Application of Multi-Attribute Crossplots to Tight Gas in X Area, Western China

The gas-bearing reservoir in X area is mainly the tight sandstone reservoir characterized by low porosity and permeability, frequently lateral variation and poor connectivity of single sand. The previous research results reveal that the general seismic attributes analysis cannot meet the requirement of fluid identification. This is because the relationship between seismic attributes and their implication is uncertain and ambiguous, which decreases the precision of both reservoir prediction and fluid identification. To overcome the problem, multi-attribute crossplot technology is proposed from the mathematical statistical point of view rather than the correspondence between the seismic attributes and their geological implication. In this method, the wells which have the same statistical law are classified firstly, and then all the interest wells are retained while the wells beyond the statistical law are eliminated, and the seismic attributes sensitive to the same types of eliminated wells are optimized and used to generate crossplots. The nonzero area of their crossplots results just predicts the potential distribution. The discontinuity of subsurface geological conditions results in the non-continuous shape and the seismic bin lead to the mosaic form. The optimization of sensitive attributes relative to the same types of wells is independent from each other, and thus the order of attributes in crossplots does not affect the final prediction results. This method is based on the statistical theory and suitable for the areas such as the study area abundant of lots of well data. Application to X area proves the effectiveness of this method and predicts plane distribution about different types of gas production. Due to the effect of faults and other geological factors, the partition prediction results using multi-attribute crossplots reach 95% of coincidence which is obviously and far higher than the results of the whole area. The final prediction results show that the potential areas with medium and high gas production are mainly concentrated in the northern part of the study area, where lots of development research will be strengthened.

Spatial emission reduction effects of China’s carbon emissions trading:quasi-natural experiments and policy spillovers

Insufficient assessment of emission reduction effects still exists in the carbon emission rights trading system,a major environmental regulation measure in China.Based on the data from the carbon trading pilot covering the years from 2007 to 2017,this study combined the synthetic control method with dynamic spatial Durbin model to comprehensively evaluate the spatial emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.The results showed that:①The carbon trading policies promoted carbon emission reductions in the pilot regions,among which Tianjin and Hubei responded significantly,and also helped to suppress carbon emissions in the neighboring areas.②Long-term emission reduction effect from carbon emissions trading became gradually significant,while the indirect emission reduction effect was relatively weaker.③In term of reducing carbon emissions,the economic development channel played a key role,but it had a threat to the promotion of carbon emissions in the surrounding areas.Energy consumption was the main obstacle to the growth of carbon emissions.④In the long run,technological progress tended to become the key to the effective implementation of potential emission reduction effects of carbon trading policies.Based on the above findings,we suggest that the construction of a national carbon trading market should be promoted,the balanced development and orderly advancement of regional carbon trading markets should be paid attention to,the coordinated development of green economy as well as knowledge and technology exchange and cooperation among regions should be strengthened to form a low carbon development model among regions.

Impact of mechanical stimulation on the life cycle of horticultural plant

Mechanical stimulation technology is critical in agricultural crop production because it is constantly regarded as a developing green technology to regulate plants to meet people's need for green and healthy agricultural products. Various environmental mechanical stimulation impacts seed germination, seedling growth, flowering date, fruit quantity, and fruit quality throughout the life cycle of a horticultural plant. This study first outlines the basic characteristics of six types of common mechanical stimulation in nature:precipitation, wind, gravity,touch, sound, and vibration. The effects of various mechanical stimulation types on the seed, seedling, flowering, and fruit of horticultural plants throughout their whole life cycle are then presented, as reviewed in the recent 100 years of existing literature. Finally, potential future study directions are discussed. The main challenge in mechanical stimulation technology is to uncover its potential capabilities for regulating and controlling plant development and fruit quality in green agriculture instead of agricultural chemicals.

