STUDY ON THE EXPRESSION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA CELL LINES AND ON THE GROWTH INHIBITION EFFECT OF NS-398

Objective： To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase -2 （COX-2） in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and to explore the effect of NS-398, a selective inhibitor for COX-2, on HepG-2 cell line. Methods： lmmunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to investigate COX-2 expression in 6 HCC cell lines. MTT and Flowcytometry were used to evaluate the effect of the selective inhibitor of COX-2, NS-398, on HepG-2 cell lines. Results： All six HCC cell lines showed COX-2 expression at protein level. Five out of 6 cell lines showed COX-2 expression at mRNA level. NS-398 could suppress the growth of HepG-2 cell line, in a time and dose dependant manner. Conclusion： NS-398, a selective inhibitor of COX-2, showed inhibition effect on HepG-2 HCC cell line. The efficacy of inhibition was time and dose dependent, providing a new evidence for chemoprovention of hepatocellular carcinorma with COX-2 selective inhibitors.

Modulating effects of survivin antisense oligonucleotide on changes of apoptosis and cell cycle of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721

To investigate the modulating effects of survivn antisense oligonucletode (ASODN) on the cell cycle and apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line SMMC-7721 and explore its mechanism.Methods Survivin ASODN was transfected into SMMC-7721 cells mediated by DOTAP liposomal reagent.Electron microscopy,flow cytometry and RT-PCR were used to detect the changes in cell ultrastructure,apoptosis,cell cycle and the expression of cyclinB1 mRNA,respectively.Results After transfection of survivin ASODN,the expression of cyclinB1 mRNA in the cells significantly increased and increase in G2-M arrest and apoptosis appeared.Meanwhile,the cell ultrastructure had apoptotic changes such as chromatin condensation and apoptotic body formation.Conclusion Survivin ASODN can induce the expression of cyclinB1 that may result in G2-M arrest.Consequently,apoptosis is triggered.Survivin ASODN transfection might be an improtant new treatment for HCC.14 refs,2 figs,1 tab.

Potential roles of EZH2, Bmi-1 and mi R-203 in cell proliferation and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B

AIM: To investigate the potential roles of enhancer of zeste homolog2(EZH2), Bmi-1 and mi R-203 in cell proliferation and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) cell line Hep3 B.METHODS: A total of 73 patients who underwent surgical resection at Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University were enrolled in this study. Hep3 B cells were cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37?℃. Vectors that containing c DNA of the EZH2 gene or mi R-203 targeted sh RNA plasmid were constructed, and then transfected into Hep3 B cells. The m RNA expression of mi R-203, EZH2, and Bmi-1 was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the protein levels of EZH2 and Bmi-1 were detected by Western blot analysis. Effect of EZH2 or mi R-203 on cell proliferation was observed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, and cell apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Besides, effect of EZH2 or mi R-203 on tumor cell invasion was detected using Transwell assay.RESULTS: The m RNA levels of EZH2 and Bmi-1 in HCC tissues and in Hep3 B cells were significantly higher compared with those in normal samples(P < 0.01), while mi R-203 level was significantly lower in HCC tissues(P < 0.01). Hep3 B cells transfected with EZH2-sh RNA or mi R-203-sh RNA showed lower expression levels of EZH2 and Bmi-1(P < 0.05). Compared with controls, Hep3 B cells transfected with EZH2-sh RNA had relative slow cell proliferation, indicating that low expression of EZH2 and Bmi-1 and overexpression of mi R-203 could inhibit Hep3 B cell proliferation(P < 0.05). The average apoptosis rate of Hep3 B cells transfected with EZH2-sh RNA vector was about 18.631%, while that of Hep3 B cells transfected with sh RNA vector was about 5.33%, suggesting that EZH2 was down-regulated by transfecting with EZH2-sh RNA, and the down-regulated EZH2 contributed to the cell apoptosis. Low expression of EZH2 and Bmi-1 and overexpression of mi R-203 could reduce Hep3 B cell invasion(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that EZH2 and Bmi-1 are up-regulated while mi R-203 is downregulated in Hep3 B cells. Mi R-203 may contribute to the metastasis and enhance apoptosis of HCC cells by regulating EZH2 and Bmi-1. Our study may provide a theoretical basis for metastasis of HCC and targeted therapy of HCC.

