Vibration Control of the Rail Grinding Vehicle with Abrasive Belt Based on Structural Optimization and Lightweight Design

As a new grinding and maintenance technology,rail belt grinding shows significant advantages in many applications The dynamic characteristics of the rail belt grinding vehicle largely determines its grinding performance and service life.In order to explore the vibration control method of the rail grinding vehicle with abrasive belt,the vibration response changes in structural optimization and lightweight design are respectively analyzed through transient response and random vibration simulations in this paper.Firstly,the transient response simulation analysis of the rail grinding vehicle with abrasive belt is carried out under operating conditions and non-operating conditions.Secondly,the vibration control of the grinding vehicle is implemented by setting vibration isolation elements,optimizing the structure,and increasing damping.Thirdly,in order to further explore the dynamic characteristics of the rail grinding vehicle,the random vibration simulation analysis of the grinding vehicle is carried out under the condition of the horizontal irregularity of the American AAR6 track.Finally,by replacing the Q235 steel frame material with 7075 aluminum alloy and LA43M magnesium alloy,both vibration control and lightweight design can be achieved simultaneously.The results of transient dynamic response analysis show that the acceleration of most positions in the two working conditions exceeds the standard value in GB/T 17426-1998 standard.By optimizing the structure of the grinding vehicle in three ways,the average vibration acceleration of the whole car is reduced by about 55.1%from 15.6 m/s^(2) to 7.0 m/s^(2).The results of random vibration analysis show that the grinding vehicle with Q235 steel frame does not meet the safety conditions of 3σ.By changing frame material,the maximum vibration stress of the vehicle can be reduced from 240.7 MPa to 160.0 MPa and the weight of the grinding vehicle is reduced by about 21.7%from 1500 kg to 1175 kg.The modal analysis results indicate that the vibration control of the grinding vehicle can be realized by optimizing the structure and replacing the materials with lower stiffness under the premise of ensuring the overall strength.The study provides the basis for the development of lightweight,diversified and efficient rail grinding equipment.

Research on modeling and self-excited vibration mechanism in magnetic levitation-collision interface coupling system

The modeling and self-excited vibration mechanism in the magnetic levitation-collision interface coupling system are investigated.The effects of the control and interface parameters on the system's stability are analyzed.The frequency range of self-excited vibrations is investigated from the energy point of view.The phenomenon of self-excited vibrations is elaborated with the phase trajectory.The corresponding control strategies are briefly analyzed with respect to the vibration mechanism.The results show that when the levitation objects collide with the mechanical interface,the system's vibration frequency becomes larger with the decrease in the collision gap;when the vibration frequency exceeds the critical frequency,the electromagnetic system continues to provide energy to the system,and the collision interface continuously dissipates energy so that the system enters the self-excited vibration state.

咪唑类离子液体与酪氨酸相互作用及机理的密度泛函理论研究

离子液体的物理化学性质稳定且结构可调,被认为是潜在的新一代绿色高效生物分子溶剂。本文通过密度泛函理论研究了系列咪唑基离子液体与两性离子型氨基酸(酪氨酸)的相互作用及机理。利用对称微扰理论(SAPT)、分子中的原子理论(AIM)及约化密度梯度函数(RDG),分析了氢键作用、静电力、诱导力和色散力对离子液体-氨基酸体系相互作用的贡献。计算结果表明静电作用对于阴、阳离子与酪氨酸的相互作用占主导地位。对于系列阳离子而言,具有不同的甲基取代位点和烷基侧链长度对不同的相互作用模式会产生显著影响。其中,当甲基位于咪唑环的C2位点时,诱导力与色散力占比差别较小;当甲基取代位于咪唑环的N3位点时,诱导力与色散力占比差别较大。产生这一差异的原因在于当甲基位于C2位时,氢键、咪唑环与苯环之间的π^(+)–π作用为主要作用模式,而甲基取代位为N3位时,氢键和烷基链与苯环之间的C_(Alkyl)―H…π作用则成为主导。进一步获得离子对-酪氨酸的相互作用能变化趋势与阳离子-酪氨酸的变化趋势一致,阴阳离子的共同作用使其与酪氨酸结合更稳定。该研究结果阐明了离子液体中阳离子氢键位点及侧链长度差异对于离子液体-酪氨酸体系的相互作用模式的影响机制,为高效分离氨基酸的功能性离子液体的设计和筛选提供了新思路。

