青藏高原高寒湿地生态系统CO2通量

依据涡度相关系统连续观测的2005年CO2通量数据,对青藏高原东北隅的高寒湿地生态系统源/汇功能及其部分环境影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,高寒湿地生态系统为明显的碳源,在植物生长季（5-9月份）吸收230.16 gCO2·m^-2,非生长季（1-4月份及10-12月份）释放546.18 gCO2·m^-2,其中净排放最高在5月份,为181.49 gCO2·m^-2,净吸收最高在8月份,为189.69 g CO2·m^-2,年释放量为316.02 gCO2·m^-2。在平均日变化中,最大吸收值出现在7月份12：00,为（0.45±0.0012）mgCO2·m^-2·s^-1,最大排放速率出现在8月份0：00,为（0.22±0.0090）mgCO2·m^-2·s^1。生长季中6-9月份表现为明显的单峰型日变化,非生长季的变化幅度较小。净生态系统交换量（NEE）和生态系统总初级生产力（GPP）与气温、空气水气饱和亏和地表反射率等环境因素呈现相似的相关性,与地上生物量和群落叶面积指数则为线性负相关,生态系统呼吸（Res）则与上述因子的相关性呈现相反的趋势。

碳氮管理措施对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量、秸秆腐解、土壤CO_2排放的影响

【目的】系统地研究华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对不同碳氮管理措施的响应,为作物增产、土壤培肥、环境友好的"三赢"局面提供数据支持和理论依据。【方法】分别采用Nmin测试法、尼龙网袋埋藏法、静态碱液吸收法研究不同碳氮管理对冬小麦/夏玉米不同时期0—1 m土层硝态氮累积量、秸秆腐解、土壤CO2排放的影响。【结果】基于Nmin测试法的优化碳氮(Nopt,C+Nopt)处理和平衡氮素的碳氮(C+M,C+W)处理在冬小麦产量上为传统碳氮(Ncon,C+Ncon)处理的100.8%—115.9%;在夏玉米产量上,为传统处理的96.0%—116.4%;且能够节省48.2%—70.4%的氮肥用量。传统处理0—1m土层硝态氮累积量最高可达456.7和419.8 kgN.hm-2,而优化处理和平衡处理最高仅为283.3和180.6 kgN.hm-2,传统处理土壤中的硝酸盐被淋洗的风险要远高于优化处理和平衡处理。在低温干燥的冬小麦季,玉米秸秆腐解较慢,最后秸秆腐解率为61.7%—70.1%;在高温多雨的夏玉米季,小麦秸秆腐解较快,最后秸秆腐解率为56.7%—79.3%。土壤CO2排放具有明显的季节性变化,冬小麦季的日平均CO2排放量为4.8—10.8 gC.m-2,而夏玉米季为12.7—20.7 gC.m-2。施有机肥处理的土壤CO2排放量最大,为3 844.2和4 642.3 gC.m-2,且显著高于其它处理。【结论】基于Nmin测试法的优化碳氮管理措施和平衡氮素的碳氮管理措施不仅能够减少氮肥投入,稳定作物产量,还能降低0—1 m土层硝态氮累积量,培肥土壤。

改变施肥管理后不同肥力稻田土壤CO_2排放特征

利用一个长达30a水稻土长期定位试验,在保证原有定位试验继续正常开展的前提下,将原化肥处理改施有机肥,原有机肥处理改施化肥或者增施有机肥。通过观测田间试验2012—2013年双季稻轮作周期内不同肥力水平稻田土壤施肥管理改变后的土体CO2排放通量(FCO2),研究不同后续施肥管理对不同肥力红壤性水稻土CO2排放的影响。结果表明:变更施肥能明显改变CO2排放动态变化,其中长期施用有机肥处理改施化肥后其FCO2明显减小,长期施用化肥或有机肥处理增施有机肥后其FCO2显著增大。有机肥和土壤有机碳均可促进土体CO2排放,有机肥处理有机物料碳添加量与CO2-C年排放量呈极显著的正相关关系(r=0.9015**,n=21),单施化肥处理土壤有机碳含量与土体CO2-C年排放量符合线性方程:y=10.962x-68.86(R2=0.7507,n=9,P<0.01)。长期施用有机肥土壤改施化肥会导致其有机碳矿化损失,土壤有机碳含量越高,矿化损失量越多,最终其有机碳水平将与长期施用化肥的土壤有机碳平衡值一致;长期施用化肥或有机肥土壤改施或增施有机肥可促进土壤有机碳积累,外源添加碳越多,土壤积累碳越多;相同有机肥施用量下土壤有机碳含量越高,有机物料表观分解率越大,积累于土壤中的有机碳越少,不同有机碳水平土壤在相同有机肥管理下其有机碳最终会达到相同的平衡值。在有机碳水平较低(<20.46 g/kg)红壤稻田上增施有机肥是提升已培肥水稻土有机碳含量的可持续发展措施,而在有机碳水平较高(>14.45 g/kg)红壤稻田上应避免改施化肥。总之,在有机碳含量较高或者较低的中国南方红壤性水稻土上,持续的有机肥施用是保持或者提高其有机碳水平的必要措施。

