隐私计算的关键理论与前沿应用

基于国家自然科学基金委员会第352期“双清论坛”,本文介绍了隐私计算在服务国家数字经济重大战略需求的重要作用,分析了国内外对该研究聚焦点的布局情况,阐述了隐私计算的内涵与外延,回顾了隐私计算研究历程的三个维度:隐私加密、隐私脱密与非规则博弈下新型隐私计算,凝练了隐私计算的非规则博弈、全生命周期保护与联邦计算范式等关键科学问题,研讨该领域前沿应用与未来研究方向,力争进一步推动我国隐私计算理论、方法和技术的突破性发展与应用。

面向双碳目标的自动化和智能化理论与技术

基于国家自然科学基金委员会第324期双清论坛,本文针对面向双碳目标高耗能工业低碳运行与多介质能源协同减碳调控的国家重大需求,围绕低碳工业智能化和多能互补协同智能调控的自动化与智能化系统理论、关键技术及面向应用层面的基础性问题,分析了面向双碳目标的自动化和智能化的现状与发展趋势。在低碳工业智能化方面,聚焦工业生产全流程碳排放智能建模方法,低碳工业生产全流程数字化网络化智能化,流程工业低碳绿色制造,制造业异质能源综合利用与优化调控;在多能互补协同智能调控方面,聚焦研究多介质能源转化,多介质能源供给协同调控,多能互补与源储荷调控,能源“源-网-荷-储”一体化决策与综合安全,零碳智慧能源系统的结构化变革,城市智慧能源管控。围绕上述内容,讨论了面临的挑战,给出了凝练的科学问题与主要研究方向,提出了相关的政策建议。

Fluorine-plasma treated AlGaN/GaN high electronic mobility transistors under off-state overdrive stress

Influences of off-state overdrive stress on the fluorine-plasma treated AlGaN/GaN high-electronic mobility transistors(HEMTs)are experimentally investigated.It is observed that the reverse leakage current between the gate and source decreases after the off-state stress,whereas the current between the gate and drain increases.By analyzing those changes of the reverse currents based on the Frenkel–Poole model,we realize that the ionization of fluorine ions occurs during the off-state stress.Furthermore,threshold voltage degradation is also observed after the off-state stress,but the degradations of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs treated with different F-plasma RF powers are different.By comparing the differences between those devices,we find that the F-ions incorporated in the GaN buffer layer play an important role in averting degradation.Lastly,suggestions to obtain a more stable fluorine-plasma treated AlGaN/GaN HEMT are put forwarded.

Rethinking development and major research plans of Industrial Internet in China

This paper gives a definition of the Industrial Internet and expounds on the academic connotation of the future Industrial Internet.From this foundation,we outline the development and current status of the Industrial Internet in China and globally.Moreover,we detail the avant-garde paradigms encompassed within the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)’s“Future Industrial Internet Fundamental Theory and Key Technologies”research plan and its corresponding management strategies.This research initiative endeavors to enhance interdisciplinary collaborations,aiming for a synergistic alignment of industry,academia,research,and practical implementations.The primary focus of the research plan is on the pivotal scientific challenges inherent to the future industrial internet.It is poised to traverse the“first mile”,encompassing foundational research and pioneering innovations specific to the industrial internet,and seamlessly bridges to the“last mile”,ensuring the effective commercialization of scientific and technological breakthroughs into tangible industrial market applications.The anticipated contributions from this initiative are projected to solidify both the theoretical and practical scaffolding essential for the cultivation of a globally competitive industrial internet infrastructure in China.