Contact Mechanism of Rail Grinding with Open-Structured Abrasive Belt Based on Pressure Grinding Plate

The current research of abrasive belt grinding rail mainly focuses on the contact mechanism and structural design.Compared with the closed structure abrasive belt grinding,open-structured abrasive belt grinding has excellent performance in dynamic stability,consistency of grinding quality,extension of grinding mileage and improvement of working efficiency.However,in the contact structure design,the open-structured abrasive belt grinding rail using a profiling pressure grinding plate and the closed structure abrasive belt using the contact wheel are different,and the contact mechanisms of the two are different.In this paper,based on the conformal contact and Hertz theory,the contact mechanism of the pressure grinding plate,abrasive belt and rail is analyzed.Through finite element simulation and static pressure experiment,the contact behavior of pressure grinding plate,abrasive belt and rail under single concentrated force,uniform force and multiple concentrated force was studied,and the distribution characteristics of contact stress on rail surface were observed.The results show that under the same external load,there are three contact areas under the three loading modes.The outer contour of the middle contact area is rectangular,and the inner contour is elliptical.In the contact area at both ends,the stress is extremely small under a single concentrated force,the internal stress is drop-shaped under a uniform force,and the internal stress under multiple concentration forces is elliptical.Compared with the three,the maximum stress is the smallest and the stress distribution is more uniform under multiple concentrated forces.Therefore,the multiple concentrated forces is the best grinding pressure loading mode.The research provides support for the application of rail grinding with open-structured abrasive belt based on pressure grinding plate,such as contact mechanism and grinding pressure mode selection.

Spatiotemporal changes in forest loss and its linkage to burned areas in China

Fire-induced forest loss has substantially increased worldwide over the last decade.In China,the connection between forest loss and frequent fi res on a national scale remains largely unexplored.In this study,we used a data set for a time-series of forest loss from the Global Forest Watch and for a MODIS-derived burned area for 2003–2015 to ascertain variations in forest loss and to explore its relationship with forest fi res(represented by burned areas)at the country-and forest-zone levels.We quantifi ed trends in forest loss during 2003–2015 using linear regression analysis and assessed the relation between forest loss and burned areas using Spearman’s correlation.Forest loss increased signifi cantly(264.8 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.54,p<0.01)throughout China,with an average annual increase of 11.4%during 2003–2015.However,the forest loss trend had extensive spatial heterogeneity.Forest loss increased mainly in the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest zone(315.0 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.69,p<0.01)and tropical rainforest zone(38.8 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.66,p<0.01),but the loss of forest decreased in the cold temperate deciduous coniferous forest zone(−70.8 km 2 year−1;R 2=0.75,p<0.01)and the temperate deciduous mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest zone(−14.4 km 2 a−1;R 2=0.45,p<0.05).We found that 1.0%of China’s area had a signifi cant positive correlation(r≥0.55,p<0.05)with burned areas and 0.3%had a signifi cant negative correlation(r≤−0.55,p<0.05).In particular,forest loss had a signifi cant positive relationship with the burned area in the cold temperate deciduous coniferous forest zone(16.9% of the lands)and the subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest zone(7.8%).These results provide a basis for future predictions of fi re-induced forest loss in China.

Spatial heterogeneity of dead fuel moisture content in a Larix gmelinii forest in Inner Mongolia using geostatistics

Spatial heterogeneity of fuel moisture content determines the spread rate and direction of a forest fire.Research on the spatial heterogeneity of the moisture content of dead fuel of Larix gmelinii Rupr.showed that:(1)fuel moisture content in litter layer<semi-humus layer<humus layer,and the coefficient of variation decreased with sampling depth;(2)the sill value of the semi-humus layer was highest,the humus layer moderate,the litter layer the smallest,overall,the spatial heterogeneity of the semi-humus layer was the highest.The humus layer in the slant direction and three layers in a vertical direction showed strong spatial correlation with the lowest nugget coefficient of 0.0968;(3)the fuel moisture content of the humus layer showed strong spatial anisotropy;and,(4)estimating the total moisture content of the sampling site by stimulated sampling reasonable control of the sampling interval,and increasing the sampling intensity can reduce the error.When the sampling intensity is increased to more than 16 and the sampling interval 3 m,the standard error is<15%.The spatial heterogeneity of fuel moisture content is best revealed by increasing sampling density,sampling in different fire seasons,and in different slope directions and positions.The results can provide a scientific basis for forest fire prediction and prevention.