高寒嵩草草甸不同退化梯度下生态系统光合和呼吸响应特征

青藏高原高寒草甸生态地位突出但退化严重,其植被光合和系统呼吸特征如何响应仍不清楚。于植被生长的旺盛期（7月中旬~8月中旬）在青藏高原祁连山南麓分别选取原生草地、中度退化和重度退化3类高寒草甸,使用自制同化箱和LI-6400便携式光合仪测定生态系统CO2净交换（NEE）、生态系统暗呼吸（RES）和生态系统初级光合（GEP）,研究退化程度对高寒嵩草草甸生态系统CO2通量的影响特征。结果表明不同退化程度的NEE、RES和GEP的单峰日变化格局没有明显差异,日极值出现时间相近。日均NEE和日均RES随着退化加剧逐渐升高,重度退化较原生草地分别显著（P〈0.05）升高了41.8%和12.2%。日均GEP略有下降。退化降低了RES的温度敏感度（Q10）,提高了群落表观光量子产额（a）,但对系统潜在CO2最大同化速率（Pmax）无明显影响。在植被生长旺盛期,高寒草甸生态系统碳收支对退化的响应主要表现在系统的呼吸强度而非群落光合速率。

Soil carbon dioxide fluxes of a typical broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain, China

The forest ecosystem plays an important role in the global carbon cycling. A study was conducted to evaluate soil CO2 flux and its seasonal and diurnal variation with the air and soil temperatures by using static closed chamber technique in a typical broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest area on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province, China. The experiment was carried out through the day and night in the growing season (from June to September) in situ and sample gas was analyzed by a gas chromatograph. Results showed that the forest floor was a large net source of carbon, and soil CO2 fluxes had an obvi-ous law of seasonal and diel variation. The soil CO2 flux of broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest was in the range of 0.302.42 mmol穖-2穝-1 with the mean value of 0.98 mmol穖-2穝-1. An examination on the seasonal pattern of soil CO2 emission suggested that the variability in soil CO2 flux could be correlated with variations in soil temperature, and the maximum of mean CO2 flux occurred in July ((1.27±23%) mmol穖-2穝-1) and the minimum was in September ((0.50±28%) mmol穖-2穝-1). The fluctuations in diel soil CO2 flux were also correlated with changes in soil temperature; however, there existed a factor for a time lag. Soil CO2 flux from the forest floor was strongly related to soil temperature and had the highest correlation with temperature at 6-cm depth of soil. Q10 values based on air temperature and soil temperature of different soil depths were at the ranges of 2.09–3.40.

城市园林绿地土壤CO_2排放通量的研究

采用静态箱—红外分析仪法测定了西南大学8块典型园林绿地的土壤CO2排放通量,8块研究点的植被分别为:结缕草(G1)、金叶女贞(G2)、结缕草(G3)、结缕草(G4)、麦冬(G5)、结缕草(G6)、三叶草(G7)、竹林(G8).结果表明:G1-G8的土壤CO2排放通量均呈明显的季节变化,夏季最大,春秋季次之,冬季最小;在累积监测355d的时间内,G6的累积排放量最高,为11 116kg/hm2,G2的累积排放量最低,为3 853kg/hm2;G3,G7和G8的CO2排放通量与土壤含水率呈显著相关(p【0.05),而其他绿地中则无明显关系;CO2排放通量与5cm土温(T5)的相关性均达到极显著水平(p【0.01),可解释CO2排放通量变化的70.0%~86.2%,G1-G8的温度敏感性(Q10)在1.94~2.53之间;生长年限对CO2排放量的大小影响不显著.