Biomechanical Response of the Root System in Tomato Seedlings under Wind Disturbance

Wind disturbance as a green method can effectively prevent the overgrowth of tomato seedlings,and its mechanism may be related to root system mechanics.This study characterized the biophysical mechanical properties of taproot and lateral roots of tomato seedlings at five seedling ages and seedling substrates with three different moisture content.The corresponding root system-substrate finite element(FE)model was then developed and validated.The study showed that seedling age significantly affected the biomechanical properties of the taproot and lateral roots of the seedlings and that moisture content significantly affected the biomechanical properties of the seedling substrate(p<0.05).The established FE model was sensitive to wind speed,substrate moisture content,strong seedling index,and seedling age and was robust.The multiple linear regression equations obtained could predict the maximum stress and strain of the root system of tomato seedlings in the wind field.The strong seedling index had the greatest impact on the biomechanical response of the seedling root system during wind disturbance,followed by wind speed.In contrast,seedling age had no significant effect on the biomechanical response of the root system during wind disturbance.In the simulation,no mechanical damage was observed on the tissue of the seedling root system,but there were some strain behaviors.Based on the plant stress resistance,wind disturbance may affect the growth and development of the root system in the later growth stage.In this study,finite element and statistical analysis methods were combined to provide an effective approach for indepth analysis of the biomechanical mechanisms of wind disturbances that inhibit tomato seedlings’growth from the root system’s perspective.

Prediction of Tight Sand Reservoir with Multi-Wavelet Decomposition and Reconstructing Method

Special reservoir or fluid has an abnormal response to some certain frequencies, so that seismic decomposition and reconstruction are used to highlight the seismic reflection at certain frequencies useful to identify special geological bodies. Because seismic wavelets are time-varying and spatial-variable in the propagation, synthetic traces based on single wavelet make some weak but useful information lost, and make artifacts form. However, Morlet wavelet aggregation with mathematical analytical expression is able to fully and correctly reflect the variations of wavelet in the propagation of underground medium. The matching pursuit algorithm on the basis of Morlet wavelet improves the calculating efficiency in decomposition and reconstruction greatly. This method is applied to the actual study area to do conjoint analysis of single well and well-tie multi-wavelet decomposition. It is found that frequencies sensitive to interest reservoirs range from 8 to 34 Hz. Reconstructing the wavelets at those special frequencies and analyzing the reconstructed seismic data, it is pointed out that interest reservoirs have abnormal characteristics with respectively strong RMS amplitude in the reconstructed data. Crossplot of gamma value at wells and reconstructed RMS amplitude suggests that anomalies caused by interest reservoirs are well separated from the background anomalies when the reconstructed RMS amplitude is greater than 3650. Quantitative prediction results of interest reservoirs distribution in the study area reveal that interest reservoirs of western and northern study area are distributed annularly and bandedly, while most contiguous sandstone in eastern regions appears sporadically.

Estimation of the three-dimensional in situ stress field around a large deep underground cavern group near a valley

Understanding three-dimensional(3D)in situ stress field is of key importance for estimating the stability of large deep underground cavern groups near valleys.However,the complete 3D in situ stress fields around large deep underground cavern groups are difficult to determine based on in situ stress data from a limited number of measuring points due to the insufficient representativeness and unreliability of such measurements.In this study,an integrated approach for estimating the 3D in situ stress field around a large deep underground cavern group near a valley is developed based on incomplete in situ stress measurements and the stress-induced failures of tunnels excavated prior to the step excavation of the cavern group.This integrated approach is implemented via four interrelated and progressive basic steps,i.e.inference of the regional tectonic stress field direction,analyses of in situ stress characteristics and measurement reliability,regression-based in situ stress field analysis and reliability assessment,and modified in situ stress field analysis and reliability verification.The orientations and magnitudes of the 3D in situ stress field can be analyzed and obtained at a strategic level following these four basic steps.First,the tectonic stress field direction around the cavern group is deduced in accordance with the regional tectonic framework and verified using a regional crustal deformation velocity map.Second,the reliability of the in situ stress measurements is verified based on the locations and depths of stressinduced brittle failures in small tunnels(such as exploratory tunnels and pilot tunnels)within the excavation range of the cavern group.Third,considering the influences of the valley topography and major geological structures,the 3D in situ stress field is regressed using numerical simulation and multiple linear regression techniques based on the in situ stress measurements.Finally,the regressed in situ stress field is further modified and reverified based on the stress-induced brittle failures of small tunnels and the initial excavation of the cavern group.A case study of the Shuangjiangkou underground cavern group demonstrates that the proposed approach is reliable for estimating the 3D in situ stress fields of large deep underground cavern groups near valleys,thus contributing to the optimization of practical excavation and design of mitigating the instability of the surrounding rock masses during step excavations.

