THE GLOBAL EXISTENCE OF STRONG SOLUTIONS TO THERMOMECHANICAL CUCKER-SMALE-STOKES EQUATIONS IN THE WHOLE DOMAIN

We study the global existence and uniqueness of a strong solution to the kinetic thermomechanical Cucker-Smale(for short,TCS) model coupled with Stokes equations in the whole space.The coupled system consists of the kinetic TCS equation for a particle ensemble and the Stokes equations for a fluid via a drag force.In this paper,we present a complete analysis of the existence of global-in-time strong solutions to the coupled model without any smallness restrictions on the initial data.

A Coupled Thermomechanical Crack Propagation Behavior of Brittle Materials by Peridynamic Differential Operator

This study proposes a comprehensive,coupled thermomechanical model that replaces local spatial derivatives in classical differential thermomechanical equations with nonlocal integral forms derived from the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO),eliminating the need for calibration procedures.The model employs a multi-rate explicit time integration scheme to handle varying time scales in multi-physics systems.Through simulations conducted on granite and ceramic materials,this model demonstrates its effectiveness.It successfully simulates thermal damage behavior in granite arising from incompatible mineral expansion and accurately calculates thermal crack propagation in ceramic slabs during quenching.To account for material heterogeneity,the model utilizes the Shuffle algorithm andWeibull distribution,yielding results that align with numerical simulations and experimental observations.This coupled thermomechanical model shows great promise for analyzing intricate thermomechanical phenomena in brittle materials.

Thermal fatigue and wear of compacted graphite iron brake discs with various thermomechanical properties

The increase in payload capacity of trucks has heightened the demand for cost-effective yet high performance brake discs.In this work,the thermal fatigue and wear of compacted graphite iron brake discs were investigated,aiming to provide an experimental foundation for achieving a balance between their thermal and mechanical properties.Compacted graphite iron brake discs with different tensile strengths,macrohardnesses,specific heat capacities and thermal diffusion coefficients were produced by changing the proportion and strength of ferrite.The peak temperature,pressure load and friction coefficient of compacted graphite iron brake discs were analyzed through inertia friction tests.The morphology of thermal cracks and 3D profiles of the worn surfaces were also discussed.It is found that the thermal fatigue of compacted graphite iron discs is determined by their thermal properties.A compacted graphite iron with the highest specific heat capacity and thermal diffusion coefficient exhibits optimal thermal fatigue resistance.Oxidization of the matrix at low temperatures significantly weakens the function of alloy strengthening in hindering the propagation of thermal cracks.Despite the reduced hardness,increasing the ferrite proportion can mitigate wear loss resulting from low disc temperatures and the absence of abrasive wear.

Corrosion behavior of 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloys in different thermomechanical conditions by quasi-in-situ analysis

As a promising material in the aircraft industry,2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloy exhibits high corrosion susceptibility that may limit its application.In the present work,to illustrate the influences of precipitate and grain-stored energy on localized corrosion evolution in 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloy,cold working and artificial aging were carried out to produce 2A97 Al-Cu-Li alloys under different thermomechanical conditions.Quasi-in-situ analysis,traditional immersion test and electrochemical measurement were then conducted to examine the corrosion behavior of 2A97 alloys.It is revealed that precipitate significantly affects Cu enrichment at corrosion fronts,which determines corrosion susceptibility of alloys,whereas grain-stored energy distribution is closely associated with localized corrosion propagation.It is also indicated that quasi-in-situ analysis exhibits a consistent corrosion evolution with traditional immersion tests,which is regarded as a proper method to explore localized corrosion mechanisms by providing local microstructural information with enhanced time and spatial resolutions.

A new thermomechanical coupled FDEM model for geomaterials considering continuum-discontinuum transitions

A new thermomechanical(TM)coupled finite-discrete element method(FDEM)model,incorporating heat conduction,thermal cracking,and contact heat transfer,has been proposed for both continuous and discontinuous geomaterials.This model incorporates a heat conduction model that can accurately calculate the thermal field in continuousediscontinuous transition processes within a finite element framework.A modified contact heat transfer model is also included,which accounts for the entire contact area of discrete bodies.To align with the finite strain theory utilized in the FDEM mechanics module,the TM coupling module in the model is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient.The proposed model has been applied to various scenarios,including heat conduction in both continuous and discontinuous media during transient states,thermal-induced strain and stress,and thermal cracking conditions.The thermal field calculation model and the TM coupling model have been validated by comparing the numerical results with experiment findings and analytical solutions.These numerical cases demonstrate the reliability of the proposed model convincingly,making it suitable for use across a wide range of continuous and discontinuous media.

