural network(SNN)built by this SOT device can perform unsupervised handwritten digit recognition with an accuracy of 80%and logic operation learning.Our work provides a new clue to achieving SNN-based neuromorphic hardware using high-energy efficiency and nonvolatile spintronics nanodevices.

持续升级科学基金人才资助体系为基础研究高质量发展提供有力支撑

基础研究人才培养是科学基金的重要使命。国家自然科学基金委员会深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于人才工作重要论述精神,立足自身定位,遵循人才成长规律,持续完善项目设置,不断优化资助机制,大力营造创新环境,打造功能完整、科学有效的科学基金人才资助体系。本文系统总结2018年以来科学基金人才资助方面系列改革举措,总结资助成效,分析存在的问题和面临的挑战,在深化科学基金改革的基础上,以提升新时代基础研究人才整体水平为目标,提出下一步改革建议。

基于板块的国家自然科学基金资源配置机制改革与思考

为抓住新一轮科技革命和科研范式变革机遇,国家自然科学基金委员会正在推进基于板块的资助布局改革,进一步提升国家自然科学基金的资助效能。本文主要对新资助布局下资源配置机制的改革情况进行梳理总结,分析目前存在的不足,并提出下一步工作建议,为新时代国家自然科学基金资源配置工作的持续优化提供参考。

A Strigolactone Biosynthesis Gene Contributed to the Green Revolution in Rice

Plant architecture is a complex agronomic trait and a major factor of crop yield,which is affected by several important hormones.Strigolactones(SLs)are identified as a new class hormoneinhibiting branching in many plant species and have been shown to be involved in various developmental processes.Genetical and chemical modulation of the SL pathway is recognized as a promising approach to modify plant architecture.However,whether and how the genes involved in the SL pathway could be utilized in breeding still remain elusive.Here,we demonstrate that a partial loss-of-function allele of the SL biosynthesis gene,HIGH TILLERING AND DWARF 1/DWARF17(HTD1/D17),which encodes CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 7(CCD7),increases tiller number and improves grain yield in rice.We found that the HTD1 gene had been widely utilized and co-selected with Semidwarf 1(SD1),both contributing to the improvement of plant architecture in modern rice varieties since the Green Revolution in the 1960s.Understanding how phytohormone pathway genes regulate plant architecture and how they have been utilized and selected in breeding will lay the foundation for developing the rational approaches toward improving crop yield.

A novel miR167a-OsARF6-OsAUX3 module regulates grain length and weight in rice

Grain size is one of the most important factors that control rice yield,as it is associated with grain weight(GW).To date,dozens of rice genes that regulate grain size have been isolated;however,the regulatory mechanism underlying GW control is not fully understood.Here,the quantitative trait locus qGL5 for grain length(GL)and GW was identified in recombinant inbred lines of 9311 and Nipponbare(NPB)and fine mapped to a candidate gene,OsAUX3.Sequence variations between 9311 and NPB in the OsAUX3 promoter and loss of function of OsAUX3 led to higher GL and GW.RNA sequencing,gene expression quantification,dual-luciferase reporter assays,chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR,and yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that OsARF6 is an upstream transcription factor regulating the expression of OsAUX3.OsARF6 binds directly to the auxin response elements of the OsAUX3 promoter,covering a single-nucleotide polymorphism site between 9311 and NPB/Dongjin/Hwayoung,and thereby controls GL by altering longitudinal expansion and auxin distribution/content in glume cells.Furthermore,we showed that miR167a positively regulate GL and GW by directing OsARF6 mRNA silencing.Taken together,our study reveals that a novel miR167a-OsARF6-OsAUX3 module regulates GL and GW in rice,providing a potential target for the improvement of rice yield.