Recent Advances in Space-Deployable Structures in China

Deployable space structure technology is an approach used in building spacecraft,especially when realizing deployment and folding functions.Once in orbit,the structures are released from the fairing,deployed,and positioned.With the development of communication,remote-sensing,and navigation satellites,space-deployable structures have become cutting-edge research topics in space science and technology.This paper summarizes the current research status and development trend of spacedeployable structures in China,including large space mesh antennas,space solar arrays,and deployable structures and mechanisms for deep-space exploration.Critical technologies of space-deployable structures are addressed from the perspectives of deployable mechanisms,cable-membrane form-finding,dynamic analysis,reliable environmental adaptability analysis,and validation.Finally,future technology developments and trends are elucidated in the fields of mesh antennas,solar arrays,deployable mechanisms,and on-orbit adjustment,assembly,and construction.

精神分裂症患者前额叶的GABA及谷氨酸浓度异常——活体1H-MRS研究（英文）

背景:精神分裂症的病因及病理机制不明,传统的多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)假说不能完全解释其病理学及治疗学。谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)及γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)假说认为精神分裂症患者脑内的Glu或GABA浓度异常。磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)技术发现精神分裂症谷氨酸类物质水平在前额叶腹内侧(ventromedial prefrontal cortex,vmP FC)(包括前扣带回)(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)升高。目的 :探讨谷氨酸系统(谷氨酸及γ-氨基丁酸)在精神分裂症原因学及病理机制中的作用。方法 :24例未服药精神分裂症患者及24例性别、年龄及教育程度相配的健康志愿者入组,应用西门子MRI 3T采集被试的磁共振波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)数据,感兴趣区包括左侧前额叶背外侧(left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,lD LPFC)、前额叶腹内侧(ventromedial prefrontal cortex,vmP FC)及前扣带回(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC),运用LCModel软件分析了感兴趣区的γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)、谷氨酰胺(glutamine,Gln)、氮乙酰天冬氨酸(N-acetylaspartate,NAA)及氮乙酰天冬氨酸谷氨酸(N-acetylaspartylglutamate,NAAG)等物质浓度。同时应用阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative Syndrome scale,PANSS)及临床总体印象量表(Clinical Global Impression Scale,CGI)评估患者的精神症状和疾病严重程度。结果:精神分裂症组和健康对照组前扣带回的GABA浓度分别为1.90(Q1=1.55,Q3=2.09)及2.16(Q1=1.87,Q3=2.59)、Glu浓度分别为6.07(2.48)及6.54(1.99)、Gln浓度分别为0.36(Q1=0.00,Q3=0.74)及0.29(Q1=0.00,Q3=0.59),GABA浓度的组间差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.95,p=0.003),GABA/(NAA+NAAG)的组间差异有统计学意义(t=-2.72,p=0.012),而Glu及Gln的组间差异均无统计学意义。精神分裂症患者组的年龄与前扣带回的GABA浓度呈负相关(R=-0.494,p=0.014),与GABA/(NAA+NAAG)呈负相关(R=-0.473,p=0.020),但对照组无此相关性。经过FDR方法校正后,未发现临床症状与各代谢产物浓度无显著相关性。结论 :精神分裂症患者前额叶腹内侧的谷氨酸类物质浓度异常,而前扣带回的GABA浓度降低,支持精神分裂症脑内谷氨酸-GABA异常假说。精神分裂症患者前扣带回的GABA随年龄增长加速减退。临床症状与前扣带回的代谢物浓度可能相关。

3D Shape Reconstruction of Lumbar Vertebra From Two X-ray Images and a CT Model

Structure reconstruction of 3 D anatomy from biplanar X-ray images is a challenging topic. Traditionally, the elastic-model-based method was used to reconstruct 3 D shapes by deforming the control points on the elastic mesh. However, the reconstructed shape is not smooth because the limited control points are only distributed on the edge of the elastic mesh.Alternatively, statistical-model-based methods, which include shape-model-based and intensity-model-based methods, are introduced due to their smooth reconstruction. However, both suffer from limitations. With the shape-model-based method, only the boundary profile is considered, leading to the loss of valid intensity information. For the intensity-based-method, the computation speed is slow because it needs to calculate the intensity distribution in each iteration. To address these issues, we propose a new reconstruction method using X-ray images and a specimen’s CT data. Specifically, the CT data provides both the shape mesh and the intensity model of the vertebra. Intensity model is used to generate the deformation field from X-ray images, while the shape model is used to generate the patient specific model by applying the calculated deformation field.Experiments on the public synthetic dataset and clinical dataset show that the average reconstruction errors are 1.1 mm and1.2 mm, separately. The average reconstruction time is 3 minutes.

