目的探究强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)模型小鼠和临床患者外周血单个核细胞(peripheralblood mononuclear cell,PBMC)中微小RNA-142-5p(miR-142-5p),细胞因子信号转导抑制因子1(suppressor ofcytokine signaling 1,SOCS1)m...目的探究强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)模型小鼠和临床患者外周血单个核细胞(peripheralblood mononuclear cell,PBMC)中微小RNA-142-5p(miR-142-5p),细胞因子信号转导抑制因子1(suppressor ofcytokine signaling 1,SOCS1)mRNA表达及其对免疫功能的影响。方法通过实时荧光定量(quantitative real timePCR,qRT-PCR)检测2022年1月~2023年3月商丘市第一人民医院收治的30例确诊的AS患者(患者组)和30例健康体检者(健康组)的PBMC中miR-142-5p和SOCS1 mRNA水平。采用牛蛋白聚糖联合完全弗氏佐剂诱导AS小鼠模型,然后将小鼠分为对照组、模型组、阴性组和拮抗剂组。对照组和模型组小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水,阴性组和拮抗剂组小鼠分别尾静脉注射NC-antagomir和miR-142-5p-antagomir。治疗2周后,分别评估各组小鼠的关节炎症状评分。通过苏木精伊红(hematoxylin eosin,HE)染色评价踝关节形态。采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清中Th1细胞因子干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、Th2细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、Th17细胞因子白细胞介素-17(IL-17)和Treg细胞因子叉头盒蛋白P3(FOXP3)的表达水平。通过qRT-PCR和Western blot检测PBMC和踝关节组织中miR-142-5p,SOCS1,IFN-γ,IL-4,IL-17和FOXP3的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果与健康组比较,患者组PBMC中miR-142-5p水平升高(3.03±0.99 vs1.00±0.21),SOCS1 mRNA水平降低(0.41±0.09 vs 1.00±0.18),差异具有统计学意义(t=10.997,15.956,均P<0.001)。与对照组比较,模型组小鼠踝关节组织中miR-142-5p水平(4.00±0.52 vs 1.00±0.04)升高,IFN-γ和IL-17的mRNA和蛋白水平均升高,SOCS1,IL-4和FOXP3的mRNA和蛋白水平均降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=23.356,31.420,48.056,47.224,38.035,29.007,54.183,28.123,55.155,26.758,45.346,均P<0.05);关节炎症状评分升高(7.83±0.94 vs 0.00±0.00,t=22.212,P<0.05),踝关节结构破坏明显;血清中IFN-γ,IL-17水平以及IFN-γ/IL-4比值(0.81±0.08 vs 2.08±0.33)和IL-17/FOXP3比值(0.41±0.03 vs 1.27±0.10)均升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.382,35.779,15.412,35.130,均P<0.05)。与阴性组比较,拮抗剂组小鼠踝关节组织中miR-142-5p水平(1.47±0.10 vs 3.89±0.33)降低,IFN-γ和IL-17的mRNA和蛋白水平均降低,SOCS1,IL-4和FOXP3的mRNA和蛋白水平均升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=18.846,22.969,43.454,32.617,23.259,20.881,41.832,11.994,32.977,15.190,35.834,均P<0.05);关节炎症状评分降低(7.42±1.24 vs 2.75±0.75,t=13.233,P<0.05),踝关节形态明显改善;血清中IFN-γ,IL-17水平以及IFN-γ/IL-4比值(1.22±0.11 vs 1.91±0.19)和IL-17/FOXP3比值(0.69±0.05vs 1.23±0.12)均降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=8.688,22.972,8.377,22.007,均P<0.05)。结论miR-142-5p在AS中高表达,使用拮抗剂下调miR-142-5p可能通过上调SOCS1进而降低Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg比值,从而改善AS小鼠的免疫平衡并抑制AS的进展。展开更多
目的研究间充质干细胞来源外泌体微小核糖核酸-3614-5p(miR-3614-5p)对模型大鼠先兆子痫(preeclampsia,PE)进展的调节作用及相关机制。方法将36只SD大鼠(24只雌性和12只雄性)以雌雄比例2∶1合笼饲养自然受孕。24只妊娠大鼠随机分为假手...目的研究间充质干细胞来源外泌体微小核糖核酸-3614-5p(miR-3614-5p)对模型大鼠先兆子痫(preeclampsia,PE)进展的调节作用及相关机制。方法将36只SD大鼠(24只雌性和12只雄性)以雌雄比例2∶1合笼饲养自然受孕。24只妊娠大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham组)、PE模型组(PE组)和外泌体miR-3614-5p组(PE+exo组),每组8只。PE组通过皮下注射100 mg/kg的NG-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯建立大鼠PE模型;PE+exo组构建PE模型,同时在第14天腹腔注射160μg/ml的外泌体悬液(0.5 ml/只/天),连续6天,实验持续21天;sham组则给予等量生理盐水。在妊娠第0,7,14和21天测量血压和尿蛋白浓度。RT-qPCR检测miR-3614-5p水平及B细胞淋巴瘤病-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl相关X蛋白(Bax)的mRNA水平;ELISA检测Caspase-3活性、活性氧(ROS)水平及丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和亚铁离子(Fe2+)含量;Western blot检测谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)和溶质载体家族7成员11(SLC7A11)蛋白水平。结果与sham组大鼠相比,PE组大鼠的胎盘组织(0.43±0.05 vs 1.01±0.07)和外周血(0.51±0.07vs 1.01±0.12)中miR-3614-5p表达显著下调,差异具有统计学意义(t=19.070,10.180,均P<0.01)。