目的:通过梳理世界优秀运动员竞技水平峰值特征,总结优秀运动员峰值年龄和峰值表现窗口期特征的研究进展。方法:主要采用文献调研法,在中国知网核心期刊和Web of science核心合集数据库中检索相关文献并系统归纳提炼。结果:游泳、铁人...目的:通过梳理世界优秀运动员竞技水平峰值特征,总结优秀运动员峰值年龄和峰值表现窗口期特征的研究进展。方法:主要采用文献调研法,在中国知网核心期刊和Web of science核心合集数据库中检索相关文献并系统归纳提炼。结果:游泳、铁人三项、网球和高尔夫项目男子运动员的峰值年龄晚于女子运动员,而自行车和田径项目的研究结果则与之相反;随着田径竞赛、自行车和铁人三项项目竞赛距离的增加,运动员的峰值年龄出现了显著性的增大,而在游泳项目运动员中则表现出与之相反的规律;游泳和网球项目运动员的峰值年龄出现最早,其次为冰球和除马拉松以外田径项目的运动员,马拉松、自行车、铁人三项及高尔夫项目运动员的峰值年龄出现最晚;有研究认为男子运动员的峰值表现窗口期略长于女子运动员,但也有研究认为男、女运动员的峰值表现窗口期长度无显著差异;田径相关研究认为田赛和长跑项目运动员的峰值表现窗口期长于短跑和跨栏项目运动员,而游泳相关研究表明随着比赛距离的增加,游泳运动员的峰值表现窗口期长度逐渐缩短。结论:峰值表现特征是当前国内、外的研究热点,但多数研究主要存在于游泳和田径项目,且研究对象的运动水平也没有明确划分,探索不同项目、不同水平运动员的竞技水平峰值特征是今后研究的趋势;我国在峰值表现上的基础理论研究较为薄弱,因此应加强运动员培养体系和多年训练规划的研究,为科学化、系统化的培养体制提供理论支撑。展开更多
Background:The benefits of exercise are well known;however,many of the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood.Skeletal muscle secretes myokines,which mediate muscleorgan crosstalk.Myokines regulate s...Background:The benefits of exercise are well known;however,many of the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood.Skeletal muscle secretes myokines,which mediate muscleorgan crosstalk.Myokines regulate satellite-cell proliferation and migration,inflammatory cascade,insulin secretion,angiogenesis,fatty oxidation,and cancer suppression.To date,the effects of different exercise modes(namely,aerobic and resistance exercise)on myokine response remain to be elucidated.This is crucial considering the clinical implementation of exercise to enhance general health and wellbeing and as a medical treatment.Methods:A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed,MEDLINE,CINAHL,Embase,SPORTDiscus,andWeb of Science in April 2023.Eligible studies examining the effects of a single bout of exercise on interleukin15(IL-15),irisin,secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine(SPARC),oncostatinM(OSM),and decorin were included.A random-effects meta-analysis was also undertaken to quantify the magnitude of change.Results:Sixty-two studies were included(n=1193).Overall,exercise appeared to induce small to large increases in myokine expression,with effects observed immediately after to 60 min post-exercise,although these were mostly not statistically significant.Both aerobic and resistance exercise resulted in changes in myokine levels,without any significant difference between training modes,and with the magnitude of change differing across myokines.Myokine levels returned to baseline levels within 180 min to 24 h post-exercise.However,owing to potential sources of heterogeneity,most changes were not statistically significant,indicating that precise conclusions cannot be drawn.Conclusion:Knowledge is limited but expanding with respect to the impact of overall and specific effects of exercise on myokine expression at different time points in the systemic circulation.Further research is required to investigate the effects of different exercise modes at multiple time points on myokine response.展开更多
Purpose:The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impact of resistance training(RT)and individual RT prescription variables on muscle mass,strength,and physical function in healthy adults.Methods:Following ...Purpose:The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impact of resistance training(RT)and individual RT prescription variables on muscle mass,strength,and physical function in healthy adults.Methods:Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,we systematically searched and screened eligible systematic reviews reporting the effects of differing RT prescription variables on muscle mass(or its proxies),strength,and/or physical function in healthy adults aged>18 years.Results:We identified 44 systematic reviews that met our inclusion criteria.The methodological quality of these reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews;standardized effectiveness statements were generated.We found that RT was consistently a potent stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle mass(4/4 reviews provide some or sufficient evidence),strength(4/6 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and physical function(1/1 review provided some evidence).RT load(6/8 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),weekly frequency(2/4 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),volume(3/7 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and exercise order(1/1 review provided some evidence)impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength.We discovered that 2/3 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence that RT volume and contraction velocity influenced skeletal muscle mass,while 4/7 reviews provided insufficient evidence in favor of RT load impacting skeletal muscle mass.There was insufficient evidence to conclude that time of day,periodization,inter-set rest,set configuration,set end point,contraction velocity/time under tension,or exercise order(only pertaining to hypertrophy)influenced skeletal muscle adaptations.A paucity of data limited insights into the impact of RT prescription variables on physical function.Conclusion:Overall,RT increased muscle mass,strength,and physical function compared to no exercise.RT intensity(load)and weekly frequency impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength but not muscle hypertrophy.RT volume(number of sets)influenced muscular strength and hypertrophy.展开更多
