Sweet Cherry (<i>Prunus avium</i>L.) Fruit Drop Reduction by Plant Growth Regulators (Naphthalene Acetic Acid NAA and Gibberellic Acid GA₃)

This study was conducted during 2019/2020 on sweet cherry trees (Prunus Avium L.) (Bing and Hardy Giant) cultivar planted at Sergaya-Al_Zabadani area of Rural Damascus, to reduce fruit drop of sweet cherry. The experiment included 4 foliar applications: T1: control, T2: GA3 (100 ppm), T3: NAA (20 ppm), T4: (100 ppm GA3 + 20 ppm NAA). Fruit set and fruit drop percentage, fruiting factor, and yield were recorded. The results showed that treatment with (100 ppm GA3 + 20 ppm NAA) recorded higher fruit set percentage (73.81% and 75.62%), and fruiting factor (48.38% and 50.04%) respectively; In addition to fruit yield (40.19 and 41.21 kg/tree) for both cultivars, compared to the control (9.13, 6.60 kg/tree). Therefore, it can be concluded that GA3 + NAA treatment reduced Sweet cherry fruit drop better than other treatments, where fruit drop percentage didn’t exceed (63.11% and 62.01%) in both cultivars (Bing and Hardy Giant) respectively, compared to the control (80.92% and 80.64%).

Effects of Exogenous Plant Hormones on Growth Status and Secondary Metabolism of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

[Objectives]To improve the yield and secondary metabolite content of medicinal plants and to further develop and utilize the medicinal and other functions of medicinal plants.[Methods]We used the sterile tissue culture method with Houttuynia cordata Thunb.as the research object.Different concentrations of 1-naphthalene acetic acid(NAA),auxin(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)and gibberellin acid(GA_(3))were added to the group culture medium of H.cordata to investigate the effects of exogenous plant hormones on plant height,root length,fresh weight,morphological characteristics,four phenolics and 20 volatile compounds.[Results]The results showed that the exogenous plant hormone of 3 mg/L GA_(3)significantly increased plant height by 79.9%over the control;the exogenous plant hormone of 3 mg/L IAA significantly increased root length by 52.6%over the control;and the exogenous plant hormone of 1 mg/L GA_(3)significantly increased fresh weight of single plant by 458.2%over the control.In the treatment group of 1 mg/L NAA,chlorogenic acid content was significantly increased by 52.6%compared with the control;in the treatment group of 1 mg/L IAA,chlorogenic acid,rutin,isodendrin and quercetin content were significantly increased by 109.1%,100.6%,173.8%,and 198.7%compared with the control,respectively;in the treatment of 3 mg/L GA_(3),chlorogenic acid,rutin,isoquercitin,and quercitin content were significantly increased by 65.3%,104.9%,139.0%and 191.2%over the control.In addition,the content of volatile compounds was significantly higher in all H.cordata treated with exogenous plant hormones of 2 mg/L NAA,1 mg/L IAA,and 3 mg/L GA_(3);however,the content of volatile compounds was lower in all of the treatments with 2 mg/L GA_(3).[Conclusions]Different exogenous plant hormones have certain effects on the growth morphology and secondary metabolic content of H.cordata,which provides theoretical basis and technical support for the development and utilization of medicinal plants.

气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯

建立气相色谱-质谱法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯的分析方法。通过优化脂肪提取和衍生条件,考察方法的加标回收率、线性关系、精密度、检出限和定量限,内标法定量。结果表明,本实验方法在绝对含量5~500 ng范围内具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999),检出限0.006 mg/kg,定量限0.015 mg/kg。10、100、500 ng 3个水平下的加标回收率在95.6%~100.9%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5.03%。通过批量比较气相色谱-质谱法与气相色谱-串联质谱法的检测数据,样品中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量没有因仪器不同而出现明显差异。相比之下,气相色谱-质谱法仪器简单易操作,成本较低,便于在不同等级实验室推广,适用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和缩水甘油酯的含量测定。

Effect of exogenous GA3 on flowering quality, endogenous hormones, and hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression in forcing-cultured tree peony（Paeonia suffruticosa）