兴安落叶松林生长季碳通量特征及其影响因素

【目的】对寒温带兴安落叶松林生态系统生长季碳通量及其主要环境因子进行观测研究，探明兴安落叶松林生态系统生长季碳、水、热交换特征和变异规律及其相互作用关系，为兴安落叶松生态系统碳源/汇的评估提供基础数据。【方法】在内蒙古大兴安岭地区林龄为100~120年的兴安落叶松原始林内建立观测点，采用涡度相关通量观测技术，进行生长季兴安落叶松大气之间的CO2通量、潜热通量和感热通量以及降雨量、土壤含水率、土壤温度、气温、光合有效辐射等主要环境因子的连续观测，并进行了兴安落叶松林CO2通量与光合有效辐射、土壤温度和土壤含水率的相关性分析。【结果】兴安落叶松林CO2通量有明显的日变化规律，从06:00开始为碳吸收，12:30-13:30达到峰值，随后逐渐下降；从约18:00开始，通量值从负值转变为正值，开始进行碳释放，一直持续到次日凌晨06:00；其在生长季白天表现为碳汇，夜间为CO2排放；6、7和8月份CO2通量平均日变化分别为－0.64，－0.88 和－0.46 mg/(m2·s)，固碳、碳释放最大值均出现在7月份，分别为－1.09和0.19 mg/(m2· s)。兴安落叶松林潜热通量、感热通量日变化特征表现为昼夜主要吸收H2O和热，变化范围分别为－100~500 W/m2和－100~400 W/m2。CO2通量与光合有效辐射呈指数相关 (6月R2=0.467，7月R2=0.759，8月R2=0.623)，光合有效辐射越强碳汇能力越大；与土壤温度呈指数相关 (6月R2=0.381,7月R2=0.425，8月R2=0.442)，CO2通量随着土壤温度的升高而显著增加；与土壤含水率呈线性相关，在7月份相关性较高(R2=0.487)，但总体相关性相对较低。【结论】兴安落叶松林生态系统CO2通量、潜热通量和感热通量月均日变化具有明显的特征，不同月份间通量变化存在一定的差异，但变化趋势和规律基本一致。CO2通量主要受光合有效辐射及土壤温度和含水率的影响，光合有效辐射越强生态系统碳汇能力越大，土壤温度和含水率越高，CO2通量越大；且与光合有效副射和土壤温度的相关性较高。

Water, CO_2 and Energy Exchange at Vegetation-air Interface

[Objective] The aim was to analyze water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem in Luancheng County of Hebei Province. [Method] Based on data of water and heat flux, and CO2 fluxes, routine meteorological and biomass data in Luancheng in 2008, water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes and energy balance in wheat ecosystem were explored. [Result] The results showed that latent and sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were of obvious daily and seasonal changes; latent and sensible heat fluxes shaped an inverted U in daily change, and CO2 fluxes were of a U-shape; daily flux peak differed significantly. Furthermore, the change of latent heat, sensible heat and CO2 fluxes were closely related to environ- mental factors. Detailedly, the three were sensitive to light intensity and net radiation, and correlation coefficients were 0.92, 0.66, 0.65 and 0.90, 0.69, 0.74, respectively. Besides, the fluxes, sensitive to temperature, proved better in sunny day, especially for latent flux which is more sensitive to water in soils after precipitation. In addition, closure degree of energy balance in wheat fields was 0.91 and non-closure, caused by measurement error and neglection of heat storage, was observed, too. What＇s more. closure degree differed in months and time periods within a day. [Conclusion] The research concluded water and heat fluxes, CO2 fluxes, transport mechanisms and concerning factors, providing scientific reference for revealing mechanism of evapo- ration and heat dissipation of canopy, relationship between photosynthesis and water use efficiencyand energy distribution mechanism.

