Cross-linked polyelectrolyte reinforced SnO_(2)electron transport layer for robust flexible perovskite solar cells

SnO_(2)electron transport layer(ETL)is a vital component in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),due to its excellent photoelectric properties and facile fabrication process.In this study,we synthesized a water-soluble and adhesive polyelectrolyte with ethanolamine(EA)and poly-acrylic acid(PAA).The linear PAA was crosslinked by EA,forming a 3D network that stabilized the SnO_(2)nanoparticle dispersion.An organic–inorganic hybrid ETL is developed by introducing the cross-linked PAA-EA into SnO_(2)ETL,which prevents nano particle agglomeration and facilitates uniform SnO_(2)film formation with fewer defects.Additionally,the PAA-EA-modified SnO_(2)facilitated a uniform and compact perovskite film,enhancing the interface contact and carrier transport.Consequently,the PAA-EA-modified PSCs exhibited excellent PCE of 24.34%and 22.88%with high reproducibility for areas of 0.045 and 1.00 cm~2,respectively.Notably,owing to structure reinforce effect of PAA-EA in SnO_(2)ETL,flexible device demonstrated an impressive PCE of 23.34%while maintaining 90.1%of the initial PCE after 10,000 bending cycles with a bending radius of 5 mm.This successful approach of polyelectrolyte reinforced hybrid organic–inorganic ETL displays great potential for flexible,large-area PSCs application.

Effects of short-term application of low-dose growth hormone on trace element metabolism and blood glucose in surgical patients

AIM： To investigate the effects of short-term application of low-dose growth hormone on trace element metabolism and blood glucose in surgical patients METHODS： A total of 48 consecutive patients undergoing abdominal operations were randomized to receive either subcutaneous rhGH （0.15 IU/kg） or placebo （menstruum） injections daily for 7 d after surgery. The two groups had similar nutrition intake. Blood, feces, urine and drain samples were collected to measure zincum, cuprum and ferrum as well as glucose levels. Accumulative intake, excretion and balance of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, apparent absorption （AA） and apparent utilization （AU） of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, blood glucose levels and adverse events were estimated. RESULTS： There were no differences in accumulative intake and drain excretion between the two groups. The feces excretion and accumulative excretion of cuprum were lower in the rhGH group （P 〈 0.05）. The urinary excretion of zincum, cuprum and ferrum was all significantly decreased in the rhGH group （P 〈 0.05） and the accumulative balance of zincum, cuprum and ferrum was improved compared with the placebo group （P 〈 0.05）. AA of cuprum in the rhGH group was almost twice as much as the placebo group （P 〈 0.05）, and AU of zincum, cuprum and ferrum was all improved in the rhGH group （P 〈 0.05）. The mean blood glucose level was significantly higher in the rhGH group than in the placebo group from d 3 to d 6 after operation （P 〈 0.05）.improves the retention of zincum, cuprum and ferrum and decreases the excretion of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, improves the balance of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, and promotes the AA and AU of zincum, cuprum and ferrum, rhGH can be well tolerated without significant adverse effects and the blood glucose level can be well controlled.

TiO_(2)/SnO_(2)electron transport double layers with ultrathin SnO_(2)for efficient planar perovskite solar cells

The electron transport layer(ETL)plays an important role on the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Developing double ETL is a promising strategy to take the advantages of different ETL materials and avoid their drawbacks.Here,an ultrathin SnO_(2)layer of~5 nm deposited by atomic layer deposit(ALD)was used to construct a TiO_(2)/SnO_(2)double ETL,improving the power conversion efficiency(PCE)from 18.02%to 21.13%.The ultrathin SnO_(2)layer enhances the electrical conductivity of the double layer ETLs and improves band alignment at the ETL/perovskite interface,promoting charge extraction and transfer.The ultrathin SnO_(2)layer also passivates the ETL/perovskite interface,suppressing nonradiative recombination.The double ETL achieves outstanding stability compared with PSCs with TiO_(2)only ETL.The PSCs with double ETL retains 85%of its initial PCE after 900 hours illumination.Our work demonstrates the prospects of using ultrathin metal oxide to construct double ETL for high-performance PSCs.

Consensus statement on layout and delivery of automatic external defibrillator in China

1.Introduction Sudden cardiac death(SCD)refers to sudden death due to a variety of cardiac causes.It is manifested as a sudden loss of consciousness,cardiac arrest,and respiratory arrest and generally shows early symptoms that are atypical and not easily detected[1].According to a recent study,nearly 544000 patients suffer from SCD every year in China[2].

Immune dysfunction leads to mortality and organ injury in patients with COVID-19 in China:insights from ERS-COVID-19 study

Dear Editor,A series of novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)since the end of 2019 is ongoing and triggering a global public health crisis.The estimated case fatality rate is approximately 3.4%in China.However,some patients experience dyspnea within 1 week and develop rapidly to organ injury and even death within 2 weeks after dyspnea.1 In addition,early organ injury could lead to higher risks of mortality.Thus,early identification of patients at risk of organ injury and death is crucial,which saves the patients from classified and invasive treatment,improving clinical outcome and prognosis.The human immune system plays significant roles in the resistance of foreign pathogens and the progress of pneumonia.Recent studies have mentioned that T cells were decreased in COVID-19 patients,excessive activated immune response was caused by pathogenic Th1 cells,and inflammatory CD14+CD16+monocytes may connect to pulmonary immunopathology,leading to deleterious clinical manifestations and even acute mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infections.2 SARS-CoV-2 might damage lymphocytes,especially T lymphocytes,and the immune system was impaired during the period of disease to cause tissue injury.

International Clinical Practice Guideline of Chinese Medicine Alzheimer

Foreword Patent issues may be existed in this guideline,and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies(WFCMS)declared that they are not responsible for identifying these patents.This guideline is based on the Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Treatment of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Alzheimer’s Disease(Standard No.T/CACM1315-2019).