Gibberellins(GAs)promote flowering in the forcing-cultured tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa),however,the mechanism of regulating flowering is not fully understood.In this study,exogenous GA3 was applied to five-year-old Luoyang Hong plants to explore responses in terms of endogenous hormones,flowering quality,and the hormone-and flowering-associated gene expression.Exogenous GA3 application significantly promoted flower bud development and new branch growth,as well as improved flowering quality.Exogenous GA3 application also stimulated the synthesis of endogenous GA3 and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)but reduced abscisic acid(ABA)levels.To further elucidate the regulatory mechanism,eight genes for GA biosynthesis and signaling,including PsCPS,PsKS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1b,PsGID1c,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 were cloned for the first time,and sequence analysis was also performed.The results suggested that all the cloned genes have conserved structure as each homologous gene reported in the other species.Phylogenetic trees constructed by the each cloned gene showed that the phylogenetic evolutionary relationship of P.suffruticosa was closely related to Vitis vinifera.The expression patterns of the above genes,and genes for ABA and IAA biosynthetic and signaling,and the flowering time were also investigated.Most of the above genes showed higher expression in the control buds than those in the GA3 treated buds at six developmental stages,whereas the expression levels of PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 were up-regulated by GA3 treatment.The results also showed that the GA-biosynthetic and signaling pathways are conserved in tree peony,and the PsCPS,PsGA3ox,PsGA2ox,PsGID1,PsDELLA,and PsGID2 genes are necessary for feedback regulation of GAs.Furthermore,hormone changes promoted PsSOC1 and PsSPL9 expression,and repressed PsSVP expression,which contributed to the improvement flowering quality in tree peony of forcing culture.

Roles of abscisic acid and gibberellins in maintaining primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds

Primary dormancy of seeds of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Sieb.et Zucc.)after dispersal in the autumn and the induction of secondary dormancy the fi rst summer following seed dispersal limit the regeneration of mixed broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China.This study was to determine how changes in the levels of abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellic acid(GA)maintain primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds under germination conditions.We transferred seeds with one of fi ve primary dormancy states or three secondary dormancy states to germination conditions and measured changes in the levels of ABA,GA 1+3(GA 1 and GA 3)and GA 4+7(GA 4 and GA 7)in the seed coat,megagametophyte and embryo during incubation.Seed coat ABA levels in primary dormant seeds(PDS)and ABA levels in various parts of secondary dormant seeds(SDS)gradually declined during incubation but were still higher than in seeds for which dormancy was progressively released.GA 4+7 and GA 1+3 levels in embryos greatly decreased 35%and 24%,respectively,during incubation of SDS,and thus,the ratio of ABA to GA 4+7 in embryos and megagametophytes signifi cantly increased.The ratio of ABA to GA 1+3 in various parts of SDS increased slightly during incubation.In contrast,in seeds for which secondary dormancy was already released,GA 4+7 and GA 1+3 levels in the embryo,GA 4+7/ABA ratio in the embryo and seed coat,and the GA 1+3/ABA in the embryo and megagametophyte signifi cantly increased during incubation.There was no trend in the changes in the levels of ABA,GA 4+7 or GA 1+3 in embryos and megagametophytes of PDS or the levels of GA 4+7 or GA 1+3 in megagametophytes of SDS during incubation.The results suggest that high ABA levels in the seed coat maintain primary dormancy of Korean pine seeds.Maintenance of secondary dormancy involves a reduction of GA 4+7,GA 1+3,GA 4+7/ABA,and GA 1+3/ABA and the retention of high ABA levels.

外源GA_(3)对水分胁迫下川黄柏抗性的影响

【目的】为实际栽培中利用外源激素提高川黄柏苗期成活率提供参考。【方法】以1年生川黄柏幼苗为试材,在自然渍水及干旱胁迫下,采用不同浓度的外源GA_(3)进行不同周期的喷施处理,测定分析各处理下川黄柏幼苗渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量和膜脂过氧化产物含量等生理指标的变化特征。【结果】在渍水胁迫下,外源喷施GA_(3)溶液提高了川黄柏可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,增加了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,且与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量总体呈增加趋势,但与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。复水后0~2 d,干旱胁迫下的对照组及GA_(3)处理组(200 mg/L,喷施间隔30 d)植株各生理指标均逐步恢复正常,受间断降水影响;复水后3~5 d,对照组及GA_(3)处理组植株各生理指标出现反复变化。复水后0~5 d时,与对照组相比,GA_(3)处理提高了植株的可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性及GSH含量,并且加快了这些指标的恢复速度,降低了MDA含量。水分胁迫条件下,大多数指标间呈现不显著的相关关系,呈显著或极显著相关的指标间均为正相关关系。干旱和渍水胁迫条件下,激素处理组总体上表现为促进植株生理指标向适应环境的方向改变,短周期喷施高浓度GA_(3)的促进效果较为明显,且喷施周期与喷施浓度有交互效应。【结论】在川黄柏早期栽培中,适当喷施GA_(3)可以提高植株对渍水胁迫和干旱胁迫的适应能力。