GEO Satellite Thruster Configuration and Optimization

A thruster configuration and optimization method for GEO satellite is proposed in this paper.All thrusters are installed on the back panel of satellite,which is not only compatible with the design of satellite subdivision structure,but also able to provide a large installation room for the payloads and components carried by the satellite.Chemical thruster and electric thruster were selected because they have complementary advantages and can effectively reduce propellant consumption.The working mode and tasks of the thruster were analyzed in detail for thruster configuration,which was optimized in order to minimize propellant consumption.Lastly,a GEO satellite thruster was configured and optimized using this method,with results showing that the method is feasible and effective,and consequently has value for engineering applications.

Transmission of NOTCH4 and GRIK2 in a population of Han Chinese with schizophrenia and affective disorder

BACKGROUND： Increasing evidence suggests overlapped genetic susceptibility across traditional classification systems that divided psychotic disorders into schizophrenia or affective disorder. OBJECTIVE： This study aimed to explore whether schizophrenia and affective disorder share genetic susceptibility in NOTCH4 and GRIK2 loci in a population of Han Chinese. DESIGN： Repetitive measurements. SETTING： The experiment was carried out at Shanghai Mental Health Center and Hongkou Mental Health Center of Shanghai between January 2001 and June 2004. PARTICIPANTS： Sixty-five mixed pedigrees （suffering from various diseases, in combination with schizophrenia and affective disorder）, composed of 45 completed trios and 20 single-parent families, were selected from Shanghai Mental Health Center and Hongkou Mental Health Center of Shanghai between January 2001 and June 2004. Probands received clinical diagnosis according to ICD-10; an independent clinician used identical criteria to review all diagnoses. All subjects were Han Chinese in origin and provided informed consent. There were 65 probands and 110 parents among the subjects. The probands comprised 30 males and 35 females： 33 with schizophrenia, 32 with affective disorder, mean age of （30.9 ± 9.8） years, mean age of onset （24.3 ± 8.8） years, mean duration （6.6 ± 7.0） years, and mean age of parents （58.8 ±10.9） years. METHODS： DNA samples from probands and their biological parents were extracted from peripheral blood according to standard methods. Four polymorphisms, -1725T/G and -25T/C in NOTCH4, rs6922753T/C and rs2227283G/A in GRIK2, were amplified and genotyped with PCR-RFLP techniques. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Association between NOTCH4, GRIK2 polymorphism, and schizophrenia was analyzed by transmission disequilibrium test （TDT）. RESULTS： Sixty-five probands and 110 parents were included in the result analysis, with no dropouts. The results showed that the -25T/C polymorphism of NOTCH4 associated significantly with affective disorder and -1725G/-25T haplotype with schizophrenia. SNP rs6922753 of GRIK2 did not associate with the two diseases; SNP rs2227283 and haplotypes, TG and CA, were significantly associated with both diseases. CONCLUSION： Schizophrenia and affective disorder might share genetic susceptibility among mixed pedigrees of the Han Chinese population. NOTCH4 and GRIK2 might be two of the most common susceptibility genes for these psychoses.

Preparing cyclic polymers at high concentrations via self-folding cyclization technique by adjusting the contents of hydrophilic units in linear precursors

Cyclic polymers are a class of polymers that feature endless topology,and the synthesis of cyclic polymers has attracted the attention of many researchers.Herein,cyclic polymers were efficiently constructed by self-folding cyclization technique at high concentrations.Linear poly((oligo(ethylene glycol)acrylate)-co-(dodecyl acrylate))(P(OEGA-co-DDA))precursors with different ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)polymerization using a bifunctional chain transfer agent with two anthryl end groups.The amphiphilic linear precursors underwent the self-folding process to generate polymeric nanoparticles in water.By irradiating the aqueous solution of the nanoparticles with 365 nm UV light,cyclic polymers were synthesized successfully via coupling of anthryl groups.The effects of the ratios of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in linear P(OEGA-co-DDA)copolymers and polymer concentration on the purity of the obtained cyclic polymers were explored in detail via ^(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance(^(1)H NMR),dynamic light scattering(DLS),UV‒visible(vis)analysis,three-detection size exclusion chromatography(TD-SEC)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).It was found that by adjusting the content of the hydrophilic segments in linear precursors,single chain polymeric nanoparticles(SCPNs)can be generated at high polymer concentrations.Therefore,cyclic polymers with high purity can be constructed efficiently.This method overcomes the limitation of traditional ring-closure method,which is typically conducted in highly dilute conditions,providing an efficient method for the scalable preparation of cyclic polymers.