Glacier in the upstream Manla Reservoir in the Nianchu River Basin,Tibet:shrinkage and impacts

Glaciers in the upstream Mania Reservoir in the Nianchu River Basin are crucial for agriculture and hydropower in the ＂One River and Two Streams＂ area. Rising temperature has caused widespread retreat of glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau during the last few decades. In this study, glacier variations under climate change in the Nianchu River Basin are quantified and their influence are evaluated by analyzing 1980 aerial topographic maps, 1990 Landsat TM, 2000 Landsat ETM＋, and 2005 CBERS remotely sensed images. It is found that from 1980 to 2005, the debris-free glacier area shrank by 7.3% （13.42 kin2）. Glacier shrinkage will have a positive effect on agriculture, hydropower and eco-environment in the near future. However, because the large number of small glaciers （〈2 km2） will rapidly retreat and disappear in future years, melt water will decrease, ultimately resulting in a long term water shortage. Glacial lakes exhibited rapid expansion due to accelerating glacier retreat during 19802005, increasing the possibility of glacial lake outbtwst floods.

The Research of Urban Rail Transit Sectional Passenger Flow Prediction Method

This paper studies the short-term prediction methods of sectional passenger flow, and selects BP neural network combined with the characteristics of sectional passenger flow itself. With a case study, we design three different schemes. We use Matlab to realize the prediction of the sectional passenger flow of the Beijing subway Line 2 and make comparative analysis. The empirical research shows that combining data characteristics of sectional passenger flow with the BP neural network have good prediction accuracy.

The link between intracellular calcium signaling and exosomal PD-L1 in cancer progression and immunotherapy

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles containing microRNA,RNA,DNA fragments,and proteins that are transferred from donor cells to recipient cells.Tumor cells release exo-somes to reprogram the factors associated with the tumor microenvironment(TME)causing tu-mor metastasis and immune escape.Emerging evidence revealed that cancer cell-derived exosomes carry immune inhibitory molecule program death ligand 1(PD-L1)that binds with re-ceptor program death protein 1(PD-1)and promote tumor progression by escaping immune response.Currently,some FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies are clinicallyused for cancer treatment by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.Despite notable treatment outcomes,some pa-tients show poor drug response.Exosomal PD-L1 plays a vital role in lowering the treatment response,showing resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockage therapy through recapitulating the ef-fect of cell surface PD-L1.To enhance therapeutic response,inhibition of exosomal PD-L1 is required.Calcium signaling is the central regulator of tumorigenesis and can regulate exosome biogenesis and secretion by modulating Rab GTPase family and membrane fusion factors.Im-mune checkpoints are also connected with calcium signaling and calcium channel blockers like amlodipine,nifedipine,lercanidipine,diltiazem,and verapamil were also reported to suppress cellular PD-L1 expression.Therefore,to enhance the PD-1/PD-L1 blockage therapy response,the reduction of exosomal PD-L1 secretion from cancer cells is in our therapeutic consider-ation.In this review,we proposed a therapeutic strategy by targeting calcium signaling to inhibit the expression of PD-L1-containing exosome levels that could reduce the anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy resistance and increase the patient's drug response rate.

Influence of Wind Turbine Structural Parameters on Wind Shear and Tower Shadow Effect

To overcome the problems of natural decreases in power quality,and to eliminate wind speed fluctuation due to wind shear and tower shadow effect arising from wind turbine structural parameters,an improved prediction model accounting for the dual effect of wind shear and tower shadow is,in this paper,built.Compared to the conventional prediction model,the proposed model contains a new constraint condition,which makes the disturbance term caused by the tower shadow effect always negative so that the prediction result is closer to the actual situation.Furthermore,wind turbine structural parameters such as hub height,rotor diameter,the diameter of the tower top,and rotor overhang on wind shear and tower shadow effect are also explored in detail.The results show that the wind shear effect became weaker with the increase in hub height.The hub height is independent of the tower shadow effect.The rotor diameter is positively correlated with the wind shear and tower shadow effect.The tower shadow effect is positively correlated with the diameter of the tower top and negatively correlated with the rotor overhang.