中国亚热带⁃暖温带过渡区锐齿栎林净生态系统碳交换特征

在2017年1月1日-2017年12月31日期间,采用涡度相关法对位于亚热带⁃暖温带气候过渡区的河南宝天曼国家级自然保护区的65年生锐齿栎(Quercus aliena)天然次生林的碳通量进行了连续观测。结果表明:在观测期间,该森林生态系统在生长季5-10月份为碳汇,非生长季各月为碳源,净碳吸收量与释放量分别在7月和4月达到最大。净生态系统生产力为569.4 g C m-2a-1,生态系统呼吸为529.9 g C m-2a-1,总生态系统生产力为1099.3 g C m-2a-1。30min尺度上夜间净生态系统碳交换量与5cm深度土壤温度的关系可用指数方程表示(R2=0.21,P<0.001),其温度敏感性系数(Temperature sensitivity coefficient,Q10)为2.2。如果排除夜间通量观测的误差,处在海拔较高地区的夜间低温和非生长季的低温抑制了生态系统呼吸排放,可能导致全年生态系统呼吸量较低。在生长季5-10月份,各月的白天净生态系统碳交换量对光合有效辐射的响应符合直角双曲线模型,初始光能利用效率、平均最大光合速率和白天平均生态系统呼吸强度呈明显的季节变化,范围分别是0.06-0.12μmol CO2μmol-1 photon、0.44-1.47mg CO2m-2s-1和0.07-0.19 mg CO2m-2s-1。夏季7、8月份,较高的饱和水汽压差对白天锐齿栎林的碳吸收有明显的抑制作用;生长季末期9月份较高的土壤含水量对白天锐齿栎林的碳吸收也产生了抑制作用,表明生长末期降水过多影响森林的碳吸收。

Air–water CO2 flux in an algae bloom year for Lake Hongfeng,Southwest China:implications for the carbon cycle of global inland waters

The carbon cycle of global inland waters is quantitatively comparable to other components in the global carbon budget. Among inland waters, a significant part is man-made lakes formed by damming rivers. Manmade lakes are undergoing a rapid increase in number and size. Human impacts and frequent algae blooms lead to it necessary to make a better constraint on their carbon cycles. Here, we make a primary estimation on the air–water CO_2 transfer flux through an algae bloom year for a subtropical man-made lake—Hongfeng Lake, Southwest China. To do this a new type of glass bottles was designed for content and isotopic analysis of DIC and other environmental parameters. At the early stage of algae bloom,CO_2 was transferred from the atmosphere to the lake with a net flux of 1.770 g·C·m^(-2). Later, the partial pressure(pCO_2) of the aqueous CO_2 increased rapidly and the lake outgassed to the atmosphere with a net flux of 95.727 g·C·m^(-2). In the remaining days, the lake again took up CO_2 from the atmosphere with a net flux of 14.804 g·C·m^(-2). As a whole, Lake Hongfeng released 4527 t C to the atmosphere, accounting for one-third of the atmosphere/soil CO_2 sequestered by chemical weathering in the whole drainage. With an empirical mode decomposition method, we found air temperature plays a major role in controlling water temperature, aqueous pCO_2 and hence CO_2 flux. This work indicates a necessity to make detailed and comprehensive carbon budgets in man-made lakes.

Seasonal and Annual Variations of CO_2 Fluxes in Rain-Fed Winter Wheat Agro-Ecosystem of Loess Plateau, China

To accurately evaluate the carbon sequestration potential and better elucidate the relationship between the carbon cycle and regional climate change, using eddy covariance system, we conducted a long-term measurement of CO 2 fluxes in the rain-fed winter wheat field of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results showed that the annual net ecosystem CO 2 exchange （NEE） was （-71.6±5.7） and （-65.3±5.3） g C m-2 y-1 for 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 crop years, respectively, suggesting that the agro-ecosystem was a carbon sink （117.4-126.2 g C m-2 yr-1）. However, after considering the harvested grain, the agro- ecosystem turned into a moderate carbon source. The variations in NEE and ecosystem respiration （R eco ） were sensitive to changes in soil water content （SWC）. When SWC ranged form 0.15 to 0.21 m3 m-3, we found a highly significant relationship between NEE and photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）, and a highly significant relationship between R eco and soil temperature （T s ）. However, the highly significant relationships were not observed when SWC was outside the range of 0.15-0.21 m3 m-3. Further, in spring, the R eco instantly responded to a rapid increase in SWC after effective rainfall events, which could induce 2 to 4-fold increase in daily R eco , whereas the R eco was also inhibited by heavy summer rainfall when soils were saturated. Accumulated R eco in summer fallow period decreased carbon fixed in growing season by 16- 25%, indicating that the period imposed negative impacts on annual carbon sequestration.