文摘目的:通过梳理世界优秀运动员竞技水平峰值特征,总结优秀运动员峰值年龄和峰值表现窗口期特征的研究进展。方法:主要采用文献调研法,在中国知网核心期刊和Web of science核心合集数据库中检索相关文献并系统归纳提炼。结果:游泳、铁人三项、网球和高尔夫项目男子运动员的峰值年龄晚于女子运动员,而自行车和田径项目的研究结果则与之相反;随着田径竞赛、自行车和铁人三项项目竞赛距离的增加,运动员的峰值年龄出现了显著性的增大,而在游泳项目运动员中则表现出与之相反的规律;游泳和网球项目运动员的峰值年龄出现最早,其次为冰球和除马拉松以外田径项目的运动员,马拉松、自行车、铁人三项及高尔夫项目运动员的峰值年龄出现最晚;有研究认为男子运动员的峰值表现窗口期略长于女子运动员,但也有研究认为男、女运动员的峰值表现窗口期长度无显著差异;田径相关研究认为田赛和长跑项目运动员的峰值表现窗口期长于短跑和跨栏项目运动员,而游泳相关研究表明随着比赛距离的增加,游泳运动员的峰值表现窗口期长度逐渐缩短。结论:峰值表现特征是当前国内、外的研究热点,但多数研究主要存在于游泳和田径项目,且研究对象的运动水平也没有明确划分,探索不同项目、不同水平运动员的竞技水平峰值特征是今后研究的趋势;我国在峰值表现上的基础理论研究较为薄弱,因此应加强运动员培养体系和多年训练规划的研究,为科学化、系统化的培养体制提供理论支撑。
文摘Background:The benefits of exercise are well known;however,many of the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood.Skeletal muscle secretes myokines,which mediate muscleorgan crosstalk.Myokines regulate satellite-cell proliferation and migration,inflammatory cascade,insulin secretion,angiogenesis,fatty oxidation,and cancer suppression.To date,the effects of different exercise modes(namely,aerobic and resistance exercise)on myokine response remain to be elucidated.This is crucial considering the clinical implementation of exercise to enhance general health and wellbeing and as a medical treatment.Methods:A systematic search was undertaken in PubMed,MEDLINE,CINAHL,Embase,SPORTDiscus,andWeb of Science in April 2023.Eligible studies examining the effects of a single bout of exercise on interleukin15(IL-15),irisin,secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine(SPARC),oncostatinM(OSM),and decorin were included.A random-effects meta-analysis was also undertaken to quantify the magnitude of change.Results:Sixty-two studies were included(n=1193).Overall,exercise appeared to induce small to large increases in myokine expression,with effects observed immediately after to 60 min post-exercise,although these were mostly not statistically significant.Both aerobic and resistance exercise resulted in changes in myokine levels,without any significant difference between training modes,and with the magnitude of change differing across myokines.Myokine levels returned to baseline levels within 180 min to 24 h post-exercise.However,owing to potential sources of heterogeneity,most changes were not statistically significant,indicating that precise conclusions cannot be drawn.Conclusion:Knowledge is limited but expanding with respect to the impact of overall and specific effects of exercise on myokine expression at different time points in the systemic circulation.Further research is required to investigate the effects of different exercise modes at multiple time points on myokine response.
基金suppoited by an Alexander Graliam Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship-Doctoralsupported by an Ontario Graduate Scholarshipsupported by the Canada Research Chairs programme。
文摘Purpose:The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impact of resistance training(RT)and individual RT prescription variables on muscle mass,strength,and physical function in healthy adults.Methods:Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,we systematically searched and screened eligible systematic reviews reporting the effects of differing RT prescription variables on muscle mass(or its proxies),strength,and/or physical function in healthy adults aged>18 years.Results:We identified 44 systematic reviews that met our inclusion criteria.The methodological quality of these reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews;standardized effectiveness statements were generated.We found that RT was consistently a potent stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle mass(4/4 reviews provide some or sufficient evidence),strength(4/6 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and physical function(1/1 review provided some evidence).RT load(6/8 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),weekly frequency(2/4 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),volume(3/7 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and exercise order(1/1 review provided some evidence)impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength.We discovered that 2/3 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence that RT volume and contraction velocity influenced skeletal muscle mass,while 4/7 reviews provided insufficient evidence in favor of RT load impacting skeletal muscle mass.There was insufficient evidence to conclude that time of day,periodization,inter-set rest,set configuration,set end point,contraction velocity/time under tension,or exercise order(only pertaining to hypertrophy)influenced skeletal muscle adaptations.A paucity of data limited insights into the impact of RT prescription variables on physical function.Conclusion:Overall,RT increased muscle mass,strength,and physical function compared to no exercise.RT intensity(load)and weekly frequency impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength but not muscle hypertrophy.RT volume(number of sets)influenced muscular strength and hypertrophy.