Efficient synthesis of bottle-brush polymers enabled by selective photoactivation strategy in NIR-induced PET-RAFT polymerization

Bottle-brush polymers possessing densely grafted side chains have special properties that are distinct from linear macromolecules.Herein,an efficient method for preparing bottle-brush polymers based on a selective photoactivation strategy in the photoinduced electron/energy transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(PET-RAFT)polymerization was developed.A methacrylate monomer 2-(2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)propionate)ethyl methacrylate(DTPEMA)containing a 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)propionate(DTP)unit with a secondary R group was designed.Utilizing the unique selectivity of metal naphthalocyanine photocatalyst zinc 2,11,20,29-tetra-tert-butyl-2,3-naphthalocyanine(ZnTtBNc)toward trithiocarbonate with tertiary R group,the PET-RAFT polymerization of DTPEMA catalyzed by ZnTtBNc was performed under near infrared(NIR)light(λ_(max)=760 nm)irradiation at room temperature,using 4-cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)-sulfanyl]pentanoic acid(CDTPA)with a tertiary R group as a chain transfer agent(CTA).Proton nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR)and gel permeation chromatography(GPC)results demonstrated that the DTP units in the side chains were inert during the polymerization.By grafting poly(methyl acrylate)(PMA)from PDTPEMA via thermal-initiated RAFT polymerization,welldefined P(DTPEMA-g-PMA)bottle-brush polymers could be afforded.Furthermore,the film prepared from the bottle-brush polymer exhibited excellent scratch self-healing property due to the interlocking of side chains.

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of major depressive disorder with genital symptoms

To the Editor:Major depressive disorder(MDD)is a mood disorder characterized by complex patterns of emotional,cognitive,and behavioral symptomology and deficits in daily functioning.Genital symptoms,including a reduction in libido and menstrual disturbances,have been considered to be a classic symptom of MDD for many decades.Previous evidence has reached a broad consensus that the incidence of genital symptoms is higher in patients with MDD than in the general population.A systematic review and meta-analysis found a bidirectional association between MDD and genital symptoms,with patients with MDD showing a 50–70%increased risk of developing genital symptoms,while individuals with genital symptoms had a 130–210%increased risk of developing MDD.^([1])As previously reported,50–70%of people with MDD experience sexual dysfunction.^([2])To date,few studies have focused on the comparison of clinical features between patients with MDD with and without genital symptoms,and the longitudinal prognosis.

Perspective on Etiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorders in China: Clinical Implications and Future Directions

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic, recurrent, disabling disease, even when given currently-available pharmacological and psychological treatments. Currently, the etiology and pathogenesis of BD remain unclear. As a consequence, patients with BD are frequently unrecognized, misdiagnosed, and inappropriately treated, which often yields a low treatment response and poor outcome.

A flexible and wearable NO_(2)gas detection and early warning device based on a spraying process and an interdigital electrode at room temperature

Flexible sensors used to detect NO_(2) gas generally have problems such as poor repeatability,high operating temperature,poor selectivity,and small detection range.In this work,a new spraying platform with a simple structure,low cost,and good film-forming consistency was designed and built to make a sensitive film(rGO/SnO_(2))for NO_(2) gas sensors.The relationship between the solid content of rGO and SnO_(2)nanoparticles,annealing temperature,and sensor performance was studied.The results show that the interdigital electrode-sensitive film formed by spraying 0.25 ml of a 0.4 wt%rGO/SnO_(2)mixture and annealing at 250℃exhibited the best comprehensive performance for NO_(2) detection.The sensor's response value for 100 ppm NO_(2) gas was 0.2640 at room temperature(25℃),and the response time and recovery time were 412.4 s and 587.3 s,respectively.In the range of 20-100 ppm,the relationship between the response and NO_(2) concentration was linear,and the correlation coefficient was 0.9851.In addition,a soft-monitoring node module with an overlimit warning function for NO_(2) gas was designed and manufactured based on flexible electronics.Finally,the flexible sensor and node module were embedded into woven fabric that could be used to make a mask or a watch that could detect NO_(2) gas,realizing the practical application of flexible NO_(2) gas sensors in the field of wearable electronics.