Global multifaceted biodiversity patterns,centers,and conservation needs in angiosperms

The Convention on Biological Diversity seeks to conserve at least 30%of global land and water areas by 2030,which is a challenge but also an opportunity to better preserve biodiversity,including flowering plants(angiosperms).Herein,we compiled a large database on distributions of over 300,000 angiosperm species and the key functional traits of 67,024 species.Using this database,we constructed biodiversity-environment models to predict global patterns of taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity in terrestrial angiosperms and provide a comprehensive mapping of the three diversity facets.We further evaluated the current protection status of the biodiversity centers of these diversity facets.Our results showed that geographical patterns of the three facets of plant diversity exhibited substantial spatial mismatches and nonoverlapping conservation priorities.Idiosyncratic centers of functional diversity,particularly of herbaceous species,were primarily distributed in temperate regions and under weaker protection compared with other biodiversity centers of taxonomic and phylogenetic facets.Our global assessment of multifaceted biodiversity patterns and centers highlights the insufficiency and unbalanced conservation among the three diversity facets and the two growth forms(woody vs.herbaceous),thus providing directions for guiding the future conservation of global plant diversity.

Climate change filtered out resource-acquisitive plants in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Global climate change has led to the decline of species and functional diversity in ecosystems,changing community composition and ecosystem functions.However,we still know little about how species with different resource-use strategies(different types of resource usage and plant growth of plants as indicated by the spectrum of plant economic traits,including acquisitive resource-use strategy and conservative resource-use strategy)would change in response to climate change,and how the changes in the diversity of species with different resource-use strategies may influence community-level productivity.Here,using long-term(1982–2017)observatory data in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia,we investigated how climate change had affected the species richness(SR)and functional richness(FRic)for the whole community and for species with different resource-use strategies.Specifically,based on data for four traits representing leaf economics spectrum(leaf carbon concentration,leaf nitrogen concentration,leaf phosphorus concentration,and specific leaf area),we divided 81 plant species appearing in the grassland community into three plant functional types representing resource-acquisitive,medium,and resource-conservative species.We then analyzed the changes in community-level productivity in response to the decline of SR and FRic at the community level and for different resource-use strategies.We found that community-level SR and FRic decreased with drying climate,which was largely driven by the decline of diversity for resource-acquisitive species.However,community-level productivity remained stable because resource-conservative species dominating this grassland were barely affected by climate change.Our study revealed distinctive responses of species with different resource-use strategies to climate change and provided a new approach based on species functional traits for predicting the magnitude and direction of climate change effects on ecosystem functions.

Climate change impacts flowering phenology in Gongga Mountains,Southwest China

Flowering phenology of plants,which is important for reproductive growth,has been shown to be influenced by climate change.Understanding how flowering phenology responds to climate change and exploring the variation of this response across plant groups can help predict structural and functional changes in plant communities in response to ongoing climate change.Here,we used long-term collections of 33 flowering plant species from the Gongga Mountains(Mt.Gongga hereafter),a biodiversity hotspot,to investigate how plant flowering phenology changed over the past 70 years in response to climate change.We found that mean flowering times in Mt.Gongga were delayed in all vegetation types and elevations over the last 70 years.Furthermore,flowering time was delayed more in lowlands than at high elevations.Interestingly,we observed that spring-flowering plants show earlier flowering times whereas summer/autumn plants show delayed flowering times.Non-synchronous flowering phenology across species was mainly driven by changes in temperature and precipitation.We also found that the flowering phenology of 78.8%plant species was delayed in response to warming temperatures.Our findings also indicate that the magnitude and direction of variation in plant flowering times vary significantly among species along elevation gradients.Shifts in flowering time might cause trophic mismatches with co-occurring and related species,affecting both forest ecosystem structure and function.

