复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者阴道微生物的物种组成及其动态变化

目的探究复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(RVVC)患者阴道菌群的动态变迁。方法不同时间点采集RVVC患者(6例)以及正常对照女性(5例)阴道分泌物,分别对每个样本进行细菌总基因组DNA提取、16S r RNA V4区基因扩增及采用Illumina高通量测序技术对扩增的PCR产物进行测序等步骤,然后通过BIPES、TSC、GAST等程序,分析比较两组阴道菌群物种丰度和结构以及菌群动态变化。结果正常对照女性阴道菌群以乳酸杆菌为主,其中惰性乳杆菌和卷曲乳杆菌比例相当,同时存在少量加德纳菌属、普氏菌属和其它菌属;或者以加德纳菌属、普氏菌属、奇异菌属、纤毛菌属等为主要菌属;而RVVC患者阴道菌群丰富度明显降低,以惰性乳杆菌为优势菌属,卷曲乳杆菌含量明显减少。正常对照女性阴道菌群随月经周期的变化出现波动,其中在月经期的波动最为明显,其优势菌属在月经周期中呈现相互交替或保持绝对优势的变化模式;而RVVC患者阴道菌群的波动性减弱,不随月经周期的变化而变化,且在疾病发作期和间歇期的菌群结构相似。结论 RVVC患者阴道菌群结构不随月经周期发生变化,在疾病发作期和间歇期相似。诱导卷曲乳杆菌产生或抑制惰性乳杆菌定植,从而恢复阴道菌群比例,可能可以治愈RVVC。

Illumina测序16S rRNA标签法分析细菌性阴道病患者阴道菌群多样性

目的从菌群总体角度分析和比较健康育龄期女性和细菌性阴道病(BV)患者阴道菌群差异。方法采集临床Amsel标准及Nugent评分筛选的37例BV患者及37例健康育龄期女性阴道穹窿分泌物标本,提取总基因组DNA,对16S rRNA V6区基因进行扩增,所有扩增的PCR产物经IIlumina测序后,通过BIPES、UCHIME、TSC、GAST最终得到样品的物种信息。结果健康育龄期女性阴道分泌物乳酸杆菌占95%以上,单独以惰性乳酸杆菌或卷曲乳酸杆菌为主,或者两者比例相当,同时存在少量加德纳氏菌属,颗粒链球菌属,链球菌属,普氏菌菌属,埃希氏杆菌属和其它菌属;30例BV患者阴道菌群Alpha多样性明显增加(P<0.001),Beta多样性也发生了明显变化,表现为乳酸杆菌明显减少,其相对比例从45%到1%(24例),以惰性乳酸杆菌为主,部分患者(6例)甚至未检出,同时加德纳氏菌属,普氏菌菌属,颗粒链球菌属,厌氧球菌,微单胞菌属,Peptoniphilus.harei-消化链球菌属,戴阿李斯特杆菌属等相对丰富度增加,不同于既往研究的是7例BV患者以少见的格氏乳杆菌,嗜酸乳杆菌为优势菌群,约占75%～50%。结论健康育龄女性阴道菌群以乳酸杆菌占绝对优势,单独以惰性乳酸杆菌或卷曲乳酸杆菌为主,或者两者相当,并与多种微生物并存;大部分BV患者阴道菌群表现为乳酸杆菌显著减少甚至缺失,小部分BV患者以少见的格氏乳酸杆菌、嗜酸乳酸杆菌为优势菌群。

基于3DS Max软件制作虚拟标志肌学习软件中的动画

通过实例详细介绍了虚拟标志肌学习软件中标志肌动画的制作过程。指出使用3DSMax软件制作虚拟标志肌学习软件中的人体三维动画,可以弥补以往在实验室只能看到静态肌肉标本而看不到其运动功能的缺陷,使学生的学习变得更加生动、直观。