与上清液相比,源自MSCs的外泌体中miR-3614-5p显著富集。与sham组相比,PE组大鼠第21天的舒张压(175.43±6.02 mmHg vs113.26±5.11 mmHg)、收缩压(123.57±5.63 mmHg vs 82.63±5.26 mmHg)及尿蛋白含量(175.48±13.21 mg/ml vs67.65±5.76 mg/ml)显著升高(t=22.606,16.440,23.168,均P<0.01);与PE组相比,PE+exo组舒张压(124.57±5.33mmHg vs 175.43±6.02 mmHg)、收缩压(89.76±3.88 mmHg vs 123.57±5.63 mmHg)及尿蛋白含量(97.69±7.23 mg/ml vs 175.48±13.21 mg/ml)显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=18.493,13.577,16.713,均P<0.01)。与sham组相比,PE组大鼠胎盘组织中Caspase-3活性(238.56%±13.22%vs 100.12%±5.93%)、Bax水平(3.18±0.71 vs 1.01±0.11)、ROS水平(387.65%±25.98%vs 100.51%±5.89%)、MDA含量(33.21±3.17 nmol/mg vs 14.83±2.69 nmol/mg)和Fe2+浓度(38.77±6.53 nmol/ml vs 17.51±3.15 nmol/ml)显著升高,而Bcl-2水平(0.47±0.08 vs 1.01±0.12)、GSH含量(4.12±1.22 nmol/mg vs 9.76±0.93 nmol/mg)、GPX4蛋白(0.48±0.06 vs 1.01±0.24)和SLC7A11蛋白(0.51±0.11vs 1.01±0.11)水平则显著降低(t=6.459~32.863,均P<0.01);与PE组相比,PE+exo组胎盘组织中Caspase-3活性(117.35%±8.67%vs 238.56%±13.22%)、Bax水平(1.13±0.45 vs 3.18±0.71)、ROS水平(128.73%±14.37%vs387.65%±25.98%)、MDA含量(18.13±3.89 nmol/mg vs 33.21±3.17 nmol/mg)和Fe2+浓度(19.05±3.45 nmol/ml vs38.77±6.53 nmol/ml)显著降低,而Bcl-2水平(1.04±0.11 vs 0.47±0.08),GSH含量(7.86±1.07 nmol/mg vs 4.12±1.22nmol/mg),GPX4蛋白(0.98±0.14 vs 0.48±0.06)和SLC7A11蛋白(1.11±0.09 vs 0.51±0.11)水平则显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=6.093~29.633,均P<0.01)。结论miR-3614-5p在PE模型大鼠的胎盘组织和外周血中显著下调。MSCs来源的外泌体miR-3614-5p通过抑制铁死亡改善大鼠的PE进展。MSCs来源的外泌体miR-3614-5p可能是PE治疗的一个新的潜在的生物标志物。展开更多
Background:Our previous study found that mouse embryonic neural stem cell(NSC)-derived exosomes(EXOs)regulated NSC differentiation via the miR-9/Hes1 axis.However,the effects of EXOs on brain microvascular endothelial...Background:Our previous study found that mouse embryonic neural stem cell(NSC)-derived exosomes(EXOs)regulated NSC differentiation via the miR-9/Hes1 axis.However,the effects of EXOs on brain microvascular endothelial cell(BMEC)dysfunction via the miR-9/Hes1 axis remain unknown.Therefore,the current study aimed to determine the effects of EXOs on BMEC proliferation,migration,and death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis.Methods:Immunofluorescence,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,cell counting kit-8 assay,wound healing assay,calcein-acetoxymethyl/propidium iodide staining,and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to determine the role and mechanism of EXOs on BMECs.Results:EXOs promoted BMEC proliferation and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions.The overexpression of miR-9 promoted BMEC prolifera-tion and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions.Moreover,miR-9 downregulation inhibited BMEC proliferation and migration and also promoted cell death.Hes1 silencing ameliorated the effect of amtagomiR-9 on BMEC proliferation and migration and cell death.Hyperemic structures were observed in the regions of the hippocampus and cortex in hypoxia-induced mice.Meanwhile,EXO treatment improved cerebrovascular alterations.Conclusion:NSC-derived EXOs can promote BMEC proliferation and migra-tion and reduce cell death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis under hypoxic conditions.Therefore,EXO therapeutic strategies could be considered for hypoxia-induced vascular injury.展开更多