气相色谱法测定7-氨基-3-(丙烯-1-基)-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸中溶剂残留量

建立气相色谱法同时测定7-氨基-3-(丙烯-1-基)-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸中丙酮、四氢呋喃、甲醇和二氯甲烷溶剂残留量的方法。7-氨基-3-(丙烯-1-基)-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸样品使用0.1%氢氧化钠溶液进行超声溶解,使用HP-FFAP毛细管柱进行化合物的分离,氢离子火焰检测器进行测定,外标法定量。丙酮、甲醇、二氯甲烷和四氢呋喃均能获得基线分离,甲醇、丙酮、四氢呋喃和二氯甲烷的质量浓度分别在5.1~657.6 mg/L,2.1~677.1 mg/L,2.3~681.9 mg/L和2.4~728.0 mg/L范围内与其色谱峰面积具有良好线性关系,线性相关系数为0.9994~0.9999,甲醇、丙酮、四氢呋喃和二氯甲烷定量限分别为107.1、52.9、57.5、60.0 mg/kg。丙酮、甲醇、二氯甲烷和四氢呋喃测定结果的相对标准偏差均不大于2.56%(n=6),平均加标回收率为92.53%~109.96%。该方法适用于7-氨基-3-(丙烯-1-基)-3-头孢烯-4-羧酸中溶剂残留量的定性、定量分析。

GA和SA互作对黄花蒿生长及青蒿素合成的影响

以青蒿素为基础的联合疗法是当今治疗疟疾的最有效、最重要的手段.近年来随着研究的深入,青蒿素越来越多的药理作用,如抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病等被发现和应用研究,因此青蒿素市场需求量极大.本课题旨在研究水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)、赤霉素(gibberellic acid,GA)、水杨酸与赤霉素互作(SA+GA)对黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)植株的生长和青蒿素质量比的影响.研究表明,SA诱导会显著降低黄花蒿植株的农艺性状、生理生化指标以及青蒿素合成关键酶基因的表达水平,并降低青蒿素质量比.GA处理会显著增高黄花蒿植株的大部分农艺性状、生理生化指标,以及青蒿素合成相关基因的表达量,促进青蒿素生物合成;而SA+GA处理会产生拮抗作用,影响黄花蒿的农艺性状、生理生化指标,以及青蒿素合成相关基因的表达量,从而影响青蒿素的生物合成.

Separation of gibberellic acid (GA3) by macroporous adsorption resins

The adsorption effects of several macroporousadsorption resins for gibberellic acid (GA3) were investigated.The dynamic adsorption capacity is 58.38 mg/g drybeads for resin R4 and 96.46 mg/g dry beads for resin R5which is consistent with the surface area. Aqueous methanol(50%, V/V) is a good eluent and the yield of GA3 isabove 95%. The concentration of GA3 could increase fivefoldafter an adsorption-elution cycle and this is importantwhen considering further crystallization of GA3 in anindustrial process.