Disturbances of affective cognition in mood disorders

Mood disorders,also known as affective disorders,result in a consistent disturbance in mood.There are two major subtypes of mood disorders,i.e.,major depressive disorder(MDD)and bipolar disorder(BD).Mood disorders affect hundreds of millions of people and are the most common mental disorders.According to China’s national survey in2009(Phillips et al.,2009),the weighted 12-month prevalence of mental disorders was 17.5%and 9.3%,respectively.Mood disorders were among the highest prevalence rate disorders related to disease’s increased burdens.

Important clinical features of atypical antipsychotics in acute bipolar depression that inform routine clinical care: a review of pivotal studies with number needed to treat

English-language literature cited in MEDLINE from January,1980 to October 30,2014 was searched by using terms of antipsychotic,generic and brand names of atypical antipsychotics, ＂bipolar depression/bipolar disorder＂, ＂placebo＂,and ＂trial＂.The parameters of response（≥50%improvement on MADRS,Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale total score）,remission（either ≤12 or 8 on MADRS total score at endpoint）,discontinuation due to adverse events（DAEs）,somnolence,≥7%weight gain,overall extrapyramidal side-effects（EPSs）,and akathisia,were extracted from originally published primary outcome papers.The number needed to treat to benefit（NNT） for response and remission or harm（NNH） for DAEs or other side effects relative to placebo were estimated and presented with the estimate and 95%confidence interval.Olanzapine monotherapy,olanzapine-fluoxetine combination（OFC）,quetiapine-IR monotherapy,quetiapine-XR monotherapy,lurasidone monotherapy,and lurasidone adjunctive therapy were superior to placebo with NNTs for responses of 11-12,4,7-8,4,4-5,and 7,and NNTs for remission of 11-12,4,5-11,7,6-7,and 6,respectively.There was no significant difference between OFC and lamotrigine,and between aripiprazole or ziprasidone and placebo in response and remission.Olanzapine monotherapy,quetiapine-IR,quetiapine-XR,aripiprazole,and ziprasidone 120-160 mg/day had significantly increased risk for DAEs with NNHs of 24,8-14,9,12,and 10,respectively.For somnolence,quetiapine-XR had the smallest NNH of 4.For ≥7%weight gain,olanzapine monotherapy and OFC had the smallest NNHs with both of 5.For akathisia,aripiprazole had the smallest NNH of 5.These findings suggest that among the FDA-approved agents including OFC,quetiapine-IR and-XR,lurasidone monotherapy and adjunctive therapy to a mood stabilizer,the differences in the NNTs for response and remission are small,but the differences in NNHs for DAEs and common side-effects are large.Therefore,the selection of an FDA-approved atypical antipsychotic for bipolar depression should be based upon safety and tolerability.

Asymmetric nanoparticle may go "active" at room temperature

Using molecular dynamics simulations,we show that an asymmetrically shaped nanoparticle in dilute solution possesses a spontaneously curved trajectory within a finite time interval,instead of the generally expected random walk.This unexpected dynamic behavior has a similarity to that of active matters,such as swimming bacteria,cells,or even fish,but is of a different physical origin.The key to the curved trajectory lies in the non-zero resultant force originated from the imbalance of the collision forces acted by surrounding solvent molecules on the asymmetrically shaped nanoparticle during its orientation regulation.Theoretical formulae based on microscopic observations have been derived to describe this non-zero force and the resulting motion of the asymmetrically shaped nanoparticle.

Single stage complete resection of giant dumbbell lumbar ganglioneuroma: a case report and review of the literature

Background;Ganglioneuroma is a rare benign tumor,which is usually located in the posterior mediastinum and retroperitoneum.Occasionally,it involves the paraspinal region with intraspinal extension and becomes dumbbell shaped.Dumbbell ganglioneuromas rarely affect the lumbar spine,and only nine cases of dumbbell lumbar ganglioneuromas have been reported previously.Case presentation;We are reporting an extremely rare case of a giant dumbbell tumor in the lumbar spine.We performed a one stage total resection of the tumor with posterior approach and long-segment fixation and fusion.This approach is different from previous methods.Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of ganglioneuroma.Thirty months follow up showed a satisfactory outcome.Conclusions:Single-stage posterior tumor resection with fixation and fusion is effective and an appropriate choice for the treatments of lumbar dumbbell ganglioneuromas.