Rapid Survey of Total Protein Content in Mycelia of Oyster Mushroom Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Using the total protein content in mycelia of oyster mushroom cultured in plate medium as the index, the spectral information in 1 000-1 799 nm region was collected to establish a quantitative prediction model for the parameters of strains through partial least squares regression combined with chemometrics. The results showed that the optimal spectral pretreatment method was the combination of Savitzky-Golay smoothing＋Savitzky-Golay derivative＋MSC＋Mean-Centefing. Parameters of the quantitative model including RC, SEC, RP, SEP, MF, SEP /SEC were all in the reasonable regions. The correlation coefficient of the real value and predictive value of the model was 0.672 63. The prediction model had better reliability, robustness and predictive effects, so it could be used for protein content detection in mycelia.

Non-destructive detection of tea stalk and insect foreign bodies based on THz-TDS combination of electromagnetic vibration feeder

Background and objectives:Current technology of X-ray imaging can recognize hard foreign materials(FMs)such as metal and high-density plastic.However,low-density foreign bodies are still a challenge for food quality and safety assessment.Materials and methods:An electromagnetic vibration feeder aided by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)and imaging was inves-tigated for non-destructively detecting tea stalk and insect FMs mixed with tea leaves.Results:THz time-domain signals were employed directly to develop the K-nearest neighbor model with a precision of 100%,accuracy of 95.6%and recall of 98.7%in predicting the unknown samples.High contrast THz-TDS images were obtained by the separation method for the samples using electromagnetic vibration feeder.The characteristic parameters of the ratio of maximum length(L)to maximum width(W)and hue extracted from THz-TDS images indicated significant difference between tea leaves and FMs.Conclusions:The results suggested that electromagnetic vibration feeder combination with THz-TDS was feasible for detecting FMs in fin-ishingteaproducts.

Genetically engineered bacterial-like particles induced specific cellular and humoral immunity as effective tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccine

Tick-borne encephalitis(TBE)is a natural focal disease with fatal encephalitis induced by tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV),seriously threatening human and public health.Protection of TBE depends on vaccination with inactivated vaccine,which requires high cost and multiple immunizations.Here,we construct genetically engineered bacterial-like particles(BLPs)as an effective TBEV vaccine with simplified immunizations and improved immune efficacy.The TBEV BLPs involve the combination of the gram-positive enhancer matrix from Lactococcus lactis,and TBEV envelope(E)protein expressed by genetically engineered recombinant baculovirus.The prepared TBEV BLPs can effectively stimulate the activation of dendritic cells to present the TBEV E proteins to T and B cells,leading to strong and durable cellular and humoral immune responses in mice.Surprisingly,the serum levels of specific IgG antibodies in mice remain about 10^(6)at 6 months after the secondary immunization.Overall,the TBEV BLPs can be used as a potent vaccine candidate,laying the foundation for developing novel TBEV genetically engineered vaccines.

Incorporation of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit into rabies virus particles enhances its immunogenicity in mice and dogs

Although inactivated vaccines against rabies have the advantage of high safety,effective protection against rabies virus(RABV)infection often requires multiple,high-dose immunization.Incorporating a molecular adjuvant into the viral particles has been found to be a useful strategy to promote the immune effectiveness of inactivated vaccines.In this study,we constructed a recombinant virus,rCVS11-LTB,which chimerically expresses a molecular adjuvant heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit(LTB)protein on the surface of the RABV particles.Immunogenicity in vivo was found to be promoted by rCVS11-LTB through the activation of dendritic cells(DCs).Our results demonstrated that inactivated rCVS11-LTB was able to induce higher levels of virusneutralizing antibodies(VNAs)in both mice and dogs than the parent virus rCVS11,to enhance the cellular immune response and T cell immune memory in mice,and was also able to provide 100%protection in mice from lethal doses of rabies virus,indicating its potential as a safe and effective inactivated rabies vaccine candidate.

Additive manufacturing of thin electrolyte layers via inkjet printing of highly-stable ceramic inks

Inkjet printing is a promising alternative for the fabrication of thin film components for solid oxide fuel cells(SOFCs) due to its contactless, mask free, and controllable printing process. In order to obtain satisfying electrolyte thin layer structures in anode-supported SOFCs, the preparation of suitable electrolyte ceramic inks is a key. At present, such a kind of 8 mol% Y_(2)O_(3)-stabilized ZrO_(2)(8 YSZ) electrolyte ceramic ink with long-term stability and high solid loading(> 15 wt%) seems rare for precise inkjet printing, and a number of characterization and performance aspects of the inks, such as homogeneity, viscosity, and printability, should be studied. In this study, 8 YSZ ceramic inks of varied compositions were developed for inkjet printing of SOFC ceramic electrolyte layers. The dispersing effect of two types of dispersants, i.e., polyacrylic acid ammonium(PAANH4) and polyacrylic acid(PAA), were compared. The results show that ultrasonic dispersion treatment can help effectively disperse the ceramic particles in the inks. PAANH4 has a better dispersion effect for the inks developed in this study. The inks show excellent printable performance in the actual printing process. The stability of the ink can be maintained for a storage period of over 30 days with the help of initial ultrasonic dispersion. Finally, micron-size thin 8 YSZ electrolyte films were successfully fabricated through inkjet printing and sintering, based on the as-developed high solid loading 8 YSZ inks(20 wt%). The films show fully dense and intact structural morphology and smooth interfacial bonding, offering an improved structural quality of electrolyte for enhanced SOFC performance.

Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming:the emerging role in tumor microenvironment remodeling and its influence on cancer progression

Metabolic reprogramming is reported to be one of the hallmarks of cancer,which is an adaptive mechanism by which fast-growing cancer cells adapt to their increasing energy demands.Recently,extracellular vesicles(EVs)known as exosomes have been recognized as crucial signaling mediators in regulating the tumor microenvironment(TME).Meanwhile,the TME is a highly heterogeneous ecosystem incorporating cancer cells,fibroblasts,adipocytes,endothelial cells,mesenchymal stem cells,and extracellular matrix.Accumulated evidence indicates that exosomes may transfer biologically functional molecules to the recipient cells,which facilitate cancer progression,angiogenesis,metastasis,drug resistance,and immunosuppression by reprogramming the metabolism of cancer cells and their surrounding stromal cells.In this review,we present the role of exosomes in the TME and the underlying mechanism of how exosomes exacerbate tumor development through metabolic reprogramming.In addition,we will also discuss the potential role of exosomes targeting metabolic process as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis,and exosomes-mediated metabolic reprogramming as potential targets for cancer therapy.Furthermore,a better understanding of the link between exosomes and metabolic reprogramming,and their impact on cancer progression,would provide novel insights for cancer prevention and treatment in the future.

Molecular insights of organochlorine biocide-induced toxicity in zebrafish:Whole-adult-organism toxicogenomics,targeted gene expression and histological analyses

Organochlorine biocides （OCBs）, such as lindane and dichlorodi- phenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, have been used for control of vector- borne diseases in public health and for insect pest control in agri- culture. These chemicals are extremely persistent in the environ- ment and they tend to bioaccumulate via food chains, thus posing risk to human and ecological health （Cooney et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2013）. Due to their persistence in the environment and continuous use in certain countries despite the banning of some of these chemicals, monitoring and studies of OCBs have continued intensely and remain relevant in foreseeable future （ Cohn et al.,