A game-theoretic approach for federated learning:A trade-off among privacy,accuracy and energy

Benefiting from the development of Federated Learning(FL)and distributed communication systems,large-scale intelligent applications become possible.Distributed devices not only provide adequate training data,but also cause privacy leakage and energy consumption.How to optimize the energy consumption in distributed communication systems,while ensuring the privacy of users and model accuracy,has become an urgent challenge.In this paper,we define the FL as a 3-layer architecture including users,agents and server.In order to find a balance among model training accuracy,privacy-preserving effect,and energy consumption,we design the training process of FL as game models.We use an extensive game tree to analyze the key elements that influence the players’decisions in the single game,and then find the incentive mechanism that meet the social norms through the repeated game.The experimental results show that the Nash equilibrium we obtained satisfies the laws of reality,and the proposed incentive mechanism can also promote users to submit high-quality data in FL.Following the multiple rounds of play,the incentive mechanism can help all players find the optimal strategies for energy,privacy,and accuracy of FL in distributed communication systems.

Tin phosphide-carbon composite as a high-performance anode active material for sodium-ion batteries with high energy density

Tin phosphide(Sn_(4)P_(3))is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its relatively large theoretical capacity,appropriate Na^(+) alloying potential,and good cyclic stability.Herein,the Sn_(4)P_(3) embedded into a carbon matrix with good rate performance and long cycle life is reported.The Sn_(4)P_(3)-C composite exhibits excellent rate performance(540 mAh g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1))and the highest reversible capacity(844 mAh g^(-1) at 0.5 A ^(g-1))among Sn4P3-based anodes reported so far.Its reversible capacity is as high as 705 mAh g^(-1) even after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g^(-1).Besides,its initial Coulomb efficiency can reach 85.6%,with the average Coulomb efficiency exceeding 99.75%from the 3rd to 100th cycles.Na_(2)C_(6)O_(6) is firstly used as a cathode when Sn_(4)P_(3) acts as anode,and the Na-Sn_(4)P_(3)-C//Na_(2)C_(6)O_(6) full cell shows excellent electrochemical performance.These results demonstrate that the Sn_(4)P_(3)-C composite prepared in this work displays high-rate capability and superior cyclic performance,and thus is a potential anode for sodium ion batteries.

Process intensification in vapor–liquid mass transfer: The state-of-the-art

The concept of process intensification(PI) has absorbed diverse definitions and stays true to the mission—'do more with less', which is an approach purposed by chemical engineers to solve the global energy & environment problems. To date, the focus of PI has been on processes mainly involving vapor/liquid systems. Based on the fundamental principles of vapor–liquid mass transfer process like distillation and absorption, there are three strategies to intensify interphase mass transfer: enhancing the overall driving force, improving the mass transfer coefficient and enlarging the vapor–liquid interfacial area. More specifically, this article herein provides an overview of various technologies to strengthen the vapor–liquid mass transfer, including application of external fields, addition of third substances, micro-chemical technology and usage of solid foam, with the objective to contribute to the future developments and potential applications of PI in scientific research and industrial sectors.

Identification of long non-coding RNAs in response to downy mildew stress in grape

The importance of long non-coding RNA in plants has been reported more frequently in recent years,but there has been few specific reports on lncRNAs in grape,especially in terms of disease resistance.We performed RNA-seq on grape leaves of two species(Vitis piasezkii accession Liuba-8,Vitis vinifera cultivar Pinot Noir)sampled at six time points after inoculation,and 4011 possible lncRNAs were identified.The characteristics of grape lncRNAs were analyzed,and it was found that lncRNAs showed relatively consistent characteristics with the reported lncRNAs in model plants.3,643 lncRNAs were predicted that have cis-regulatory effects on 6,622 protein-coding genes and 91 DElncRNAs were revealed to be coexpressed with its trans-regulated coding genes.One hundred and seventeen grape microRNAs were predicted to potentially target 184 lncRNAs and six lncRNAs were predicted to be endogenous targeting mimics of 15 microRNAs,among which some miRNAs have been reported in grape disease resistance.At six time points,LncRNAs showed different expression levels and different expression patterns in two species,suggesting that lncRNAs may have a certain regulatory effect on resistance to downy mildew in grape.Finally,a lncRNA MSTRG.12742.1 which may play a positive role in grape downy mildew resistance was verified by transient transformation.Its potential target gene,VIT_204s0008g02671.1,encodes cryptochrome DASH which may regulate stomatal opening and closing of plant leaves.In this study,we provided the systematic identification of lncRNAs in the course of downy mildew of grape,laying a foundation for further studies on downy mildew and lncRNAs of grape in the future.

Na_(4)Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))/C composite with porous structure enabling allclimate and long-life sodium-ion batteries

Na_(4)Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)(P_(2)O_(7))(NFPP)with the advantages of low cost and stable crystal structure has been considered a highly promising cathode candidate for sodiumion batteries.However,limited by its undesirable intrinsic conductivity,it still suffers from unsatisfactory electrochemical performance.Herein,we synthesized NFPP/C composites with porous structure(p-NFPP)by a facile selfassembly strategy.Its well-developed pore structure can effectively reduce the ion diffusion path,accelerate electrolyte infiltration and accommodate volume expansion during the charge/discharge process.In addition,in-situ X-ray diffraction revealed the superior structural stability of p-NFPP.They enable a high reversible capacity(104.8 mAh g−1),and good rate performance(75.0 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1),and excellent cycling stability(a reversible capacity of 85.1 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles).More importantly,the p-NFPP realizes a stable operation in a wide temperature range of 55℃ to−10℃.This work highlights morphology engineering as a powerful strategy to boost the all-climate sodium storage performance of electrode materials.

Ruthenium(Ⅱ) Complexes Bearing Schiff Base Ligands for Efficient Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of Secondary Alcohols

Four ruthenium(Ⅱ)complexes 1-4[RN=CH-(2,4-(Bu)_(2)C_(6)H_(2)O)]RuH(PPh_(3))_(2)(CO)(R=C_(6)H_(5),1;R=4-MeC_(6)H_(4),2;R=4-CIC_(6)H_(4),3;R=4-BrC_(6)H_(4),4)bearing Schiff base ligands were prepared by treating RuHCICO(PPh_(3))_(3) with RN=CH-(2,4-(Bu)_(2)C_(6)H_(2)OH(L1-L4)in the presence of triethylamine.Their structures were fully characterized by elemental analysis,IR,NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal-lography.

Design method of end worm gear drive,including tooth curve geometry and improved lubrication angle formula

End worm gear drives are characterized by their multi-tooth contact,compact contour,and theoretical potential to overcome some inherent flaws of cylindrical worm drives.However,quantitative basic research on end worm gear drives is currently inadequate,which hinders the development of this transmission.This work focuses on the computational design of end worm gear drives and proposes a new Niemann-type design.Meshing models of the proposed drive are established,and its engagement theory is deduced systematically.Based on the derived tooth surface equations,an innovative research methodology for the tooth curve geometry of the end worm gear is created,and the tooth curve in the worm gear reference plane is proved to be a spiral.An improved formula for the lubrication angle is developed,which can provide more rational numerical results for the angle.Theoretically,the modified formula is universally applicable for line contact drives and can be used to quantitatively investigate the lubrication level between the teeth for the proposed drive.Simulation outcomes demonstrate the favorable characteristics of the transmission,including broad conjugate areas,even contact lines,and fine global lubrication state.