Emission characteristics of carbon dioxide in the semiarid Stipa grandis steppe in Inner Mongolia, China

Using the static opaque chamber method, the soil respiration rates （SR） were measured through the continuous experiments in situ in semiarid Stipa grandis steppe in Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China from June 2001 to June 2003, in parallel, the difference between the SR and the ecosystem respiration rates （TER） were compared. The results indicated that the seasonal variations of the SR and TER were obvious with higher emissions in growing season and a relatively low efflux level in non-growing season, furthermore, the negative effluxes were found in the observation site in winter; the annual CO2 efflux of total ecosystem ranged from 160.5 gC/（m^2·a） to 162.8 gC/（m^2·a） and that of soil ranged from 118.7 gC/（m^2·a） to 152.3 gC/（m^2·a）. The annual SR accounted for about 74.0% to 93.5% of the annual TER, but the results of Analysis of Variance （ANOVA） indicated that the difference between the annual average TER and SR did not reach the significance level of 0.05. The TER was under similar environmental controls as SR, in growing seasons of drought years, the variations of soil moisture at 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm depth could account for 79,1% 95.6% of the changes of the SR and TER, but in non-growing season, more than 75% of the variations of the SR and TER could be explained by the changes of the ground temperature of soil surface layers.

Soil CO_2 Emissions as Affected by 20-Year Continuous Cropping in Mollisols

Long-term continuous cropping of soybean （Glycine max）, spring wheat （Triticum aesativum） and maize （Zea mays） is widely practiced by local farmers in northeast China. A field experiment （started in 1991） was used to investigate the differences in soil carbon dioxide （CO2） emissions under continuous cropping of the three major crops and to evaluate the relationships between CO2 fluxes and soil temperature and moisture for Mollisols in northeast China. Soil CO2 emissions were measured using a closed-chamber method during the growing season in 2011. No remarkable differences in soil organic carbon were found among the cropping systems （P〉0.05）. However, significant differences in CO2 emissions from soils were observed among the three cropping systems （P〈0.05）. Over the course of the entire growing season, cumulative soil CO2 emissions under different cropping systems were in the following order： continuous maize （（829±10） g CO2 m2）〉continuous wheat （（629±22） g CO2 m^2）〉continuous soybean （（474±30） g CO2 m-2）. Soil temperature explained 42-65% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux, with a Q10 between 1.63 and 2.31; water-filled pore space explained 25-47% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux. A multiple regression model including both soil temperature （T, ~C） and water-filled pore space （W, %）, log（]）=a＋bT log（W）, was established, accounting for 51-66% of the seasonal variations in soil CO2 flux. The results suggest that soil CO2 emissions and their Q10 values under a continuous cropping system largely depend on crop types in Mollisols of Northeast China.

Abiotic contribution to total soil CO_2 flux across a broad range of land-cover types in a desert region