葡萄全基因组DELLA蛋白基因家族鉴定及其应答外源赤霉素调控葡萄果实发育的特征

【目的】明确DELLA蛋白基因在葡萄基因组数据库中的数量、结构和组织表达差异,探究DELLA蛋白在葡萄赤霉素(GA)信号传导及葡萄无核果实发育机理中的作用机制。【方法】基于拟南芥、水稻等植物中的DELLA蛋白基因,利用HMMER程序和NCBI的CDD程序鉴定葡萄基因组中的DELLA蛋白基因;以‘白罗莎里奥’葡萄品种为试材,采用PCR技术克隆3个DELLA蛋白基因的c DNA全长序列;通过启动子作用元件分析预测其潜在功能;利用生物信息学软件对其染色体定位、基因结构、系统进化、理化特性、亚细胞定位及蛋白互作等进行分析;利用农杆菌介导的烟草瞬时表达技术分析DELLA蛋白的亚细胞定位情况;采用q RT-PCR方法检测葡萄DELLA蛋白基因应答GA在果皮、果肉、种子(或种子区)的时空表达特征。【结果】鉴定得到3个葡萄DELLA蛋白基因,克隆并验证其精确序列,分别命名为Vv GAI1(VIT_201s0011g05260)、Vv RGA(VIT_214s0006g00640)及Vv SLR1(VIT_211s0016g04630),其染色体定位、开放阅读框(ORF)大小、编码氨基酸数量分别为:Chr1、1 773 bp、590个;Chr14、1 710 bp、569个;Chr11、1 599 bp、532个。基因结构分析表明其DNA序列均无内含子,只有1个外显子,基因结构高度保守。进化分析显示Vv GAI1与Vv RGA亲缘关系较近,被聚类为一组,而Vv SLR1为另一组。3个基因的启动子均含有响应赤霉素和胚乳发育相关的作用元件,表明它们可能参与响应GA信号传导和胚乳发育过程。亚细胞定位结果显示3个DELLA蛋白均定位于细胞核。q RT-PCR结果显示除果皮中Vv SLR1在近成熟期具有表达高峰外,其余均在幼果期高表达,且外源GA处理均不同程度降低了3个DELLA蛋白基因在葡萄果皮、果肉和种子区的表达,尤以种子区下调水平最为显著。蛋白互作分析表明3个DELLA蛋白均为葡萄GA信号传导的核心作用元件,均可能与GIDI1和SLY1互作参与葡萄GA信号传导。【结论】葡萄基因组中含有3个DELLA蛋白基因家族成员;不同物种间DELLA蛋白结构高度保守;GA可能通过负调控这3个成员参与葡萄果皮、果肉和种子区的发育,且3个成员均可能通过应答GA信号调控葡萄无核果实的发育。

南京椴种子的萌发与休眠

南京椴种子具有深休眠习性,自然界一般需要2-3 a才能萌发。通过对离体胚以及擦伤胚乳、去除子叶和胚根部位胚乳种子的无菌培养,探究胚萌发特性。结果表明,离体胚培养4 d,发芽率可达81%;划伤或侧面切除胚乳或切除胚乳基部约1/3部分,胚都能正常萌发,发芽率均在75%以上;而未进行任何处理的种子始终不发芽;用1 000 mg.L-1GA3溶液处理种子6 h,种子发芽率可达89%。

IAA和GA_3对棉花短纤维突变体纤维长度的离体诱导作用

以棉花等基因系超短纤维突变体 (Ligoncotton ,Li1 )及其野生型 (li1 )为材料 ,用胚珠离体培养方法 ,研究IAA(生长素 )和GA3(赤霉酸 )与纤维细胞伸长的关系。研究表明 :(1)在含单激素IAA或GA3培养基内 ,离体诱导突变体胚珠产生的纤维长度分别约为 1 86mm和 2 1mm ,比在对照 (不含激素 )培养基内的纤维长度分别增长 86 %和 110 % ,说明外源激素IAA或GA3对突变体纤维伸长能力的缺损有补偿作用。 (2 )在同时含有IAA和GA3两种激素的培养基中 ,突变体和野生型胚珠产生的纤维长度分别为 3 4 1mm和 7 2 3mm ,是它们在田间自然条件下纤维长度的 76 %和 2 4 3% ,均显著高于只含一种激素培养基内的纤维长度 ,说明IAA与GA3间在诱导纤维伸长上有协同作用 ,而且 ,这种作用对突变体比对野生型大 3 1倍 ,即在一定程度上能解除突变体纤维伸长受到的阻碍。 (3)突变体胚珠在含GA3和IAA培养基内经培养2 1d后 ,胚珠IAA和GA3平均含量 ,虽稍高于对照培养基内野生型胚珠的含量 ,但明显小于GA3和IAA培养基内野生型胚珠的平均含量 ,而且其纤维长度也显著小于野生型的纤维长度。说明在离体培养条件下 ,突变体的纤维伸长比野生型需更高的胚珠GA3和IAA水平 ,但由于突变体在遗传上的缺损 。