A Logistic-growth-equation-based Intensity Prediction Scheme for Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones

Accurate prediction of tropical cyclone(TC)intensity remains a challenge due to the complex physical processes involved in TC intensity changes.A seven-day TC intensity prediction scheme based on the logistic growth equation(LGE)for the western North Pacific(WNP)has been developed using the observed and reanalysis data.In the LGE,TC intensity change is determined by a growth term and a decay term.These two terms are comprised of four free parameters which include a time-dependent growth rate,a maximum potential intensity(MPI),and two constants.Using 33 years of training samples,optimal predictors are selected first,and then the two constants are determined based on the least square method,forcing the regressed growth rate from the optimal predictors to be as close to the observed as possible.The estimation of the growth rate is further refined based on a step-wise regression(SWR)method and a machine learning(ML)method for the period 1982−2014.Using the LGE-based scheme,a total of 80 TCs during 2015−17 are used to make independent forecasts.Results show that the root mean square errors of the LGE-based scheme are much smaller than those of the official intensity forecasts from the China Meteorological Administration(CMA),especially for TCs in the coastal regions of East Asia.Moreover,the scheme based on ML demonstrates better forecast skill than that based on SWR.The new prediction scheme offers strong potential for both improving the forecasts for rapid intensification and weakening of TCs as well as for extending the 5-day forecasts currently issued by the CMA to 7-day forecasts.

Relationships between the Extratropical ENSO Precursor and Leading Modes of Atmospheric Variability in the Southern Hemisphere

Previous studies suggest that the atmospheric precursor of E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere （SH） might trigger a quadrapole sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） in the South Pacific and subsequently influence the following ENSO. Such a quadrapole SSTA is referred to as the South Pacific quadrapole （SPQ）. The present study investigated the relationships between the atmospheric precursor signal of ENSO and leading modes of atmospheric variability in the extratropical SH [including the SH annular mode （SAM）, the first Pacific-South America （PSA1） mode, and the second Pacific-South America （PSA2） mode]. The results showed that the atmospheric precursor signal in the extratropical SH basically exhibits a barotropic wavenumber-3 structure over the South Pacific and is significantly correlated with the SAM and the PSA2 mode during austral summer. Nevertheless, only the PSA2 mode was found to be a precursor for the following ENSO. It leads the SPQ-like SSTA by around one month, while the SAM and the PSA1 mode do not show any obvious linkage with either ENSO or the SPQ. This suggests that the PSA2 mode may provide a bridge between the preceding circulation anomalies over the extratropical SH and the following ENSO through the SPQ-like SSTA.

An Intelligent Control Method for the Low-Carbon Operation of Energy-Intensive Equipment

Based on an analysis of the operational control behavior of operation experts on energy-intensive equipment,this paper proposes an intelligent control method for low-carbon operation by combining mechanism analysis with deep learning,linking control and optimization with prediction,and integrating decision-making with control.This method,which consists of setpoint control,self-optimized tuning,and tracking control,ensures that the energy consumption per tonne is as low as possible,while remaining within the target range.An intelligent control system for low-carbon operation is developed by adopting the end-edge-cloud collaboration technology of the Industrial Internet.The system is successfully applied to a fused magnesium furnace and achieves remarkable results in reducing carbon emissions.