剪纸片动画的数字化设计

剪纸片动画是中国独创的美术片种,具有浓郁的民族美术风格,仕女画也是极具中国传统的人物工笔画。为赋予画中美人以生命,能够在画面中动起来,研究了一种仕女画剪纸片动画的数字化创作流程,并对其中几个关键问题提出了解决方法。该流程利用数字图像处理技术和角色动画技术,以软件3ds Max的Biped骨架为动作驱动,创作出一段画中美人缓步移动的实验动画。研究结果对于创作与发展中国民族风格的动画具有实践指导意义。

浅谈中小动漫企业Maya制作流程规划方案

由于Maya三维动画制作技术具有工序复杂、工作量大、制作周期长的特点，因此一部三维动画片通常是由团队合作的形式来完成。如何科学的设计三维动画制作流程，减少工作时间，提供工作效率，提升技术质量一直以来是动画企业不断研究的课题。综合利用Maya软件平台配合3Dmax的Biped骨骼可打破传统线性的动画制作流程，从而解决中小动漫企业制作流程上存在的问题。

Biped Walking Robot Based on a 2-UPU+2-UU Parallel Mechanism

Existing biped robots mainly fall into two categories： robots with left and right feet and robots with upper and lower feet. The load carrying capability of a biped robot is quite limited since the two feet of a walking robot supports the robot alternatively during walking. To improve the load carrying capability, a novel biped walking robot is proposed based on a 2-UPU＋2-UU parallel mechanism. The biped walking robot is composed of two identical platforms（feet） and four limbs, including two UPU（universal-prismatic-universal serial chain） limbs and two UU limbs. To enhance its terrain adaptability like articulated vehicles, the two feet of the biped walking robot are designed as two vehicles in detail. The conditions that the geometric parameters of the feet must satisfy are discussed. The degrees-of-freedom of the mechanism is analyzed by using screw theory. Gait analysis, kinematic analysis and stability analysis of the mechanism are carried out to verify the structural design parameters. The simulation results validate the feasibility of walking on rugged terrain. Experiments with a physical prototype show that the novel biped walking robot can walk stably on smooth terrain. Due to its unique feet design and high stiffness, the biped walking robot may adapt to rugged terrain and is suitable for load-carrying.

Balance Control of a Biped Robot on a Rotating Platform Based on Efficient Reinforcement Learning

In this work,we combined the model based reinforcement learning(MBRL)and model free reinforcement learning(MFRL)to stabilize a biped robot(NAO robot)on a rotating platform,where the angular velocity of the platform is unknown for the proposed learning algorithm and treated as the external disturbance.Nonparametric Gaussian processes normally require a large number of training data points to deal with the discontinuity of the estimated model.Although some improved method such as probabilistic inference for learning control(PILCO)does not require an explicit global model as the actions are obtained by directly searching the policy space,the overfitting and lack of model complexity may still result in a large deviation between the prediction and the real system.Besides,none of these approaches consider the data error and measurement noise during the training process and test process,respectively.We propose a hierarchical Gaussian processes(GP)models,containing two layers of independent GPs,where the physically continuous probability transition model of the robot is obtained.Due to the physically continuous estimation,the algorithm overcomes the overfitting problem with a guaranteed model complexity,and the number of training data is also reduced.The policy for any given initial state is generated automatically by minimizing the expected cost according to the predefined cost function and the obtained probability distribution of the state.Furthermore,a novel Q(λ)based MFRL method scheme is employed to improve the policy.Simulation results show that the proposed RL algorithm is able to balance NAO robot on a rotating platform,and it is capable of adapting to the platform with varying angular velocity.

Planning and Control of COP-Switch-Based Planar Biped Walking

Efficient walking is one of the main goals of researches on biped robots. A feasible way is to translate the understanding from human walking into robot walking, for example, an artificial control approach on a human like walking structure. In this paper, a walking pattern based on Center of Pressure （COP） switched and modeled after human walking is introduced firstly. Then, a parameterization method for the proposed walking gait is presented. In view of the complication, a multi-space planning method which divides the whole planning task into three sub-spaces, including simplified model space, work space and joint space, is proposed. Furthermore, a finite-state-based control method is also developed to implement the proposed walking pattern. The state switches of this method are driven by sensor events. For convincing verification, a 2D simulation system with a 9-1ink planar biped robot is developed. The simulation results exhibit an efficient walking gait.