Pharmacological Isolation of Experimental Models of Drug-resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line

Drug resistance is one of the major challenges facing the success of chemotherapy against human hepatocarcinoma (HCC) as well as other types of cancer. Studies with cell lines can serve as initial screening for agents that could modulate drug resistance. Development of a good experimental model of drug-resistant cells is a prerequisite for the success of such cellular studies;but could be laborious and generally time-consuming. Additionally, the high mortality rate associated with advanced HCC calls for a probe into the mechanism of resistance by developing experimental model that mimics clinical method of its treatment. Consequently, we have reported a simplified method of selection of drug-resistant hepatocarcinoma cells from human hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG2) cell line using pharmacologic agents, cisplatin (CDDP) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). HEPG2 cell line was incubated for 24 hours with different concentrations of CDDP (0 - 20 μM) or 5-FU (0 - 100 μM). Cell viability was assayed by CCK-8 (Cell Counting Kit) analysis, and the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for CDDP and 5-FU were established by dose-dependent cytotoxicity curves. The IC50(s) were confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of cell death due to CDDP or 5-FU. Clinical method of treatment was imitated by treating the parental HEPG2 cell line in pulse, at the optimal concentration of either CDDP or 5-FU for 4 to 6 hours. Induction was repeated 6 times, whilst allowing the cells to attain at least 70% confluence between intervals of induction. The resultant drug-resistant sublines, (HEPG2CR) and (HEPG2FR) were found to be stable after over 3 months of drug withdrawal and maintenance in drug-free medium. This was done with the views of establishing a simple, efficient and direct protocol for the development of good cellular models for the study of drug resistance in liver cancer, with possible application in other cancer types.

Metastatic human hepatocellular carcinoma models in nude mice and cell line with metastatic potential

Metastatic human HCC model is needed for the studies on mechanism and intervention of metastatic recurrence. By using orthotopic implantation of histologically intact tissues of 30 surgical specimens, a patient-like metastatic model of human HCC in nude mice (LCI-D20) and a low metastatic model of human HCC in nude mice (LCI-D35) have been established. All mice with transplanted LCI-D20 tumors exhibited extremely high metastatic ability including spontaneous metastasis to liver, lungs, lymph nodes and peritoneal seeding. Remarkable difference was also found in expression of some of the invasiveness related genes and growth factors between the LCI-D20 and LCI-D35 tumors. PAI-1 increased gradually following tumor progression in LCI-D20 model, and correlated with tumor size and AFP level. Phasic expression of tissue intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in this model was also observed. Using corneal micropocket model, it was demonstrated that the vascular response induced by LCI-D20 tumor was stronger than that induced by LCI-D35 tumor. Similar report on metastatic human HCC model in nude mice and human HCC cell line with metastatic potential was rarely found in the literature. This LCI-D20 model has been widely used for the studies on intervention of metastasis, including anti-angiogenesis,antisense approach, metalloproteinase inhibitor, differentiation inducer, etc. It is concluded that the establishment of metastatic human HCC model in nude mice and human HCC cell line with metastatic potential will provide important models for the in vitro and in vitro study of HCC invasiveness, angiogenesis as well as intervention of HCC recurrence.

Establishment and characterization of four human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines containing hepatitis B virus DNA

AIM To investigate the characteristics of newly established four hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (SNU 739, SNU 761, SNU 878 and SNU 886) from Korean hepatocellular cancer patients. METHODS Morphologic and genetic studies were done. RESULTS All four lines grew as a monolayer with an adherent pattern, and their doubling times ranged from 20 to 29 hours. The viability rate was relatively high (88%-94%). Neither mycoplasmal nor bacterial contamination was present. The lines showed different patterns in fingerprinting analysis. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was integrated in the genomes of all four lines, and in all of them HBx, HBc and HBs transcripts were detected by reverse transcriptase PCR methods. Among the three cell lines used as control (Hep 3B, SK Hep1 and Hep G2), only Hep 3B showed HBx expression, and this line was used as a HBV integrated control. The RNA of albumin was detected in three lines (SNU 761, SNU 878 and SNU 886), that of transferrin in two lines (SNU 878, SNU 886), and that of IGF Ⅱ was detected in none of the cell lines. CONCLUSION These well characterized cell lines may be very useful for studying the biology of hepatocellular carcinoma in association with the hepatitis B virus.