Open ADAMTS13 Promotes the Cross-Linking of Von Willebrand Factor Molecules

Von Willebrand factor(VWF)is a multimeric plasma glycoprotein that captures platelets to the sites of vascular injury.The adhesive activity of VWF is highly dependent on the size of VWF.Hemodynamic force converts coiled VWF to linear form,exposing the scissile bond Y1605-M1606 within A2 domain.ADAMTS13(A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease with a ThromboSpondin type 1 motif 13)inhibits excessive platelet aggregation by specifically cleaving the cryptic peptide bond of VWF to regulate its size.Deficiency of ADAMTS13 activity,caused by either mutations or by inhibitory autoantibody,results in the accumulation of ultra-large VWF in plasma,leading to excessive platelet aggregation and disseminated VWF/plateletrich thrombus formation,which is the characteristic of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TTP).Previous studies showed that,circulating ADAMTS13 generally adopts a closed conformation by the interaction of its TSP8-CUB domain and Spacer domain.This auto-inhibition is relieved when VWF D4-CK domain binds to C-termini of ADAMTS13 disrupting the interaction between TSP8-CUB domain and Spacer domain.As a result,ADAMTS13 changes into an open conformation,exposing more VWF binding sites.Open conformation of ADAMTS13 is considered as a hallmark of acute acquired TTP.However,the dynamic process of conformational transition of ADAMTS13 has not been fully understood.Besides,there are variable natural truncations of ADAMTS13 in circulation,including the truncations lacking the metalloprotease domain.The role of these truncations without enzyme activity in hemostasis is still unknown.Given that there are multiple binding sites in both VWF and open ADAMTS13,we hypothesize that open ADAMTS13 promotes the cross-linking of VWF.Atomic force microscopy(AFM)was employed to prove our hypothesis at single molecule level.The N-termini of ADAMTS13 was immobilized on the polystyrene surface,while the C-termini was stretched by AFM tip.The force required for unfolding was measured and the molecular length increment was obtained by fitting the data with worm-like chain model.In addition,both the polystyrene surface and cantilever were coated with VWF,the adhesion frequency of VWF-VWF interaction were measured in the presence or absence of soluble DisC(a ADAMTS13 truncation that lacks the metalloprotease domain).Our results show that,the rupture force required for ADAMTS13 unfolding is^22 pN.The length increment is mainly in the range of 0-50 nm,and the peak value is 22.6±1.8 nm,consistent with the predicted value of homologous modeling(~27 nm)in literature.The adhesion frequency of two VWF molecules increased in the presence of DisC in a concentration-dependent manner.With or without DisC in solution,the rupture force of the VWF molecules was^20 pN.The bond lifetime of two VWF declined with force increasing,the characteristic of a'slip'bond.In contrast,in the presence of DisC,the bond lifetime firstly increased as force increasing and then decreased as force increasing further,which is the characteristic of a'catch-slip'bond.The distinct patterns of bond lifetime vs force in the presence and absence of DisC indicate that DisC promotes the cross-linking of two VWF molecules.Our data suggest that open ADAMTS13 stabilizes the network of VWF multimers and promotes platelet adhesion.

Self-adaptive bulk/surface engineering of Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z) towards enhanced photocatalysis:Current status and future challenges

The bulk/surface states of semiconductor photocatalysts are imperative parameters to maneuver their performance by significantly affecting the key processes of photocatalysis including light absorption,separation of charge carrier,and surface site reaction.Recent years have witnessed the encouraging progress of self-adaptive bulk/surface engineered Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z) for photocatalytic applications spanning various fields.However,despite the maturity of current research,the interaction between the bulk/surface state and the performance of Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z) has not yet been fully understood and highlighted.In this regard,a timely tutorial overview is quite urgent to summarize the most recent key progress and outline developing obstacles in this exciting area.Herein,the structural characteristics and fundamental principles of Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z)for driving photocatalytic reaction as well as related key issues are firstly reviewed.Then,we for the first time summarized different self-adaptive engineering processes over Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z)followed by a classification of the generation approaches towards diverse Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z)materials.The features of different strategies,the up-to-date characterization techniques to detect bulk/surface states,and the effect of bulk/surface states on improving the photoactivity of Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z)in expanded applications are further discussed.Finally,the present research status,challenges,and future research opportunities of self-adaptive bulk/surface engineered Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z)are prospected.It is anticipated that this critical review can trigger deeper investigations and attract upcoming innovative ideas on the rational design of Bi_(x)O_(y)Br_(z)-based photocatalysts.