Earthworms promote the accumulation of rhizodeposit carbon to soil macroaggregate in a Mollisol of northeast China,primarily in long-term no-till soil

As soil ecosystem engineers,earthworms are the main promoters of soil aggregation,a process that drives the production of ecosystem services by soils.A crucial factor in the ecosystem service of carbon sequestration is rhizodeposit carbon,which is the main energy source of soil food webs.The effects of earthworms on the distribution of rhizodeposit-carbon in soil aggregates remain unclear.Here,we conducted a 13CO2 labeling experiment to determine the effects of earthworms on maize rhizodeposit carbon in soil aggregates after 14 years(2002-2016),in both conventional tillage(CT)and conservation tillage(no tillage,NT)soils.Four treatments were established in total:NTE(no tillage soil with earthworms),CTE(conventional tillage soil with earthworms),NTC(control,no tillage soil without earthworms),and CTC(control,conventional tillage soil without earthworms).Earthworms significantly enhanced the abundance of soil macroaggregates(>2000μm and 250-2000μm)on day 30 compared with day 2(after labeling),especially in the NTsoils.On day 30,in the presence of earthworms,the amounts of rhizodeposit carbon in the>2000μm and 250-2000μm soil aggregates in the NTsoils were significantly higher than in those in the CTsoils(P<0.05),and higherδ13C signatures in the same size aggregates were observed in the NT soils than in the CT soils(P<0.05).These findings indicated that compared with the CT soils,with the involvement of earthworm activity,the NT soils promoted more rhizodeposit carbon transformation to the soil macroaggregates.Our results clearly indicate that soil macroaggregates formed in different tillage soils in the presence of 2 different engineers(earthworms and roots)significantly differ from those formed in the presence of only one organism(roots)in the long term.

Virtual Braids,Virtual Temperley-Lieb Algebra and f-Polynomial

The authors study the properties of virtual Temperley-Lieb algebra and show how the f-polynomial of virtual knot can be derived from a representation of the virtual braid group into the virtual Temperley-Lieb algebra, which is an approach similar to Jones' s original construction.

Influence of organic matter input and temperature change on soil aggregate-associated respiration and microbial carbon use efficiency in alpine agricultural soils

Understanding the dynamics of soil respiration,microbial carbon use efficiency(CUE),and temperature sensitivity(Q_(10))in response to exogenous organic matter(EOM)input,soil aggregate size,and incubation temperature is crucial for predicting soil carbon cycling responses to environmental changes.In this study,these interactions were investigated by 180-day incubation of soil aggregates supplemented with EOM at various temperatures(5°C,15°C and 25°C).The results reveal an‘L-shaped’trend in soil respiration on the time scale across all treatments,characterized by initial rapid declines followed by stability.EOM input and higher temperatures significantly enhance respiration rates.Notably,the respiratory rates of soil aggregates of different sizes exhibit distinct patterns based on the presence or absence of EOM.Under conditions without the addition of EOM,larger aggregates show relatively lower respiration rates.Conversely,in the presence of EOM,larger aggregates exhibit higher respiratory rates.Furthermore,Q_(10)decreases with increasing aggregate size.The relationship between Q_(10)and the substrate quality index(SQI)supports the carbon quality temperature(CQT)hypothesis,highlighting SQI’s influence on Q_(10)values,particularly during later incubation stages.Microbial CUE decreases with EOM input and rising temperatures.Meanwhile,aggregate size plays a role in microbial CUE,with smaller aggregates exhibiting higher CUE due to enhanced nutrient availability.In conclusion,the intricate interplay of EOM input,aggregate size,and temperature significantly shapes soil respiration,microbial CUE,and Q_(10).These findings underscore the complexity of these interactions and their importance in modeling soil carbon dynamics under changing environmental conditions.

A microscopic approach to brittle creep and time-dependent fracturing of rocks based on stress corrosion model

A brittle creep and time-dependent fracturing process model of rock is established by incorporating the stress corrosion model into discrete element method to analyze the creep behavior and microcrack evolution in brittle rocks at a micro-scale level.Experimental validation of the model is performed,followed by numerical simu-lations to investigate the creep properties and microcrack evolution in rocks under single-stage loading,multi-stage loading,and confining pressure,at various constant stress levels.The results demonstrate that as the stress level increases in single-stage creep simulations,the time-to-failure progressively decreases.The growth of microcracks during uniaxial creep occurs in three stages,with tensile microcracks being predominant and the spatial distribution of microcracks becoming more dispersed at higher stress levels.In multi-stage loadingunloading simulations,microcracks continue to form during the unloading stage,indicating cumulative damage resulting from increased axial stress.Additionally,the creep behaviour of rocks under confining pressure is not solely determined by the magnitude of the confining pressure,but is also influenced by the magnitude of the axial stress.The findings contribute to a better understanding of rock deformation and failure processes under different loading conditions,and they can be valuable for applications in rock mechanics and rock engineering.