Thermomechanical Modelling of Industrial Vessels that Contain Refractory Masonry Linings

Some refractory linings that protect metallic vessels from the hot temperature of the products they contain are made of masonries with or without mortar.The joints play an important role,reducing the stresses in the masonries during heating.Furthermore,the presence of these joints makes the behaviour of the masonry nonlinear and orthotropic.To perform a thermomechanical simulation using a finite element method of an industrial vessel that contains hundreds or thousands of bricks and joints,microscopic models are not suitable due to the high computational time and the management of the behaviour of the joints(opening/closing)which affects the convergence.To overcome these problems,it is proposed to replace the masonry by a homogeneous material that has a behaviour equivalent to the set of bricks and joints,using a periodic homogenization technique.Since the joints can be closed or open,the equivalent material will have a different behaviour according to the joint state.Furthermore,refractory materials have an elastic-viscoplastic behaviour at high temperatures.So,the equivalent material will have an orthotropic elastic-viscoplastic behaviour,requiring a nonlinear homogenisation technique.An overview of this approach developed at University of Orléans is presented with two industrial applications(blast-furnace and steel ladle).

Size-dependent thermomechanical vibration characteristics of rotating pre-twisted functionally graded shear deformable microbeams

A three-dimensional(3D)thermomechanical vibration model is developed for rotating pre-twisted functionally graded(FG)microbeams according to the refined shear deformation theory(RSDT)and the modified couple stress theory(MCST).The material properties are assumed to follow a power-law distribution along the chordwise direction.The model introduces one axial stretching variable and four transverse deflection variables including two pure bending components and two pure shear ones.The complex modal analysis and assumed mode methods are used to solve the governing equations of motion under different boundary conditions(BCs).Several examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of the developed model.By coupling the slenderness ratio,gradient index,rotation speed,and size effect with the pre-twisted angle,the effects of these factors on the thermomechanical vibration of the microbeam with different BCs are investigated.It is found that with the increase in the pre-twisted angle,the critical slenderness ratio and gradient index corresponding to the thermal instability of the microbeam increase,while the critical material length scale parameter(MLSP)and rotation speed decrease.The sensitivity of the fundamental frequency to temperature increases with the increasing slenderness ratio and gradient index,and decreases with the other increasing parameters.Moreover,the size effect can suppress the dynamic stiffening effect and enhance the Coriolis effect.Finally,the mode transition is quantitatively demonstrated by a modal assurance criterion(MAC).

Thermoelectric Stirling Engine (TEG-Stirling Engine) Based on the Analysis of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD)

The thermoelectric energy conversion technique by employing the Disk-Magnet Electromagnetic Induction (DM-EMI) is examined in detail, and possible applications to heat engines as one of the energy-harvesting technologies are discussed. The idea is induced by the analysis of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD) for a nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamic system of heat engines, such as a drinking bird and a low temperature Stirling engine, resulting in thermoelectric energy generation different from conventional heat engines. The current thermoelectric energy conversion with DM-EMI can be applied to wide ranges of machines and temperature differences. The mechanism of DM-EMI energy converter is categorized as the axial flux generator (AFG), which is the reason why the technology is applicable to sensitive thermoelectric conversions. On the other hand, almost all the conventional turbines use the radius flux generator to extract huge electric power, which uses the radial flux generator (RFG). The axial flux generator is helpful for a low mechanoelectric energy conversion and activations of waste heat from macroscopic energy generators such as wind, geothermal, thermal, nuclear power plants and heat-dissipation lines. The technique of DM-EMI will contribute to solving environmental problems to maintain clean and sustainable energy as one of the energy harvesting technologies.

Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) and Bifurcation-Integration Solutions in Nonlinear Differential Equations with Time-Dependent Coefficients

The new independent solutions of the nonlinear differential equation with time-dependent coefficients (NDE-TC) are discussed, for the first time, by employing experimental device called a drinking bird whose simple back-and-forth motion develops into water drinking motion. The solution to a drinking bird equation of motion manifests itself the transition from thermodynamic equilibrium to nonequilibrium irreversible states. The independent solution signifying a nonequilibrium thermal state seems to be constructed as if two independent bifurcation solutions are synthesized, and so, the solution is tentatively termed as the bifurcation-integration solution. The bifurcation-integration solution expresses the transition from mechanical and thermodynamic equilibrium to a nonequilibrium irreversible state, which is explicitly shown by the nonlinear differential equation with time-dependent coefficients (NDE-TC). The analysis established a new theoretical approach to nonequilibrium irreversible states, thermomechanical dynamics (TMD). The TMD method enables one to obtain thermodynamically consistent and time-dependent progresses of thermodynamic quantities, by employing the bifurcation-integration solutions of NDE-TC. We hope that the basic properties of bifurcation-integration solutions will be studied and investigated further in mathematics, physics, chemistry and nonlinear sciences in general.

The Application of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to Thermoelectric Energy Generation by Employing a Low Temperature Stirling Engine

A thermoelectric generation Stirling engine (TEG-Stirling engine) is discussed by employing a low temperature Stirling engine and the dissipative equation of motion derived from the method of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD). The results and mechanism of axial flux electromagnetic induction (AF-EMI) are applied to a low temperature Stirling engine, resulting in a TEG-Stirling engine. The method of TMD produced thermodynamically consistent and time-dependent physical quantities for the first time, such as internal energy ℰ(t), thermodynamic work Wth(t), the total entropy (heat dissipation) Qd(t)and measure or temperature of a nonequilibrium state T˜(t). The TMD analysis produced a lightweight mechanical system of TEG-Stirling engine which derives electric power from waste heat of temperature (40˚CT100˚C) by a thermoelectric conversion method. An optimal low rotational speed about 30θ′(t)/(2π)60(rpm) is found, applicable to devices for sustainable, clean energy technologies. The stability of a thermal state and angular rotations of TEG-Stirling engine are specifically shown by employing properties of nonequilibrium temperature T˜(t), which is also applied to study optimal fuel-injection and combustion timings of heat engines.

Thermomechanical Energy Converters for Harvesting Thermal Energy:A Review

Thermal energy,i.e.,the electromagnetic energy in the infrared range that originates from the direct solar radiation,outgoing terrestrial radiation,waste heat from combustion of fuels,heat-emitting electrical devices,decay of radioactive isotopes,organic putrefaction and fermentation,human body heat,and so on,constitutes a huge energy flux circulating on the earth surface.However,most energy converters designed for the conversion of electromagnetic energy into electricity,such as photovoltaic cells,are mainly focused on using a narrow part of the solar energy lying in the visible spectrum,while thermomechanical engines that are fueled by heat in the broad energy range and then convert it into mechanical work or store it as mechanical deformation,are paid less attention.Although the efficiency of thermomechanical devices is relatively low,they can be applied to collect waste heat which otherwise contributes to negative climate changes.In this review,operational principles of thermomechanical energy converters and a description of basic devices and materials that utilize thermal energy are given.In addition to conventional macroscopic engines,based on thermoacoustic,thermomagnetic,thermoelastic,hydride heat converters,and shape memory alloys,the emergent devices are described which are classified as smart actuators,breathing frameworks,thermoacoustic micro-transducers,nanomechanical resonators,plasmomechanical systems,and optothermal walkers.The performance of the different types of thermomechanical energy converters is described and compared.

The Application of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to the Analysis of Nonequilibrium Irreversible Motion and a Low-Temperature Stirling Engine

We applied the method of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD) to a low-temperature Stirling engine, and the dissipative equation of motion and time-evolving physical quantities are self-consistently calculated for the first time in this field. The thermomechanical states of the heat engine are in Nonequilibrium Irreversible States (NISs), and time-dependent thermodynamic work W(t), internal energy E(t), energy dissipation or entropy Qd(t), and temperature T(t), are precisely studied and computed in TMD. We also introduced the new formalism, Q(t)-picture of thermodynamic heat-energy flows, for consistent analyses of NISs. Thermal flows in a long-time uniform heat flow and in a short-time heat flow are numerically studied as examples. In addition to the analysis of time-dependent physical quantities, the TMD analysis suggests that the concept of force and acceleration in Newtonian mechanics should be modified. The acceleration is defined as a continuously differentiable function of Class C2 in Newtonian mechanics, but the thermomechanical dynamics demands piecewise continuity for acceleration and thermal force, required from physical reasons caused by frictional variations and thermal fluctuations. The acceleration has no direct physical meaning associated with force in TMD. The physical implications are fundamental for the concept of the macroscopic phenomena in NISs composed of systems in thermal and mechanical motion.