Establishment of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HCC－9204 and its characteristics

This study was aimed at providing an experimental model for the research of HCC. Twelve specimens that were pathologically identified as HCC were cultured in vitro . To investigate their biological characteristics, the survived cells were morphologically

Construction of cell lines with CD44 cDNA and its application in hepatocellular carcinoma

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Effect of cell fusion on metastatic ability of mouse hepatocarcinoma cell lines

AIM To study the effect of cell fusion on metastatic ability of mouse hepatocarcinoma cells and the factors involved in the process of metastasis. METHODS By the method of successively increasing the concentrations, cell fusion and limit dilution, 8 Ag resistant cells were selected, and HGPRT - Hca P cells and eight cloned hybridoma cells were obtained. To observe their metastatic ability, they were inoculated into mice foodtaps and the drainage lymph nodes were examined under microscope. RESULTS The end concentration of 8 Ag which was used to select HGPRT deficient Hca P cells was 30mg/L . All the cells selected died in HAT culture medium in one week. Fused cells appeared approximately 9 days later. They were round, transparent and a little larger than their parental cells. Eight clones of hybridoma cells were obtained and named as PSH1 PSH8. The metastatic rate of HGPRT - Hca P cells and PSH7 cells was 28 6% and 71 4% respectively, the difference being significant ( P <0 05). The metastatic rate of other clones was no more than 20% and there was no significant difference from HGPRT - Hca P cells ( P >0 05). CONCLUSION In normal mice splenic lymphocytes, there are some factors that could inhibit tumor metastasis, however, there are some other factors accelerating tumor cells to metastasize. The establishment of PSH7 provides an experimental model which could be used to study the factors involved in metastasis.

Primmorph extracts and mesohyls of marine sponges inhibit proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro

Cancer recurrence and severe side effects of currently being used chemotherapeutic agents reduce their clinical efficacy. Thus, there is a constant need to develop alternative anticancer drugs. Sustainable supply is an important challenge facing marine-based drug discovery. Primmorph, a 3D cell culture system, could provide a sustainable source to produce metabolites for anticancer drugs from marine sponges. In the present work, the anticancer activity of primmorph extracts and mesohyls of Negombata magnifica, Hemimycle arabica, Crella spinulata, and Stylissa carteri sponges was evaluated. Antiproliferative activity was studied in terms of cytotoxicity, colony formation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Migration was assessed by migration assay and matrix metalloproteinase activity. The expression of proliferation and migration-related genes was analyzed using real time PCR. Migration and proliferation activities of HepG2 cells were inhibited by treatment with primmorph extracts and mesohyls of N. magnifica, H. arabica, and C. spinulata. The mesohyl of S. carteri did not show any anticancer activity although the primmorph extract led to cell cycle arrest. Among the selected sponge species, the primmorph extract of C. spinulata was the most promising anticancer agent regarding antiproliferative and antimigratory activities. In addition, primmorph extracts have the advantage of working under welldefined and controlled conditions, which allows the easy application as a bioreactor.

Effect of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine on the expression of p16 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro

Objective: To study the effect of 5-Aza-2’ -deoxycytidine (5-Aza-cdR) on tumour suppressor gene p16 expres- sion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Method: Expression of pl6 mRNA and protein in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines SMMC-7721 and HePG2 before and after treatment with 5-Aza-cdR were analyzed via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistrty Results: The expression levels of p16 mRNA and protein were increased dramatically after treatment with 5-Aza-cdR. Conclusion: Our data show that, 5-Aza-2’ -deoxycytidine can increase the expression of pl6 gene both at transcription and translation. The findings suggested that 5-Aza-cdR may reactivate the pl6 gene by demethylation.