Real-time detection of LMP1/LMP1 interaction in MβCD-induced apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells using FRET method

Latent mermbrane protein 1(LMP1)is known as an oncoprotein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)cells,which is considered to have a strong association with growth,invasion and metastasis of NPC cells through lipid rafts.Met hy-A-cyclodextrin(M3CD)can disrupt lipid rafts through cholesterol depletion.In this study,we revealed that MICD induced apoptosis in two kinds of NPC cells including CNE1 cells,a LMP1 negative nasopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cell line,and CNE1-LMP1 cells,a LMP1-positive nasopharyngeal squamous carcinoma cell line.Furthermore,the impact of MBCD on LMP1 was investigated by fuorescence resonance energy transfer(FRET)method in NPC cells.Synchronized tempo spatial and spectral detection of LMP1/LMP1 interaction were performed using fluorescence microscope and spectrograph.FRET efficiency indicated that LMP1/LMP1 interaction gradully enhanced after M9CD treatment.MTT assays showed that M8CD caused strong cytotoxicity in CNE1 cells,but cauused relatively weaker cytotoxicity in CNE1-LMP1 cells,which indicated that LMP1 may regulate sensitivity of NPC cells to MBCD.Then,detection of cleaved caspase-3 in two kinds of NPC cells indicated that LMP1 may inhibit activation of caspase 3.These results strongly suggested that MBCD can induce apoptosis of NPC cells,but enhancing of LMP1/LMP1 interaction may likely resist apoptosis through inhibiting cleavage of caspase-3.

基于子空间的指数和分解及在信道估计中的应用

指数和序列分解问题是一个经典的数学问题,Prony方法和Prony-Kung方法是解决此问题的经典方法。用支撑子空间的观点仔细分析了Prony-Kung方法,在此基础上,理论证明了指数和序列分解问题可以归纳于支撑子空间的确定问题,并对受噪声污染的指数和序列提出了具有低复杂度的Lloyd-like搜索支撑子空间的算法。最后,把以上算法应用于毫米波信道估计,仿真结果表明了此应用的有效性。

Mutual Information-Based Modified Randomized Weights Neural Networks

Randomized weights neural networks have fast learning speed and good generalization performance with one single hidden layer structure. Input weighs of the hidden layer are produced randomly. By employing certain activation function, outputs of the hidden layer are calculated with some randomization. Output weights are computed using pseudo inverse. Mutual information can be used to measure mutual dependence of two variables quantitatively based on the probability theory. In this paper, these hidden layer’s outputs that relate to prediction variable closely are selected with the simple mutual information based feature selection method. These hidden nodes with high mutual information values are maintained as a new hidden layer. Thus, the size of the hidden layer is reduced. The new hidden layer’s output weights are learned with the pseudo inverse method. The proposed method is compared with the original randomized algorithms using concrete compressive strength benchmark dataset.

Correlation of Exchange Bias and Angle on Applied Perturbation Field and Anti-Ferromagnetic Spins

High-resolution anisotropic magneto-resistance measurement (AMR) was used to detailed study the training effect in exchange biased CoO/Co bi-layer. The sample was cooled to 10 K from room temperature in the magnetic cooling field of 4000 Oe. Then we used 1500 Oe declined perturbation field to pin the magnetization orientation of the FM layer. The perturbation field forms certain angle Θ with the cooling field direction in-plane to re-induce the untrained state. The dependence of the untrained state on the angle between the direction of perturbation field and cooling field has been investigated. The AMR results reveal that the re-induced degree of untrained state is strongly correlated to the angle Θ. The exchange bias field HE for different Θ has been determined from the AMR results, which is in apparent agreement with the Meiklejohn-Bean model. The recover degree of untrained state is the largest when the angle is 75°, which is different from the traditional view point that untrained state should be the maximum when it is perpendicular. The training effect is related to the FM spin orientation, which can induce the change of the interfacial AFM spin reorientation with different angles.

Inclusions modification by rare earth in steel and the resulting properties: A review

Rare earth(RE) elements are excellent modifiers for non-metallic inclusions that inevitably appear in steel and affect steel properties. This paper reviews the research status of inclusions modification by RE elements and the changes it cause on steel properties. First, the inclusion changes caused by RE modification are described. Generally, after adding pure RE, the main evolution of inclusions occurs as M →M + RE-Al-O → RE-Al-O + RE_(2)O_(2)S → RE_(2)O_(2)S + RE—S/RE_(2)O_(2)S + RE-O with an increase in the RE content(M represents the inclusions before RE addition). The type of final inclusion obtained after RE modification is related to the relative contents of S and O in the steel. Moreover, fine, regular, and uniformly distributed inclusions can be obtained with appropriate RE addition. However, the effectiveness of inclusions modification by adding both RE and non-RE elements is closely related to the order of their addition. Second, the applications and advantages of thermodynamic calculations in the study of RE-modified inclusions are introduced. Third, the changes in the corrosion resistance, impact properties,and other properties of steel caused by the modification of inclusions by RE are reviewed. Finally, the perspectives and trends of inclusions modified by RE elements in the steel industry are presented.