Biped Robot with Triangle Configuration

A new biped robot with a triangle configuration is presented and it is a planar closed chain mechanism. The scalability of three sides of the triangle is realized by three actuated prismatic joints. The three vertexes of the triangle are centers of three passive revolute joints coincidently. The biped mechanism for straight walking is proposed and its walking principle and mobility are explained. The static stability and the height and span of one step are analyzed. Kinematic analysis is performed to plan the gaits of walking on an even floor and going upstairs. A prototype is developed and experiments are carried out to validate the straight walking gait. Two additional revolute joints are added to form a modified biped robot which can follow the instruction of turning around. The turning ability is verified by experiments. As a new member of biped robots, its triangle configuration is used to impart geometry knowledge. Because of its high stiffness, some potential applications are on the way.

Dynamical analysis and performance evaluation of a biped robot under multi-source random disturbances

During bipedal walking,it is critical to detect and adjust the robot postures by feedback control to maintain its normal state amidst multi-source random disturbances arising from some unavoidable uncertain factors.The radical basis function（RBF）neural network model of a five-link biped robot is established,and two certain disturbances and a randomly uncertain disturbance are then mixed with the optimal torques in the network model to study the performance of the biped robot by several evaluation indices and a specific Poincar′e map.In contrast with the simulations,the response varies as desired under optimal inputting while the output is fluctuating in the situation of disturbance driving.Simulation results from noise inputting also show that the dynamics of the robot is less sensitive to the disturbance of knee joint input of the swing leg than those of the other three joints,the response errors of the biped will be increasing with higher disturbance levels,and especially there are larger output fluctuations in the knee and hip joints of the swing leg.

Stability and control of dynamic walking for a five-link planar biped robot with feet

During dynamic walking of biped robots, the underactuated rotating degree of freedom （DOF） emerges between the support foot and the ground, which makes the biped model hybrid and dimension-variant. This paper addresses the asymptotic orbit stability for dimension-variant hybrid systems （DVHS）. Based on the generalized Poincare map, the stability criterion for DVHS is also presented, and the result is then used to study dynamic walking for a five-link planar biped robot with feet. Time-invariant gait planning and nonlinear control strategy for dynamic walking with fiat feet is also introduced. Simulation results indicate that an asymptotically stable limit cycle of dynamic walking is achieved by the proposed method.

Impactless biped walking on a slope

Walking without impacts has been considered in dynamics as a motion/force control problem. In order to avoid impacts, an approach for both the specified motion of the biped and its ground reaction forces was presented yielding a combined motion and force control problem. As an application, a walker on a horizontal plane has been considered. In this paper, it is shown how the control of the ground reaction forces and the energy consumption depend on the gradient of a slope. The biped dynamics and the constraints within the biped system and on the ground are discussed. A motion control synthesis is developed using the inverse dynamics principle proven to be most efficient for human walking research, too. The impactless walking with controlled legs is illustrated by a seven-link biped. The ＂flying＂ biped has nine degrees of freedom, with six control inputs. During locomotion, the standing leg has three scleronomic constraints, and the trunk has three rheonomic constraints. However, there are three rheonomic constraints for the prescribed leg motion or three scleronomic constraints for reaction forces of the trailing leg, respectively. The nominal control action for impactless walking can be precomputed and stored. The model proposed allows the investigation of several problems： uphill and downhill walking, optimization of step length,stiction of the feet on the slope and many more. All these findings are also of interest in biomechanics. C 2013 The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. [doi：10.1063/2.1301302]

STUDIES ON MECHANICS PROBLEM OF DYNAMIC WALKING OF ANTHROPOMORPHIC BIPED ROBOTS

This paper deals with the mechanics problem of dynamic walking of anthropomorphic biped robots. Through analysing the mechanics system of this kind of robots in detail, the motion constraint equations are established, three mechanics laws describing the r