Thermomechanical and Hydrous Effect of Heavy Fuel Oil in a Building Material Based on Silty Clayey Soil

This study focuses on the use of heavy fuel oil in construction in Burkina Faso.Mixed with silty and/or clay soil,it is used as a coating to reinforce the walls of raw soil constructions which are very sensitive to water.The interest of this paper is to shed light on the thermomechanical and above all water effects of heavy fuel oil on a sample of silty clayey soil.To achieve this,we used heavy fuel oil added in different proportions to silty clayey soil,to make sample of bricks on which tests were carried out.At the end of the experimental tests carried out on materials made(bricks)with our soil sample,it appears that heavy fuel oil moderately reduces the mechanical resistance of bricks and slightly increases thermal diffusion through them.On the contrary,we note a very good water resistance of the bricks thanks to the heavy fuel oil,in particular their water absorption by capillarity.This confirms that the mixture of heavy fuel oil and a silty-clayey soil used as a coating makes it possible to prevent the infiltration of water into the walls of raw soil constructions.However,its use as a construction material does not guarantee very good mechanical resistance,and slightly increases thermal diffusion.

湿热处理对豆粉营养品质及面团物化特性的影响

采用湿热处理研究不同豆粉抗氧化、营养特性及面团性质的影响。结果表明:随着湿热处理时间的延长,红豆粉和豌豆粉的总酚、黄酮含量及其抗氧化能力呈先增加后降低的趋势,分别在0.5 h和1.0 h时达到最大,而白芸豆粉总酚、黄酮含量呈增加趋势,在8.0 h达到最大;湿热处理对2,2’-联氮双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除率和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除率趋势与总酚、黄酮含量一致;3种豆粉的主要脂肪酸种类分别为棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、顺-11-二十碳一烯酸和油酸;湿热处理2.0 h及以上,对白芸豆粉中油酸、亚油酸和顺-11-二十碳一烯酸含量有显著影响;湿热处理后红豆粉和白芸豆粉中游离氨基酸参与美拉德反应,含量显著下降,而豌豆粉中更多结合态的氨基酸游离出来,使其含量升高;扫描电子显微镜观察微观结构结果显示,随着湿热处理时间延长,蛋白质变性和部分淀粉发生糊化,出现孔洞、黏附等现象;淀粉的重结晶使得豆粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和回生值下降,抗剪切力变差;面团水分分布测定结果显示,湿热处理后红豆粉的弛豫时间T_(21)、T_(22)增加,红豆粉成团性优于其他面团;湿热处理使混合豆粉热机械特性中的蛋白弱化度增强,抑制了淀粉的回生,降低了老化度,有益于提升产品品质。

不同制动工况下地铁车轮踏面磨耗研究

为研究不同制动方式对地铁车轮踏面磨耗的影响规律,联合ANSYS和SIMPACK软件,建立了车轮-闸瓦热机耦合有限元模型和含有柔性轮对的车辆动力学模型,同时考虑不同制动初速度和制动减速度对车轮踏面温度、踏面硬度、踏面与闸瓦间接触应力及制动距离的影响,分析了不同制动方式下车轮-闸瓦磨耗、车轮-钢轨磨耗和踏面总磨耗的变化规律。结果表明:踏面磨耗随着制动初速度的增大而增大;随着制动减速度的增大,车轮-闸瓦磨耗和总磨耗增大,车轮-钢轨磨耗减小;制动时踏面总磨耗主要受车轮-闸瓦磨耗影响。

形变热处理对Ti-Nb-Zr合金组织及超弹性行为的影响

Ti-Nb-Zr合金具有低弹性模量、高强度以及优异的生物相容性,在生物医用材料领域备受关注。Ti-Nb-Zr合金的超弹性归因于β↔α″相变。综述了Ti-Nb-Zr合金的弹性模量和超弹性的影响因素及变化规律。通过添加合金元素来调整相变温度和滑移临界应力,应力诱发马氏体相变更易发生,β相塑性变形延迟出现,获得更大的相变应变和恢复应变。总结了Ti-Nb-Zr合金的形变热处理与超弹性效应之间的关系和作用机制。冷轧后短时间热处理可以增加位错滑移的临界应力、避免其他相(ω或α相)的生长,保持β相的稳定性、提高合金的恢复应变和超弹性。