不该遗忘的华莱士

2023年是阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士(Alfred Russel Wallace,1823-1913)诞辰200周年和逝世110周年。华莱士是19世纪杰出的博物学家、探险家、地理学家、生物学家和人类学家。他与达尔文共同提出了自然选择理论;他是动物地理分布学说的重要奠基人,被誉为“生物地理学之父”;他是一名人类学研究的先行者,树立了科学与人文相统一的典范。他一生撰写了22本书和508篇科学论文(Sochaczewski,2012)。

中国裸子植物的物种多样性格局及其影响因子

物种多样性的大尺度空间格局是宏观生态学和生物地理学研究的核心问题之一。本文利用中国裸子植物分布数据, 结合气候、地形等环境信息, 分析了中国裸子植物物种多样性的大尺度格局及其影响因素, 比较了不同类群之间物种多样性格局和主导因子的差异, 并探讨了裸子植物在植物区系中所占比重的地理格局。结果表明, 中国裸子植物的物种多样性总体上呈现南高北低的趋势, 物种多样性在横断山区最高。在裸子植物的三个主要类群中, 松柏亚纲的物种多样性格局与整体相似, 买麻藤亚纲的多样性高值区则出现在中国西北部的干旱地区, 苏铁亚纲的分布区较为狭窄, 主要集中在南方地区。线性回归分析结果表明, 空间异质性和降水因子对中国裸子植物多样性格局的解释率最高, 末次冰期以来的气温变化、海拔高差和能量因子次之。这表明中国裸子植物物种多样性的格局受到了多种因素的影响, 其中空间异质性和降水因子影响最大。进一步分析发现, 物种多样性格局的主导因子在不同类群之间具有显著差异, 这可能反映了这些类群的进化历史以及生理适应的差异。裸子植物与被子植物的比例具有明显的空间格局: 在东部、南部气候环境优越的地区, 裸子植物与被子植物的比例低于0.06; 而在西部、北部等气候环境比较恶劣的地区, 裸子植物的比例则显著上升。回归分析表明, 能量和水分因子显著影响了裸子植物与被子植物的比例。随着能量的降低和降水的减少, 裸子植物与被子植物的比例会显著升高, 这可能是由于被子植物在温暖湿润地区具有较强竞争优势, 但裸子植物对极端环境具有更好的适应。

不同生活型被子植物功能性状与基因组大小的关系

基因组大小在被子植物物种之间存在着巨大的变异,但目前对不同生活型被子植物功能性状与基因组大小的关系缺乏统一的认识。本研究基于被子植物245科2,226属11,215个物种的基因组大小数据,探讨了不同生活型物种种子重量、最大植株高度和叶片氮、磷含量4个功能性状与基因组大小之间的关系。结果表明,被子植物最大植株高度和种子重量与基因组大小间的关系在草本和木本植物中存在显著差异。草本植物最大植株高度与基因组大小的关系不显著,但种子重量与其呈极显著的正相关关系。木本植物最大植株高度与基因组大小显著负相关,但种子重量与其关系不显著。木本植物叶片氮含量与基因组大小呈显著正相关,但其他生活型植物的叶片氮、磷含量与基因组大小均无显著相关性。本研究表明被子植物功能性状与基因组大小的相关性在不同生活型间存在差异,这为深入研究植物多种功能性状和植物生活型与基因组大小的权衡关系在植物演化和生态适应中的作用提供了重要依据。

Preoperative diagnosis of malignant pulmonary nodules in lung cancer screening with a radiomics nomogram

Background:Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide.Its survival rate can be significantly improved by early screening.Biomarkers based on radiomics features have been found to provide important physiological information on tumors and considered as having the potential to be used in the early screening of lung cancer.In this study,we aim to establish a radiomics model and develop a tool to improve the discrimination between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 875 patients with benign or malignant pulmonary nodules who underwent computed tomography(CT)examinations between June 2013 and June 2018.We assigned 612 patients to a training cohort and 263 patients to a validation cohort.Radiomics features were extracted from the CT images of each patient.Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)was used for radiomics feature selection and radiomics score calculation.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to develop a classification model and radiomics nomogram.Radiomics score and clinical variables were used to distinguish benign and malignant pulmonary nodules in logistic model.The performance of the radiomics nomogram was evaluated by the area under the curve(AUC),calibration curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow test in both the training and validation cohorts.Results:A radiomics score was built and consisted of 20 features selected by LASSO from 1288 radiomics features in the training cohort.The multivariate logistic model and radiomics nomogram were constructed using the radiomics score and patients’age.Good discrimination of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules was obtained from the training cohort(AUC,0.836;95%confidence interval[CI]:0.793-0.879)and validation cohort(AUC,0.809;95%CI:0.745-0.872).The Hosmer-Lemeshow test also showed good performance for the logistic regression model in the training cohort(P=0.765)and validation cohort(P=0.064).Good alignment with the calibration curve indicated the good performance of the nomogram.Conclusions:The established radiomics nomogram is a noninvasive preoperative prediction tool for malignant pulmonary nodule diagnosis.Validation revealed that this nomogram exhibited excellent discrimination and calibration capacities,suggesting its clinical utility in the early screening of lung cancer.