The interaction between metabolic dysfunction and inflammation is central to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Obesity-related conditions like type 2 d...The interaction between metabolic dysfunction and inflammation is central to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exacerbate this relationship.Peripheral lipid accumulation,particularly in the liver,initiates a cascade of inflammatory processes that extend to the brain,influencing critical metabolic regulatory regions.Ceramide and palmitate,key lipid components,along with lipid transporters lipocalin-2 and apolipoprotein E,contribute to neuroinflammation by disrupting blood–brain barrier integrity and promoting gliosis.Peripheral insulin resistance further exacerbates brain insulin resistance and neuroinflammation.Preclinical interventions targeting peripheral lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathways have shown promise in reducing neuroinflammation in animal models.However,translating these findings to clinical practice requires further investigation into human subjects.In conclusion,metabolic dysfunction,peripheral inflammation,and insulin resistance are integral to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Understanding these complex mechanisms holds potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets and improving outcomes for neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
The effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on the skeletal integrity and fracture risk in transitioning adolescent trans girls are unknown.To address this knowledge gap,we developed a mouse model to simulate male...The effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on the skeletal integrity and fracture risk in transitioning adolescent trans girls are unknown.To address this knowledge gap,we developed a mouse model to simulate male-to-female transition in human adolescents in whom puberty is first arrested by using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogs with subsequent estradiol treatment.Puberty was suppressed by orchidectomy in male mice at 5 weeks of age.At 3 weeks post-surgery,male-to-female mice were treated with a high dose of estradiol(~0.85 mg)by intraperitoneal silastic implantation for 12 weeks.Controls included intact and orchidectomized males at 3 weeks post-surgery,vehicle-treated intact males,intact females and orchidectomized males at 12 weeks post-treatment.Compared to male controls,orchidectomized males exhibited decreased peak bone mass accrual and a decreased maximal force the bone could withstand prior to fracture.Estradiol treatment in orchidectomized male-to-female mice compared to mice in all control groups was associated with an increased cortical thickness in the mid-diaphysis,while the periosteal circumference increased to a level that was intermediate between intact male and female controls,resulting in increased maximal force and stiffness.In trabecular bone,estradiol treatment increased newly formed trabeculae arising from the growth plate as well as mineralizing surface/bone surface and bone formation rate,consistent with the anabolic action of estradiol on osteoblast proliferation.These data support the concept that skeletal integrity can be preserved and that long-term fractures may be prevented in trans girls treated with GnRHa and a sufficiently high dose of GAHT.Further study is needed to identify an optimal dose of estradiol that protects the bone without adverse side effects.展开更多