仿生爬壁机器人:研究基础、关键技术及发展预测

爬壁机器人是移动机器人的重要分支,能代替人工在高危、狭小、恶劣等环境工作.研制仿生爬壁机器人从筛选具有优异攀爬能力的动物,研究其运动行为、机体结构、附着能力、感知控制的规律入手,凝练爬壁机器人设计准则,发展灵活、轻质、微型、适应性广的移动机器人,为航空、航天、救援等提供必要的装备.这类研究受到基础科学、工程技术和产业应用等领域专家的广泛关注.本文梳理仿生爬壁机器人研究的现状,总结典型攀爬动物的运动行为、附着机制,归纳爬壁机器人的附着方式、移动机构和运动控制等方面的关键技术,分析仿生爬壁机器人附着和移动方式的特点,给出已有爬壁机器人的仿生度,并展望仿生爬壁机器人的核心问题和发展趋势,为未来仿生爬壁机器人的发展提供参考意见.

Turán number of Berge linear forests in uniform hypergraphs

Let F be a graph and H be a hypergraph.We say that H contains a Berge-F If there exists a bijectionψ:E(F)→E(H)such that for Ve E E(F),e C(e),and the Turan number of Berge-F is defined to be the maximum number of edges in an r-uniform hypergraph of order n that is Berge-F-free,denoted by ex,(n,Berge-F).A linear forest is a graph whose connected components are all paths or isolated vertices.Let Ln,k be the family of all linear forests of n vertices with k edges.In this paper,Turan number of Berge-Ln,in an r-uniform hypergraph is studied.When r≥k+1 and 3≤r≤l[]=1,we determine 2 the exact value of ex,(n,Berge-Ln,)respectively.When K-1≤r≤k,we 2 determine the upper bound of ex,(n,Berge-Ln,).

“所罗门国王困境模型”与知识产权确权——基于简化Moore机制的实验研究

本文将Moore机制简化为阶段较少的包含参与费用的双边博弈问题,从实验经济学视角探究了该机制能否以较高的效率将"所罗门国王困境"模型中的不可分割的私人物品分配给最高估值者。本文得出以下主要结论:对于解决"所罗门问题",Moore机制在不同信息条件下均表现出了很高的分配效率;玩家个人的风险偏好程度和行为惯性对其错误决策概率有一定影响;高估价者先手的博弈次序有利于提高分配效率;经验对于提高被试尤其是低估值者的正确决策率有显著促进作用。Moore机制有助于在长期实行中提高知识产权确权效率,可以作为确权机制设计的理论依据之一。

LIGHT of pulmonary NKT cells annihilates tissue protective alveolar macrophages in augmenting severe influenza pneumonia

CD1d-restricted natural killer T(NKT)cells are innate-like T lymphocytes with protective or pathogenic roles in the development of influenza pneumonia.Here,we show that lung-infiltrated and activated NKT cells are the major cellular source of LIGHT/TNFSF14,which determines the severity of pulmonary pneumonia by highly deteriorative influenza A virus(IAV)infection.Compared to wild-type mice,LIGHT^(-/-)mice exhibit much lower morbidity and mortality to IAV,due to alleviated lung damage and reduced apoptosis of alveolar macrophages(AMs).LIGHT preferentially promotes cell death of lymphotoxin β receptors positive(LTβR^(+))AMs but not herpesvirus entry mediator positive(HVEM^(+))AMs.Therefore,these results suggest that NKT-derived LIGHT augments cell death of the tissue protective AMs in exacerbating lung pathology and susceptibility to fatal influenza infection.Suppression of LIGHT signaling might be a viable option in the treatment of influenza-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.