Spatiotemporal variation in leaf size and shape in response to climate

Aims Morphological variation of leaves is a key indicator of plant response to climatic change.Leaf size and shape are associated with carbon,water and energy exchange of plants with their environment.However,whether and how leaf size and shape responded to climate change over the past decades remains poorly studied.Moreover,many studies have only explored inter-but not intraspecific variation in leaf size and shape across space and time.Methods We collected>6000 herbarium specimens spanning 98 years(1910–2008)in China for seven representative dicot species and measured their leaf length and width.We explored geographical patterns and temporal trends in leaf size(i.e.leaf length,leaf width and length×width product)and shape(i.e.length/width ratio),and investigated the effects of changes in precipitation and temperature over time and space on the variation in leaf size and shape.Important Findings After accounting for the effects of sampling time,leaf size decreased with latitude for all species combined,but the relationship varied among species.Leaf size and shape were positively correlated with temperature and precipitation across space.After accounting for the effects of sampling locations,leaf size of all species combined increased with time.Leaf size changes over time were mostly positively correlated with precipitation,whereas leaf shape changes were mostly correlated with temperature.Overall,our results indicate significant spatial and temporal intraspecific variation in leaf size and shape in response to climate.Our study also demonstrates that herbarium specimens collected over a considerable period of time provide a good resource to study the impacts of climate change on plant morphological traits.

Review of smart robots for fruit and vegetable picking in agriculture

The fruit and vegetable picking has posed a great challenge on the production and markets during the harvest season.Manual picking cannot fully meet the rapid requirements of each market,mainly due to the high labor-intensive and time-consuming tasks,even the aging and shortage of agricultural labor force in recent years.Alternatively,smart robotics can be an efficient solution to increase the planting areas for the markets in combination with changes in cultivation,preservation,and processing technology.However,some improvements still need to be performed on these picking robots.To document the progress in and current status of this field,this study performed a bibliometric analysis.This analysis evaluated the current performance characteristics of various fruit and vegetable picking robots for better prospects in the future.Five perspectives were proposed covering the robotic arms,end effectors,vision systems,picking environments,and picking performance for the large-scale mechanized production of fruits and vegetables in modern agriculture.The current problems of fruit and vegetable picking robots were summarized.Finally,the outlook of the fruit and vegetable picking robots prospected from four aspects:structured environment for fruit planting,the algorithm of recognition and positioning,picking efficiency,and cost-saving picking robots.This study comprehensively assesses the current research status,thus helping researchers steer their projects or locate potential collaborators.

A comparative study of hydrothermal aging effect on cerium and lanthanum doped Cu/SSZ-13 catalysts for NH_(3)-SCR

Ce-or La-doped Cu/SSZ-13 catalysts were prepared by a hydrothermal method and Cu,Ce or La ions were incorporated through stepwise ion exchange,The catalyst activity was measured for the ammonia selective catalytic reduction reaction.The structure and composition of catalyst were characterized by using X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry solid-state NMR,NH_(3)-TPD techniques,and the active components were examined by XPS and XANES.The results indicate that the Ce and La doping can both completely preserve the SCR activity of Cu/SSZ-13 above 300℃,but there is also a decrease of activity below 200℃.On the other hand,Ce doping is beneficial to the formation of framework aluminum,stabilizes molecular sieve framework and Cu active sites of Cu/SSZ-13,thereby improves the catalyst hydrothermal stability.But La doping will decrease the amount of framework aluminum and Cu active sites of Cu/SSZ-13 after hydrothermally aging,even destroy zeolite CHA structure.This is quite harmful to the catalyst hydrothermal stability.