应用C-to-G碱基编辑器对PCSK9基因靶向敲除的研究

目的:使用C-to-G碱基编辑器(CGBE)Td-CGBE-NG靶向敲除huh-7肝癌细胞系前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9(PCSK9)基因,以CBE(AncBE4max)为参照,评价Td-CGBE-NG对该基因的敲除效果。方法:使用引入终止密码子的策略敲除huh-7肝癌细胞系PCSK9基因。构建碱基编辑器Td-CGBE-NG和AncBE4max,构建重组质粒sg386和sg555,将Td-CGBE-NG和sg386,AncBE4max和sg555分别共转染huh-7细胞,实现c.1447C>G和c.1953C>T的转换,在两位点引入终止密码子S386X(TGA)和Q555X(TAG),使用sanger测序和T载体克隆验证编辑效率;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测PCSK9基因mRNA和蛋白表达水平的变化。结果:sanger测序和T载体克隆结果显示,Td-CGBE-NG和AncBE4max的编辑效率分别为c.1447C>G 33%和c.1953C>T 25%;RT-qPCR结果显示,Td-CGBE-NG使PCSK9 mRNA的表达量降低(t=17.29,P<0.0001);Western blot结果表明,两组huh-7细胞蛋白表达量均明显下降(AncBE4max:t=5.57,P<0.01;Td-CGBE-NG:t=4.912,P<0.01)。结论:Td-CGBE-NG可以有效敲除huh-7肝癌细胞系的PCSK9基因,抑制该基因mRNA和蛋白的表达,为后续Td-CGBE-NG的应用奠定基础。

Inhibitory effect of metformin on the proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells and its potential mechanism

Objective： This work aimed to study the inhibitory effect and the related mechanism of metformin （MET） on the proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Methods： Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were treated with MET （0, 2, 10, and 50 mM）. The inhibitory effect of MET on the proliferation of HepG2 cells was determined by MTT method. The apoptosis of HepG2 cells was detected by flow cytornetry. The expression of cyclin D1 in HepG2 cells was examined by Western blot. ROS-DHE fluorescence probe was used to stain the reactive oxygen species （ROS） generated by HepG2 cells after treat- ment. Results： MET could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells in a dose and time dependent manner. MET promoted the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. In addition, MET suppressed the expression of cell cycle protein cyclin D1 and induced the produc- tion of ROS in HepG2 cells. Conclusion： MET can inhibit the proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells and induce cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, MET has the ability to decrease the expression of cyclin D1 and induce ROS generation, which may be involved in the mechanism of inhibiting hepatoma cells proliferation.

装载miRNA-451a的外泌体对肝癌细胞株增殖的影响研究

目的探讨装载miRNA451a的外泌体对肝癌细胞株HepG2和SMMC-7721增殖的影响。方法正常肝组织上皮细胞株HL-7702来源的外泌体,通过与胆固醇基修饰的miRNA-451a模拟物直接孵育构建外泌体451a复合体。将构建的exo-miRNA-451a复合体、等量miRNA-451a模拟物、等量PBS分别接种于96孔板中处于对数生长期的HPG2和SMMC-7721细胞,作为实验组、对照组和空白对照组。采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察exo-miRNA-451a复合体进入细胞内的情况;CCK8法检测HPG2和SMMC-7721细胞增殖。结果构建的外泌体miRNA-451a复合体分别与HepG2和SMMC-7721细胞,共培养3h时,在共聚焦显微镜下,有PKH67标记的外泌体和Cy3标记的miRNA-451a在HepG2和SMMC-7721细胞中共定位,并且在随后的6h、12h观察时逐渐增多。CCK-8实验提示当外泌体451a复合体和miR-451a模拟物分别与肝癌细胞株共孵育6h,OD值差异不明显;共孵育12h实验组OD值低于对照组,共培养48h实验组OD值显著低于对照组。结论装载miRNA-451a的外泌体可抑制肝癌细胞株的增殖。