喷施生长素和赤霉素对土壤干旱条件下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

在土壤干旱过程中，叶面喷施２×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的生长素（ＩＡＡ）或５×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的赤霉素（ＧＡ３）可阻止小麦幼苗磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（ＰＥＰＣａｓｅ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性的变化，且二者的作用效果相似。对于超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ），ＩＡＡ使其活性强化，而ＧＡ３则对其起着抑制作用。ＩＡＡ还能提高干旱条件下小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量，但对气孔阻力和叶水势影响不大；而ＧＡ３对叶绿素含量、气孔阻力和叶水势均无明显影响。

赤霉素及矮壮素对高羊茅生长特性及品质的影响

采用３ 种不同浓度的赤霉素（２０、５０、１００ μｇ／ｇ）和矮壮素（５００、１ ０００、１ ５００ μｇ／ｇ）对高羊茅进行叶面喷施，以研究其对高羊茅生长特性及品质的影响。结果表明：赤霉素显著促进地上部分伸长生长，１００ μｇ／ｇ 赤霉素处理生长速度最快。５０ μｇ／ｇ 赤霉素处理高羊茅的干草产量及粗蛋白产量均最高，分别为对照的２．０１、１．８４ 倍。矮壮素抑制地上部分的伸长生长，并促进分蘖，使叶片加宽。１ ５００ μｇ／ｇ 矮壮素处理的高羊茅干草产量、粗蛋白产量分别比对照提高２１．８７％ 、４０．８６％ 。赤霉素处理使高羊茅粗纤维含量有所提高，粗蛋白含量比对照有所下降。矮壮素处理使高羊茅粗蛋白含量提高，粗纤维含量降低。

大果冬青种子的休眠与萌发初探

大果冬青的种壳占种子风干重的 75 % ,种子透水性良好。浓硫酸处理 1.5小时后 ,可使种壳减轻 32 .6 %。酸蚀处理增强了种子的透气性并减轻了种壳的机械束缚力。添加 2 5 0 mg· L- 1 +0 .2 % KNO3溶液 ,经过一个冬天层积后 ,发芽率可达17.1% 。

青钱柳种子休眠与萌发的研究

青钱柳种子的种壳占种子风干重 85.9%。种子具有透水性。浓硫酸处理 9小时后 ,种壳减轻重量约占种子总重量的 2 8.8% ,既减弱了种壳的机械束缚力 ,又增加了种子透气性。酸蚀 9.5小时的种子 ,经 50 0 mg/ LGA3 溶液浸种 ,并用拌有 50 0 mg/LGA3 溶液的湿沙层积一冬 ,发芽率达到 87.5% ,而风干种子则颗粒未发。破除休眠后种子的萌发温度 ,以 2

气相色谱/质谱法测定植物油中脂肪酸氯丙醇酯

采用苯基硼酸(PBA)衍生化-气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,建立了同时检测植物油中脂肪酸3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯和脂肪酸2-氯-1,3-丙二醇酯(MCPD酯)的方法。对样品前处理过程中各因素进行了优化,获得了最佳条件,即称取0.1g左右的食用油样品,加入内标后,经0.5mL甲醇钠/甲醇(0.5mol/L)水解1min,中和后用3.0mL正己烷脱脂净化两次;以0.25mL PBA液衍生净化液后,用2.0mL乙酸乙酯萃取衍生物3次,萃取液经氮气吹干后,用0.5mL异辛烷溶解,离心后取上清液用GC-MS测定,内标法定量。在此条件下,样品中MCPD酯响应是德国DGF法响应的15～33倍;杂质相对去除率高达99.1%;有关方法学指标均较为理想。在MCPD酯为25～500ng(以MCPD计)范围内,MCPD与内标峰面积的比值和浓度呈线性相关,相关系数大于0.9990。以花生油为加标基质,在250～1000"g/kg范围内,进行3个水平的重复加标回收实验(n=6),3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯的加标回收率分别为81.1%～92.3%和103%～120%;相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为6.3%～12.4%和4.9%～9.4%;检出限分别为76.0和65.0"g/kg。利用本方法测定2011年FAPAS考核样品(棕榈油)中3-MCPD酯的含量,测定值为4.01mg/kg。结果表明,本方法灵敏度高,定量结果准确可靠,从根本上解决了仪器系统容易被污染的问题。

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