Patterns and ecological determinants of woody plant height in eastern Eurasia and its relation to primary productivity

Aims Plant height is a key functional trait related to aboveground bio-mass,leaf photosynthesis and plant fitness.However,large-scale geographical patterns in community-average plant height(cAPH)of woody species and drivers of these patterns across different life forms remain hotly debated.Moreover,whether cAPH could be used as a predictor of ecosystem primary productivity is unknown.Methods We compiled mature height and distributions of 11422 woody spe-cies in eastern Eurasia,and estimated geographic patterns in cAPH for different taxonomic groups and life forms.then we evaluated the effects of environmental(including current climate and historical climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM))and evolutionary factors on cAPH.Lastly,we compared the predictive power of cAPH on primary productivity with that of LiDAR-derived canopy-height data from a global survey.Important Findings Geographic patterns of cAPH and their drivers differed among taxonomic groups and life forms.the strongest predictor for cAPH of all woody species combined,angiosperms,all dicots and deciduous dicots was actual evapotranspiration,while temperature was the strongest pre-dictor for cAPH of monocots and tree,shrub and evergreen dicots,and water availability for gymnosperms.Historical climate change since the LGM had only weak effects on cAPH.No phylogenetic signal was detected in family-wise average height,which was also unrelated to the tested environmental factors.Finally,we found a strong correlation between cAPH and ecosystem primary productivity.Primary productivity showed a weaker relationship with cAPH of the tallest species within a grid cell and no relationship with LiDAR-derived canopy height reported in the global survey.Our findings suggest that current climate rather than historical climate change and evolutionary history determine the geographical patterns in cAPH.However,the relative effects of climatic factors representing environmental energy and water availability on spatial variations of cAPH vary among plant life forms.Moreover,our results also suggest that cAPH can be used as a good predictor of ecosystem primary productivity.

Reversible switching between normal and thermally activated delayed fluorescence towards “smart” and single compound whitelight luminescence via controllable conformational distribution

An organic compound exhibiting simultaneously reversible switch between its emission colors and luminescence mechanisms,possessing high contrast from deep blue normal fluorescence(NF) to yellow thermally activated delayed fluorescence(TADF),is reported. Based on these two complementary colors, white-light emission combining NF and TADF from a single compound can be achieved in various states. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations indicate that the controllable conformational distribution under thermal and mechanical activation is the mechanism responsible for the reversible switching behavior.

Tailoring Excited State Properties and Energy Levels Arrangement via Subtle Structural Design on D-π-A Materials

The donor-n-conjugated-acceptor （D-n-A） structure is an important design for the luminescent materials be- cause of its diversity in the selections of donor, n-bridge and acceptor groups. Herein, we demonstrate two examples of D-^-A structures capable to finely modulate the excited state properties and arrangement of energy levels, TPA-AN-BP and CZP-AN-BP, which possess the same acceptor and n-bridge but different donor. The investigation of their photophysical properties and DFT calculation revealed that the D-n-A structure with proper donor, n-bridge and acceptor can result in separation of frontier molecular orbitals on the corresponding donor and acceptor with an obvious overlap on the n-bridge, resulting in a hybridized local and charge-transfer （HLCT） excited state with high photoluminescent （PL） efficiencies. Meanwhile, their singlet and triplet states are arranged on corresponding moie- ties with large energy gap between T2 and T1, and a small energy gap between S1 and T2, which favor the reverse intersystem crossing （RISC） from high-lying triplet levels to singlet levels. As a result, the sky-blue emission non-doped OLED based on the TPA-AN-BP reached maximum external quantum efficiency （EQE） of 4.39% and a high exciton utilization efficiency （EUE） of 77%. This study demonstrates a new strategy to construct highly effi- cient OLED materials.