高脂诱导孕鼠血清及胎盘组织脂肪酸结合蛋白-4及相关脂蛋白水平变化及其意义

目的探讨孕期脂代谢异常疾病高脂血症(HLP)的发病机制及可能的关键因子。方法选择50只Wistar雌性大鼠和16 Wistar雄性大鼠进行适应性饲养7 d后,按照雌、雄比例为1∶1,于傍晚进行合笼,获取优先受孕成功的孕鼠40只为研究对象。采用随机数字表法,将其平均分为2组进行不同方式饲养,高脂组(n=20,采用高脂饲料喂养)和对照组(n=20,采用普通饲料喂养)。采用全自动生化仪检测2组孕鼠胎盘组织血清脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)-4及血脂指标,包括总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、动脉硬化指数T。测量2组孕鼠胎盘面积及称量胎盘重量,采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察胎盘脂质沉积、滋养细胞浸润、螺旋动脉改变情况;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测胎盘组织FABP-4与脂滴相关蛋白(perilipin)A、B、C、D mRNA相对表达水平。实验过程对动物的处置符合动物伦理学要求。结果①高脂组孕鼠的胎盘面积及胎盘重量均大于、高于对照组,2组分别比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.44、-1.93,P=0.043、0.018)。②高脂组孕鼠血清FABP-4、TC、TG水平均高于对照组,而HDL水平则低于对照组,组间比较,差异亦有统计学意义(t=-11.06、-17.81、-15.28、2.48,P=0.024、0.010、0.010、0.002)。③2组孕鼠血清FABP-4水平与血清TC、TG水平呈正相关关系(r=0.827、0.818,P<0.001),与HDL水平呈负相关关系(r=-0.426,P=0.006)。④胎盘组织HE染色结果示:对照组胎盘组织未见明显脂肪细胞浸润,血管结构完整,无炎症细胞入侵;高脂组孕鼠胎盘组织中细胞质及小动脉周围存在明显空泡状脂肪细胞浸润、血管内膜纤维性增厚、管腔狭窄及管壁纤维素样坏死,并可见脂质细胞和炎性细胞浸润。⑤RT-PCR结果显示,高脂组孕鼠胎盘组织中FABP-4与perilipin A、B、C mRNA相对表达水平,均较对照组显著降低,组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=10.72、18.68、9.21、55.39,P=0.009,0.001、0.001、<0.001)。结论Wistar大鼠高脂饮食摄入,会下调胎盘组织相关脂蛋白表达,导致胎盘脂肪酸转运异常,进而出现胎盘脂质沉积、螺旋动脉改变,并引发炎症反应,导致胎盘功能或结构异常,最终导致母儿不良妊娠结局。FABP-4作为特殊的脂肪因子参与胎盘滋养细胞脂质代谢,可能作为评估胎盘功能的新手段。

The Development of a Two-finger Dexterous Bionic Hand with Three Grasping Patterns-NWAFU Hand

Bionic inspiration from human thumb and index finger was the drive to design a high-performance two-finger dexterous hand.The size of each phalanx and the motion range of each joint in the human thumb and index finger were summarized,and the features of three grasping patterns were described in detail.Subsequently,a two-finger dexterous bionic hand with 6 Degrees of Freedom(DoFs)was developed.Both the mechanical thumb and index finger were made up of three rigid phalanx links and three mechanical rotation joints.Some grasp-release tests validated that the bionic hand can perform three grasping patterns:power grasp,precision pinch and lateral pinch.The grasping success rates were high under the following cases:(1)when power grasping was used to grasp a ring with external diameter 20 mm-140 mm,a cylinder with mass<500 g,or objects with cylinder,sphere or ellipsoid shape;(2)when the precision pinch was used to grasp thin or small objects;(3)when the lateral pinch was used to grasp low length-to-width ratio of objects.The work provided a method for developing two-fimger bionic hand with three grasping patterns,and further revealed the linkage between the difference in fimger structure and size and the hand manipulation dexterity.