文摘目的探究强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)模型小鼠和临床患者外周血单个核细胞(peripheralblood mononuclear cell,PBMC)中微小RNA-142-5p(miR-142-5p),细胞因子信号转导抑制因子1(suppressor ofcytokine signaling 1,SOCS1)mRNA表达及其对免疫功能的影响。方法通过实时荧光定量(quantitative real timePCR,qRT-PCR)检测2022年1月~2023年3月商丘市第一人民医院收治的30例确诊的AS患者(患者组)和30例健康体检者(健康组)的PBMC中miR-142-5p和SOCS1 mRNA水平。采用牛蛋白聚糖联合完全弗氏佐剂诱导AS小鼠模型,然后将小鼠分为对照组、模型组、阴性组和拮抗剂组。对照组和模型组小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水,阴性组和拮抗剂组小鼠分别尾静脉注射NC-antagomir和miR-142-5p-antagomir。治疗2周后,分别评估各组小鼠的关节炎症状评分。通过苏木精伊红(hematoxylin eosin,HE)染色评价踝关节形态。采用ELISA法检测小鼠血清中Th1细胞因子干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、Th2细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、Th17细胞因子白细胞介素-17(IL-17)和Treg细胞因子叉头盒蛋白P3(FOXP3)的表达水平。通过qRT-PCR和Western blot检测PBMC和踝关节组织中miR-142-5p,SOCS1,IFN-γ,IL-4,IL-17和FOXP3的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果与健康组比较,患者组PBMC中miR-142-5p水平升高(3.03±0.99 vs1.00±0.21),SOCS1 mRNA水平降低(0.41±0.09 vs 1.00±0.18),差异具有统计学意义(t=10.997,15.956,均P<0.001)。与对照组比较,模型组小鼠踝关节组织中miR-142-5p水平(4.00±0.52 vs 1.00±0.04)升高,IFN-γ和IL-17的mRNA和蛋白水平均升高,SOCS1,IL-4和FOXP3的mRNA和蛋白水平均降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=23.356,31.420,48.056,47.224,38.035,29.007,54.183,28.123,55.155,26.758,45.346,均P<0.05);关节炎症状评分升高(7.83±0.94 vs 0.00±0.00,t=22.212,P<0.05),踝关节结构破坏明显;血清中IFN-γ,IL-17水平以及IFN-γ/IL-4比值(0.81±0.08 vs 2.08±0.33)和IL-17/FOXP3比值(0.41±0.03 vs 1.27±0.10)均升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.382,35.779,15.412,35.130,均P<0.05)。与阴性组比较,拮抗剂组小鼠踝关节组织中miR-142-5p水平(1.47±0.10 vs 3.89±0.33)降低,IFN-γ和IL-17的mRNA和蛋白水平均降低,SOCS1,IL-4和FOXP3的mRNA和蛋白水平均升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=18.846,22.969,43.454,32.617,23.259,20.881,41.832,11.994,32.977,15.190,35.834,均P<0.05);关节炎症状评分降低(7.42±1.24 vs 2.75±0.75,t=13.233,P<0.05),踝关节形态明显改善;血清中IFN-γ,IL-17水平以及IFN-γ/IL-4比值(1.22±0.11 vs 1.91±0.19)和IL-17/FOXP3比值(0.69±0.05vs 1.23±0.12)均降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=8.688,22.972,8.377,22.007,均P<0.05)。结论miR-142-5p在AS中高表达,使用拮抗剂下调miR-142-5p可能通过上调SOCS1进而降低Th1/Th2和Th17/Treg比值,从而改善AS小鼠的免疫平衡并抑制AS的进展。
文摘目的研究间充质干细胞来源外泌体微小核糖核酸-3614-5p(miR-3614-5p)对模型大鼠先兆子痫(preeclampsia,PE)进展的调节作用及相关机制。方法将36只SD大鼠(24只雌性和12只雄性)以雌雄比例2∶1合笼饲养自然受孕。24只妊娠大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham组)、PE模型组(PE组)和外泌体miR-3614-5p组(PE+exo组),每组8只。PE组通过皮下注射100 mg/kg的NG-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯建立大鼠PE模型;PE+exo组构建PE模型,同时在第14天腹腔注射160μg/ml的外泌体悬液(0.5 ml/只/天),连续6天,实验持续21天;sham组则给予等量生理盐水。在妊娠第0,7,14和21天测量血压和尿蛋白浓度。RT-qPCR检测miR-3614-5p水平及B细胞淋巴瘤病-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl相关X蛋白(Bax)的mRNA水平;ELISA检测Caspase-3活性、活性氧(ROS)水平及丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和亚铁离子(Fe2+)含量;Western blot检测谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)和溶质载体家族7成员11(SLC7A11)蛋白水平。结果与sham组大鼠相比,PE组大鼠的胎盘组织(0.43±0.05 vs 1.01±0.07)和外周血(0.51±0.07vs 1.01±0.12)中miR-3614-5p表达显著下调,差异具有统计学意义(t=19.070,10.180,均P<0.01)。与上清液相比,源自MSCs的外泌体中miR-3614-5p显著富集。