Global patterns of species richness of the holarctic alpine herb Saxifraga:the role of temperature and habitat heterogeneity

The effects of contemporary climate,habitat heterogeneity and long-term climate change on species richness are well studied for woody plants in forest ecosystems,but poorly understood for herbaceous plants,especially in alpine–arctic ecosystems.Here,we aim to test if the previously proposed hypothesis based on the richness–environment relationship could explain the variation in richness patterns of the typical alpine–arctic herbaceous genus Saxifraga.Using a newly compiled distribution database of 437 Saxifraga species,we estimated the species richness patterns for all species,narrow-and wide-ranged species.We used generalized linear models and simultaneous autoregressive models to evaluate the effects of contemporary climate,habitat heterogeneity and historical climate on species richness patterns.Partial regressions were used to determine the independent and shared effects of different variables.Four widely used models were tested to identify their predictive power in explaining patterns of species richness.We found that temperature was negatively correlated with the richness patterns of all and wide-ranged species,and that was the most important environmental factor,indicating a strong conservatism of its ancestral temperate niche.Habitat heterogeneity and long-term climate change were the best predictors of the spatial variation of narrow-ranged species richness.Overall,the combined model containing five predictors can explain ca.40%–50%of the variation in species richness.We further argued that additional evolutionary and biogeographical processes might have also played an essential role in shaping the Saxifraga diversity patterns and should be considered in future studies.

Effects of topography on structuring species assemblages in a subtropical forest

Aims Topography has long been recognized as an important factor in shaping species distributions.Many studies revealed that species may show species-habitat associations.However,few studies inves-tigate how species assemblages are associated with local habitats,and it still remains unclear how the community-habitat associa-tions vary with species abundance class and life stage.In this study,we analyzed the community-habitat associations in a subtropical montane forest.Methods The fully mapped 25-ha(500×500 m)forest plot is located in Badagongshan Nature Reserve in Hunan Province,Central China.It was divided into 625(20×20 m)quadrats.Habitat types were classified by multivariate regression tree analyses that cluster areas with similar species composition according to the topographic characteristics.Indicator species analysis was used to identify the most important species for structuring species assemblages.We also compared the community-habitat associations for two levels of species abundances(i.e.abundant and rare)and three different life stages(i.e.saplings,juveniles and adults),while accounting for sample size effects.Important Findings The Badagongshan plot was divided into five distinct habitat types,which explained 34.7%of the variance in tree species composi-tion.Even with sample size taken into account,community-habi-tat associations for rare species were much weaker than those for abundant species.Also when accounting for sample size,very small differences were found in the variance explained by topography for the three life stages.Indicator species of habitat types were mainly abundant species,and nearly all adult stage indicator species were also indicators in juvenile and sapling stages.Our study manifested that topographical habitat filtering was important in shaping over-all local species compositions.However,habitat filtering was not important in shaping rare species’distributions in this forest.The community-habitat association patterns in this forest were mainly shaped by abundant species.In addition,during the transitions from saplings to juveniles,and from juveniles to adults,the relative importance of habitat filtering was very weak.

A high-quality,phased genome assembly of broomcorn millet reveals the features of its subgenome evolution and 3D chromatin organization

Dear Editor,Grasses of the genus Panicumgrowin natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide and include about 450 species distributed throughout tropical and temperate regions.Most Panicumgrasses remain unexploited,with the exceptions of broomcorn millet(P.miliaceum)(Shi et al.,2019;Zou et al.,2019),switchgrass(P.virgatum)(Lovell et al.,2021),Hall’s panicgrass(P.hallii)(Lovell et al.,2018),and a few other species that have been successfully domesticated into staple,forage,and energy crops.Broomcorn millet(2n=4x=36)is probably one of the earliest domesticated grain crops,originating in North China around 10000 years ago.