Sustainable management of Chinese grasslands—issues and knowledge

China has almost 400 Mhm^2 of grasslands,90% of which is considered degraded to varying degrees,on which 16 million herders depend for their livelihoods and many more indirectly, along the value-adding chain.Since 1950, average stocking rates across China have increased 4-fold. National policies have focused over recent decades on finding ways to rehabilitate the degraded grasslands, to sustain livestock production from them, and to improve the livelihoods of herder households, who are among the poorest people in China. A large collaborative program commenced in the early 2000 s to help find solutions to the sustainable management of grasslands.This paper summarizes key findings of many research projects, identifies where knowledge is weak and argues that the successful rehabilitation of grasslands will also require policies that provide incentives and support for herders as they move from a focus on survival to a focus on production of higher quality products, for which consumers are increasingly willing to pay. A key focus is to emphasize the improvement of animal production per head. When this is done, it naturally leads to lower stocking rates, which in turn provides the opportunities for grasslands to recover. Across a range of experiments, farm demonstrations and analyses using models, in Inner Mongolia and Gansu, a consistent result has been that a 50% reduction in stocking rates, improves net household income and starts the process of grassland rehabilitation.Rather than focusing on stocking rates, better management of grasslands could be achieved by maintaining the grasslands above critical values for herbage mass, values that help optimize botanical composition, reduce soil erosion, optimize animal growth rates and aid ecosystem functions. Managing to critical values for herbage mass is likely to be more effective than efforts to calculate sustainable stocking rates. An early summer rest is valuable for aiding grassland rehabilitation and summer productivity, but a total grazing ban(typically for 5 years)may not achieve its aims as evidence shows it may take 10–15 years to achieve a better grassland state. Lessdesirable plant species often increase in degraded grasslands that are rested and grazing can help manage those species. Surveys of herders indicate they have very mixed views on the benefits of total grazing bans that are unlikely to rehabilitate grasslands to an ideal botanical composition.The current objective is to work with grasslands that herders now have and optimize the existing composition.Grazing grasslands in winter results primarily in weight loss by animals and there is now evidence of how winter grazing reduces grassland growth in the next summer. It is better to keep animals in well-built sheds and feed them better, improved feeding through the cold months is required. In addition to the application of results from national programs designed to improve grasslands, it will be important to train herders as they move from survival to production, to foster the development of better markets for their livestock products, to devise better financial support for herder businesses and to revise land tenure arrangements so that herders can expand the area of land they graze on better terms than apply at present.

Export of dissolved carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances in rivers of the “Water Tower of Asia”

Rivers are critical links in the carbon and nitrogen cycle in aquatic,terrestrial,and atmospheric environments.Here riverine carbon and nitrogen exports in nine large rivers on the Tibetan Plateau—the＂Water Tower of Asia＂—were investigated in the monsoon season from 2013 to 2015.Compared with the world average,concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon（DIC,30.7 mg/L）were high in river basins of the plateau due to extensive topographic relief and intensive water erosion.Low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon（DOC,1.16 mg/L）were likely due to the low temperature and unproductive land vegetation environments.Average concentrations of riverine DIN（0.32 mg/L）and DON（0.35 mg/L）on the Tibetan Plateau were close to the world average.However,despite its predominantly pristine environment,discharge from agricultural activities and urban areas of the plateau has raised riverine N export.In addition,DOC/DON ratio（C/N,~6.5）in rivers of the Tibetan Plateau was much lower than the global average,indicating that dissolved organic carbon in the rivers of this region might be more bioavailable.Therefore,along with global warming and anthropogenic activities,increasing export of bioavailable riverine carbon and nitrogen from rivers of the Tibetan Plateau can be expected in the future,which will possibly influence the regional carbon and nitrogen cycle.

Multiband camouflage design with thermal management

Although the effective“stealth”of space vehicles is important,current camouflage designs are inadequate in meeting all application requirements.Here,a multilayer wavelength-selective emitter is demonstrated.It can realize visible light and dual-band mid-infrared camouflage with thermal control management in two application scenarios,with better effect and stronger radiation cooling capability,which can significantly improve the stealth and survivability of space vehicles in different environments.The selective emitter demonstrated in this paper has the advantages of simple structure,scalability,and ease of large-area fabrication,and has made a major breakthrough in driving multiband stealth technology from simulation research to physical verification and even practical application.