与sham组相比,PE组大鼠第21天的舒张压(175.43±6.02 mmHg vs113.26±5.11 mmHg)、收缩压(123.57±5.63 mmHg vs 82.63±5.26 mmHg)及尿蛋白含量(175.48±13.21 mg/ml vs67.65±5.76 mg/ml)显著升高(t=22.606,16.440,23.168,均P<0.01);与PE组相比,PE+exo组舒张压(124.57±5.33mmHg vs 175.43±6.02 mmHg)、收缩压(89.76±3.88 mmHg vs 123.57±5.63 mmHg)及尿蛋白含量(97.69±7.23 mg/ml vs 175.48±13.21 mg/ml)显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(t=18.493,13.577,16.713,均P<0.01)。与sham组相比,PE组大鼠胎盘组织中Caspase-3活性(238.56%±13.22%vs 100.12%±5.93%)、Bax水平(3.18±0.71 vs 1.01±0.11)、ROS水平(387.65%±25.98%vs 100.51%±5.89%)、MDA含量(33.21±3.17 nmol/mg vs 14.83±2.69 nmol/mg)和Fe2+浓度(38.77±6.53 nmol/ml vs 17.51±3.15 nmol/ml)显著升高,而Bcl-2水平(0.47±0.08 vs 1.01±0.12)、GSH含量(4.12±1.22 nmol/mg vs 9.76±0.93 nmol/mg)、GPX4蛋白(0.48±0.06 vs 1.01±0.24)和SLC7A11蛋白(0.51±0.11vs 1.01±0.11)水平则显著降低(t=6.459~32.863,均P<0.01);与PE组相比,PE+exo组胎盘组织中Caspase-3活性(117.35%±8.67%vs 238.56%±13.22%)、Bax水平(1.13±0.45 vs 3.18±0.71)、ROS水平(128.73%±14.37%vs387.65%±25.98%)、MDA含量(18.13±3.89 nmol/mg vs 33.21±3.17 nmol/mg)和Fe2+浓度(19.05±3.45 nmol/ml vs38.77±6.53 nmol/ml)显著降低,而Bcl-2水平(1.04±0.11 vs 0.47±0.08),GSH含量(7.86±1.07 nmol/mg vs 4.12±1.22nmol/mg),GPX4蛋白(0.98±0.14 vs 0.48±0.06)和SLC7A11蛋白(1.11±0.09 vs 0.51±0.11)水平则显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(t=6.093~29.633,均P<0.01)。结论miR-3614-5p在PE模型大鼠的胎盘组织和外周血中显著下调。MSCs来源的外泌体miR-3614-5p通过抑制铁死亡改善大鼠的PE进展。MSCs来源的外泌体miR-3614-5p可能是PE治疗的一个新的潜在的生物标志物。
基金Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai,Grant/Award Number:21ZR1453800 and 22ZR1452400Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:82370057+3 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:22120220562Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission,Grant/Award Number:20204Y0384Program of National Key Research and Development Project of China,Grant/Award Number:2023YFC2509500。
文摘Background:Our previous study found that mouse embryonic neural stem cell(NSC)-derived exosomes(EXOs)regulated NSC differentiation via the miR-9/Hes1 axis.However,the effects of EXOs on brain microvascular endothelial cell(BMEC)dysfunction via the miR-9/Hes1 axis remain unknown.Therefore,the current study aimed to determine the effects of EXOs on BMEC proliferation,migration,and death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis.Methods:Immunofluorescence,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,cell counting kit-8 assay,wound healing assay,calcein-acetoxymethyl/propidium iodide staining,and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to determine the role and mechanism of EXOs on BMECs.Results:EXOs promoted BMEC proliferation and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions.The overexpression of miR-9 promoted BMEC prolifera-tion and migration and reduced cell death under hypoxic conditions.Moreover,miR-9 downregulation inhibited BMEC proliferation and migration and also promoted cell death.Hes1 silencing ameliorated the effect of amtagomiR-9 on BMEC proliferation and migration and cell death.Hyperemic structures were observed in the regions of the hippocampus and cortex in hypoxia-induced mice.Meanwhile,EXO treatment improved cerebrovascular alterations.Conclusion:NSC-derived EXOs can promote BMEC proliferation and migra-tion and reduce cell death via the miR-9/Hes1 axis under hypoxic conditions.Therefore,EXO therapeutic strategies could be considered for hypoxia-induced vascular injury.