As an important component of ecosystem carbon（C） budgets, soil carbon dioxide（CO2） flux is determined by a combination of a series of biotic and abiotic processes. Although there is evidence showing that the abiotic component can be important in total soil CO2 flux（R（total））, its relative importance has never been systematically assessed. In this study, after comparative measurements of CO2 fluxes on sterilized and natural soils, the R（total） was partitioned into biotic flux（R（biotic）） and abiotic flux（R（abiotic）） across a broad range of land-cover types（including eight sampling sites： cotton field, hops field, halophyte garden, alkaline land, reservoir edge, native saline desert, dune crest and interdune lowland） in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. The relative contribution of R（abiotic） to R（total）, as well as the temperature dependency and predominant factors for R（total）, R（biotic） and R（abiotic）, were analyzed. Results showed that R（abiotic） always contributed to R（total） for all of the eight sampling sites, but the degree or magnitude of contribution varied greatly. Specifically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） was very low in cotton field and hops field and very high in alkaline land and dune crest. Statistically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） logarithmically increased with decreasing R（biotic）, suggesting that R（abiotic） strongly affected R（total） when R（biotic） was low. This pattern confirms that soil CO2 flux is predominated by biotic processes in most soils, but abiotic processes can also be dominant when biotic processes are weak. On a diurnal basis, R（abiotic） cannot result in net gain or net loss of CO2, but its effect on transient CO2 flux was significant. Temperature dependency of R（total） varied among the eight sampling sites and was determined by the predominant processes（abiotic or biotic） of CO2 flux. Specifically, R（biotic） was driven by soil temperature while R（abiotic） was regulated by the change in soil temperature（ΔT）. Namely, declining temperature（ΔT0） resulted in positive R（abiotic）（i.e., CO2 released from soil）. Without recognition of R（abiotic）, R（biotic） would be overestimated for the daytime and underestimated for the nighttime. Although R（abiotic） may not change the sum or the net value of daily soil CO2 exchange and may not directly constitute a C sink, it can significantly alter the transient apparent soil CO2 flux, either in magnitude or in temperature dependency. Thus, recognizing the fact that abiotic component in R（total） exists widely in soils has widespread consequences for the understanding of C cycling.

CO_2 flux and seasonal variability in the turbidity maximum zone and surrounding area in the Changjiang River estuary

The turbidity maximum zone(TMZ) is one of the most important regions in an estuary.However,the high concentration of suspended material makes it difficult to measure the partial pressure of CO_2(pCO_2) in these regions.Therefore,very little data is available on the pCO_2 levels in TMZs.To relatively accurately evaluate the CO_2 flux in an example estuary,we studied the TMZ and surrounding area in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary.From seasonal cruises during February,August,November 2010,and May 2012,the pCO_2 in the TMZ and surrounding area was calculated from pH and total alkalinity(TA)measured in situ,from which the CO_2 flux was calculated.Overall,the TMZ and surrounding area acted as a source of atmosphere CO_2 in February and November,and as a sink in May and August.The average FCO_2was-9,-16,5,and 5 mmol/(m^2·d) in May,August,November,and February,respectively.The TMZ's role as a source or sink of atmosphere CO_2 was quite different to the outer estuary.In the TMZ and surrounding area,suspended matter,phytoplankton,and pH were the main factors controlling the FCO_2,but here the influence of temperature,salinity,and total alkalinity on the FCO_2 was weak.Organic carbon decomposition in suspended matter was the main reason for the region acting as a CO_2 source in winter,and phytoplankton production was the main reason the region was a CO_2 sink in summer.

Monitoring and simulation of water,heat,and CO_2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system

The Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) project, part of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategy (APEIS) project, developed an integrated environmental monitoring system that can be used to detect, monitor, and assess environmental disasters, degradation, and their impacts in the Asia-Pacific region. The system primarily employs data from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observation System-(EOS-) Terra/Aqua satellite, as well as those from ground observations at five sites in different ecological systems in China. From the preliminary data analysis on both annual and daily variations of water, heat and CO2 fluxes, we can confirm that this system basically has been working well. The results show that both latent flux and CO2 flux are much greater in the crop field than those in the grassland and the saline desert, whereas the sensible heat flux shows the opposite trend. Different data products from MODIS have very different correspondence, e.g. MODIS-derived land surface temperature has a close correlation with measured ones, but LAI and NPP are quite different from ground measurements, which suggests that the algorithms used to process MODIS data need to be revised by using the local dataset. We are now using the APEIS-FLUX data to develop an integrated model, which can simulate the regional water, heat, and carbon fluxes. Finally, we are expected to use this model to develop more precise high-order MODIS products in Asia-Pacific region.