Input torque sensitivity to uncertain parameters in biped robot

Input torque is the main power to maintain bipedal walking of robot, and can be calculated from trajectory planning and dynamic modeling on biped robot. During bipedal walking, the input torque is usually required to be adjusted due to some uncertain parameters arising from objective or subjective factors in the dynamical model to maintain the pre-planned stable trajectory. Here, a planar 5-link biped robot is used as an illustrating example to investigate the effects of uncertain parameters on the input torques. Kine-matic equations of the biped robot are firstly established by the third-order spline curves based on the trajectory planning method, and the dynamic modeling is accomplished by taking both the certain and uncertain parameters into account. Next, several evaluation indices on input torques are intro-duced to perform sensitivity analysis of the input torque with respect to the uncertain parameters. Finally, based on the Monte Carlo simulation, the values of evaluation indices on input torques are presented, from which all the robot param-eters are classified into three categories, i.e., strongly sensi-tive, sensitive and almost insensitive parameters.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE BIPED ROBOT GAIT USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

Based on the 7-link dynamic model in the sagittal plane and the 5-link dynamic model in the lateral plane, the parametric gait of the biped robot is designed using walking velocity, step length and height of the hip. According to the condition of the stability, body swings forward and backward to dynamically balance in sagittal plane and the whole biped swings left and right to dynamically balance in lateral plane. And the genetic algorithm is applied to obtain the optimal parameters on condition of keeping dynamic stability and the minimizing of the value of the dynamic balance.

Influence of Slope Angle on the Walking of Passive Dynamic Biped Robot

In this paper, we modeled a simple planer passive dynamic biped robot without knee with point feet. This model has a stable, efficient and natural periodic gait which depends on the values of parameters like slope angle of inclined ramp, mass ratio and length ratio. The described model actually is an impulse differential equation. Its corresponding poincare map is discrete case. With the analysis of the bifurcation properties of poincare map, we can effectively understand some feature of impulse model. The ideas and methods to cope with this impulse model are common. But, the process of analysis is rigorous. Numerical simulations are reliable.

ZMP-based Gait Optimization of the Biped Robot

The gait of the biped robot is described using six parameters such as stature,velocity,length of the step,etc.The algorithm of the Newton-Euler is actualized by object-oriented idea,and then the zero moment point (ZMP) of the dynamically walking biped is calculated.Finally,the gait of biped is optimized using gene algorithm,and the optimized result prove the correctness of the algorithm.

Modeling and analysis of passive dynamic bipedal walking with segmented feet and compliant joints

Passive dynamic walking has been developed as a possible explanation for the efficiency of the human gait. This paper presents a passive dynamic walking model with segmented feet, which makes the bipedal walking gait more close to natural human-like gait. The proposed model extends the simplest walking model with the addition of fiat feet and torsional spring based compliance on ankle joints and toe joints, to achieve stable walking on a slope driven by gravity. The push-off phase includes foot rotations around the toe joint and around the toe tip, which shows a great resemblance to human normal walking. This paper investigates the effects of the segmented foot structure on bipedal walking in simulations. The model achieves satisfactory walking results on even or uneven slopes.

Walking Stability Control Method for Biped Robot on Uneven Ground Based on Deep Q-Network

A gait control method for a biped robot based on the deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm is proposed to enhance the stability of walking on uneven ground. This control strategy is an intelligent learning method of posture adjustment. A robot is taken as an agent and trained to walk steadily on an uneven surface with obstacles, using a simple reward function based on forward progress. The reward-punishment (RP) mechanism of the DQN algorithm is established after obtaining the offline gait which was generated in advance foot trajectory planning. Instead of implementing a complex dynamic model, the proposed method enables the biped robot to learn to adjust its posture on the uneven ground and ensures walking stability. The performance and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was validated in the V-REP simulation environment. The results demonstrate that the biped robot's lateral tile angle is less than 3° after implementing the proposed method and the walking stability is obviously improved.

Study and Development of the Biped Ice Skating Robot with Passive Wheels

A new passive wheel type of biped ice-skating robot(BISR)which was able to imitate human skating motion was developed. Firstly, the characteristics of two types of human skating gait were introduced; secondly, after simplifying the kinematical model, the BISR's motion principle was presented; then the construction and control system of BISR were proposed; at last, the skating experiment of the BISR in a symmetric gait mode was conducted and some conclusions were drawn.