铅银渣熔化-烟化过程中银物相演化规律的研究

针对铅银渣中银元素在熔化-烟化过程中物相演化规律开展研究。通过热力学计算分析,研究铅银渣中银物相挥发的热力学机制,并基于热力学理论,开展单因素实验,研究反应温度、配碳比和保温时间对银回收率的影响,得出最佳工艺参数。接着通过观察微观组织形貌,结合理论计算与实验结果,明确铅银渣中银物相在熔化-烟化过程中的演化规律。热力学分析结果表明,铅银渣中的Ag_(2)O会优先挥发到烟尘中;渣中的AgCl不发生氧化反应、还原反应和分解反应,会挥发到烟尘中;渣中的Ag_(2)S不挥发也不发生还原反应,会被氧化成Ag_(2)SO_(4);在低温时渣中的Ag_(2)SO_(4)会被还原为单质银,单质银与铅、锌形成合金被携带进入烟尘;在高温时,Ag_(2)SO_(4)的蒸气压急剧增大,会挥发到烟尘中。银扩大配渣实验结果表明,烟尘中物相为Ag_(2)O、AgCl、Ag_(2)SO_(4)和单质银,这与热力学分析结果一致。单因素实验表明,回收铅银渣中银的最佳工艺参数为反应温度1 300℃、配碳比16.30%、保温时间150 min;在此条件下,银回收率为80.26%。

Microstructure characterization and mechanical properties of TC4-DT titanium alloy after thermomechanical treatment

Influence of thermomechanical treatments （mill annealing, duplex annealing, solution treatment plus aging and triple annealing） on microstructures and mechanical properties of TC4-DT titanium alloy was investigated. Results showed that thermomechanical treatments had a significant influence on the microstructure parameters and higher annealing and aging temperature and lower cooling rate led to the decrease of the volume fraction of primaryαand the size of prior-βand the increase of the width of grain boundary αand secondary α. The highest strength was obtained by solution treatment and aging due to a large amount of transformedβand finer grain boundaryαand secondaryαat the expense of slight decrease of elongation and the ultimate strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area were 1100 MPa, 1030 MPa, 13%and 53%separately. A good combination of strength and ductility has been obtained by duplex annealing with the above values 940 MPa, 887.5 MPa, 15%and 51%respectively. Analysis between microstructure parameters and tensile properties showed that with the volume fraction of transformedβphase and the prior-βgrain size increasing, the ultimate strength, yield strength and reduction of area increased, but the elongation decreased. While the width of grain boundary α and secondary α showed a contrary effect on the tensile properties. Elimination of grain boundaryαas well as small prior-βgrain size can also improve ductility.

温控静动力直剪实验系统设计及实验教学应用

为加深土力学直剪实验教学中理论与实际的联系,设计了一套温控静动力直剪实验系统。该系统使用气缸和伺服电机在法向施加应力,在水平向产生剪切位移,使用循环恒温液体控制试样温度,使用数据采集系统实时采集数据并控制试验过程。结合能源地下结构应用过程中的实际问题,开展不同温度下的土体和土体-结构物界面剪切试验。该系统具有良好的适用性和准确性,升温对砂土以及砂土-钢板界面剪切特性的影响不明显,但是会提高黏土-钢板界面的剪切强度。该系统丰富了直剪实验教学的内容,有利于在实验教学中培养学生的工程意识,提高学生解决实际问题的能力。

形变热处理对Cu-Ni-Si合金组织性能的影响

借助扫描电镜、电子万能试验机、维氏硬度计和数字涡流金属电导仪等研究了冷轧变形量和时效对Cu-Ni-Si合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明:冷轧态合金变形量越大,显微组织中晶粒沿着轧制的方向被拉得越长和越扁。当时效温度或时效时间增加到一定程度时,冷变形晶粒发生了回复再结晶,时效时间继续延长再结晶晶粒逐渐长大。冷轧态合金主要以脆性断裂为主,时效态合金以韧性断裂为主。当冷轧变形量为80.0%及经500℃×1 h时效后合金的综合性能最佳,电导率为46.37%IACS,显微硬度为236.14 HV0.1,抗拉强度为638.24 MPa,屈服强度为581.55 MPa,伸长率为5.77%。