基金supported by a Presidential Postdoctoral Fellowship (021229-00001) from Nanyang Technological University,Singapore (to JZ)a Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Dean’s Postdoctoral Fellowship (021207-00001) from NTU Singaporea Mistletoe Research Fellowship (022522-00001) from the Momental Foundaton,USA (to CHL)
文摘The interaction between metabolic dysfunction and inflammation is central to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exacerbate this relationship.Peripheral lipid accumulation,particularly in the liver,initiates a cascade of inflammatory processes that extend to the brain,influencing critical metabolic regulatory regions.Ceramide and palmitate,key lipid components,along with lipid transporters lipocalin-2 and apolipoprotein E,contribute to neuroinflammation by disrupting blood–brain barrier integrity and promoting gliosis.Peripheral insulin resistance further exacerbates brain insulin resistance and neuroinflammation.Preclinical interventions targeting peripheral lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathways have shown promise in reducing neuroinflammation in animal models.However,translating these findings to clinical practice requires further investigation into human subjects.In conclusion,metabolic dysfunction,peripheral inflammation,and insulin resistance are integral to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Understanding these complex mechanisms holds potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets and improving outcomes for neurodegenerative diseases.
基金supported by The Sir Edward Dunlop Medical Research FoundationThe Austin Health Medical Research Foundation+1 种基金a Les and Eva Erdi Research Grantsupported by postgraduate scholarships from the Endocrine Society of Australia and University of Melbourne.
文摘The effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on the skeletal integrity and fracture risk in transitioning adolescent trans girls are unknown.To address this knowledge gap,we developed a mouse model to simulate male-to-female transition in human adolescents in whom puberty is first arrested by using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogs with subsequent estradiol treatment.Puberty was suppressed by orchidectomy in male mice at 5 weeks of age.At 3 weeks post-surgery,male-to-female mice were treated with a high dose of estradiol(~0.85 mg)by intraperitoneal silastic implantation for 12 weeks.Controls included intact and orchidectomized males at 3 weeks post-surgery,vehicle-treated intact males,intact females and orchidectomized males at 12 weeks post-treatment.Compared to male controls,orchidectomized males exhibited decreased peak bone mass accrual and a decreased maximal force the bone could withstand prior to fracture.Estradiol treatment in orchidectomized male-to-female mice compared to mice in all control groups was associated with an increased cortical thickness in the mid-diaphysis,while the periosteal circumference increased to a level that was intermediate between intact male and female controls,resulting in increased maximal force and stiffness.In trabecular bone,estradiol treatment increased newly formed trabeculae arising from the growth plate as well as mineralizing surface/bone surface and bone formation rate,consistent with the anabolic action of estradiol on osteoblast proliferation.These data support the concept that skeletal integrity can be preserved and that long-term fractures may be prevented in trans girls treated with GnRHa and a sufficiently high dose of GAHT.Further study is needed to identify an optimal dose of estradiol that protects the bone without adverse side effects.