Distribution of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and Its Related Parameters in Seawater of the North Yellow Sea and off the Qingdao Coast in October, 2007

Data on the distribution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were obtained from two cruises in the North Yellow Sea (NYS) and off the Qingdao Coast (QC) in October, 2007. Carbonate parameters were calculated. The concentrations of DIC are from 1.896-2.229 mmolL-1 in the NYS and from 1.939-2.032 mmolL-1 off the QC. In the southwest of the NYS, DIC in the upper layers decreases from the north of the SP (Shandong Peninsula) shelf to the center of the NYS; whereas in the lower layers DIC increases from the north of the SP shelf to the center of the NYS and South Yellow Sea. In the northeast of the NYS, DIC in all layers in- creases from the YR (Yalu River) estuary to the centre of the NYS. The distribution of DIC in NYS can be used as an indicator of Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM). Air-sea CO2 fluxes were calculated using three models and the results suggest that both the NYS and the QC waters are potential sources of atmospheric CO2 in October.

Historical simulation and twenty-first century prediction of oceanic CO_2 sink and pH change

A global ocean carbon cycle model based on the ocean general circulation model POP and the improved biogeochemical model OCMIP-2 is employed to simulate carbon cycle processes under the historically observed atmospheric CO 2 concentration and different future scenarios （called Rep- resentative Concentration Pathways, or RCPs）. The RCPs in this paper follow the design of Inter- governmental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） for the Fifth Assessment Report （AR5）. The model results show that the ocean absorbs CO 2 from atmosphere and the absorbability will continue in the 21st century under the four RCPs. The net air-sea CO 2 flux increased during the historical time and reached 1.87 Pg/a （calculated by carbon） in 2005; however, it would reach peak and then decrease in the 21st century. The ocean absorbs CO 2 mainly in the mid latitude, and releases CO 2 in the equator area. However, in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC） area the ocean would change from source to sink under the rising CO 2 concentration, including RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5. In 2100, the anthropogenic carbon would be transported to the 40 S in the Atlantic Ocean by the North Atlantic Deep Water （NADW）, and also be transported to the north by the Antarctic Bottom Water （AABW） along the Antarctic continent in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The ocean pH value is also simulated by the model. The pH decreased by 0.1 after the industrial revolution, and would continue to decrease in the 21st century. For the highest concentration sce- nario of RCP8.5, the global averaged pH would decrease by 0.43 to reach 7.73 due to the absorption of CO 2 from atmosphere.

Soil CO_2 flux in relation to dissolved organic carbon,soil temperature and moisture in a subtropical arable soil of China

Soil CO 2 emission from an arable soil was measured by closed chamber method to quantify year round soil flux and to develop an equation to predict flux using soil temperature, dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and soil moisture content. Soil CO 2 flux, soil temperature, DOC and soil moisture content were determined on selected days during the experiment from August 1999 to July 2000, at the Ecological Station of Red Soil, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in a subtropical region of China. Soil CO 2 fluxes were generally higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring, and had a seasonal pattern more similar to soil temperature and DOC than soil moisture. The estimation was 2 23 kgCO 2/(m 2·a) for average annual soil CO 2 flux. Regressed separately, the reasons for soil flux variability were 86 6% from soil temperature, 58 8% from DOC, and 26 3% from soil moisture, respectively. Regressed jointly, a multiple equation was developed by the above three variables that explained approximately 85 2% of the flux variance, however by stepwise regression, soil temperature was the dominant affecting soil flux. Based on the exponential equation developed from soil temperature, the predicted annual flux was 2 49 kgCO 2/(m 2·a), and essentially equal to the measured one. It is suggested the exponential relationship between soil flux and soil temperature could be used for accurately predicting soil CO 2 flux from arable soil in subtropical regions of China.

Numerical Simulation of CO_2 Concentrations in East Asia with RAMS-CMAQ

The regional air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality) was developed by incorporating a vegetation photosynthesis and respiration module(VPRM) and used to simulate temporal-spatial variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations in East Asia,with prescribed surface CO2 fluxes(i.e.,fossil fuel emission,biomass burning,sea-air CO2 exchange,and terrestrial biosphere CO2 flux).Comparison of modeled CO2 mixing ratios with eight ground-based in-situ measurements demonstrated that the model was able to capture most observed CO2 temporal-spatial features.Simulated CO2 concentrations were generally in good agreement with observed concentrations.Results indicated that the accumulated impacts of anthropogenic emissions contributed more to increased CO2 concentrations in urban regions relative to remote locations.Moreover,RAMS-CMAQ analysis demonstrates that surface CO2 concentrations in East Asia are strongly influenced by terrestrial ecosystems.