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术构建与鉴定敲除ACE2基因的Huh7肝癌细胞株

利用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术敲除人Huh7肝癌细胞的血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)基因,构建ACE2基因敲除细胞株,为研究ACE2在肝细胞癌的作用提供细胞模型。首先,对ACE2结构域进行鉴定,利用在线网站设计两条破坏所有结构域、靶向作用于ACE2外显子的sgRNA。其次,构建重组载体并转染肝癌细胞Huh7,嘌呤霉素筛选出单克隆细胞株。最后,免疫印迹鉴定敲除效果。结构域鉴定结果显示,在340-520号氨基酸位置存在Zn结合位点和激活位点,根据sgRNA靶点设计原则,采用片段敲除的方式,针对ACE2的第9、第10外显子设计两对sgRNA,并成功构建PX459-ACE2-sgRNA重组质粒。嘌呤霉素成功筛选出单克隆细胞株,并测序证实了发生片段敲除,ACE2蛋白在敲除细胞株中不表达;成功构建ACE2敲除的Huh7细胞株,为日后研究ACE2在肝细胞癌的发生机制奠定基础。

Growth inhibition and gene induction in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell exposed to sodium 4-phenylbutanoate

Background Sodium 4-phenylbutanoate （NaPB） can induce cellular differentiation and cell cycle arrest. However, its potential anticancer properties in hepatocellular carcinoma and influence on normal liver cell are still unclear. We observed the effects of NaPB on growth inhibition, including differentiation and phase growth arrest in normal liver cell line L-02 and hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Bel-7402. Furthermore, we investigated its mechanism in Bel-7402. Methods Hepatocellular carcinoma cells Bel-7402 and normal liver cell line L-02 were treated with NaPB at different concentrations. Light microscopy was used to find morphological change in cells. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Expression of acetylating histone H4 and of histones deacetylase 4 （HDAC4） were determined by Western blot. The expression of P21WAF1/CIP1 and E-cadherin were observed through immunocytochemistry. Results NaPB treatment led to time dependent growth inhibition in hepatocellular carcinoma cells Bel-7402. NaPB treatment caused a significant decline in the fraction of S phase cells and a significant increase in Go/G1 cells. NaPB increased the expression of P21wAFVCIP1 and E-cadherin in Bel-7402 and significantly decreased the level of HDAC4 in Bel-7402. NaPB significantly improved the level of acetylating histone H4. The normal liver cell line L-02 showed no distinct changes under treatment with NaPB. Conclusions NaPB inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells Bel-7402 and induced partial differentiation through enhancing the acetylating histones. In Bel-7402, the expressions of P21WAF1/CIP1 and E-cadherin may be related to level of acetylating histones and inhibition of cellular growth. NaPB showed no significant effect on normal liver cells.

Proteome Analyses of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Proteomics has evolved into a powerful and widely used bioanalytical technique in the study of cancer,especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).In this review,we provide an up to date overview of feasible proteome-analytical techniques for clinical questions.In addition,we present a broad summaryof proteornic studies of HCC utilizing various technical approaches for the analysis of samples derived from diverse sources like HCC cell lines,animal models,human tissue and body fluids.

三氧化二砷诱导人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721凋亡的实验研究

MTT法、AO/EB荧光染色法和流式细胞仪分析法观察As_2O_3对人肝癌细胞林SMMC－7721的作用。结果发现：AS_2O_3可显著抑制SMMC－7721细胞的生长；经药物作用后，AO/EB染色时，肝癌细胞在显微镜下呈现典型的凋亡形态学改变；在流式细胞仪上可见亚Gl峰；凋亡呈剂量、时间依赖性特点；AS_2O_3使细胞周期阻止于G_2／M期。以上表明：As_2O_3可诱导人肝癌细胞株凋亡，可望为临床应用砷剂治疗肝癌提供实验依据。

阿霉素诱导人肝癌细胞多药耐药株的建立及其生物学特性评价

背景与目的:多药耐药(multidrugresistance,MDR)是肿瘤治疗的主要障碍,为探讨体外逆转肿瘤MDR的新方法,本研究建立人肝癌细胞多药耐药模型HepG2/Adm,并研究其生物学特性。方法:以人肝癌细胞株HepG2为研究对象,用阿霉素(adriamycin,ADM)浓度梯度递增诱导法,建立HepG2/Adm。观察细胞的生长规律;用MTT法检测多药耐药性;流式细胞术检测细胞周期分布、细胞表面多药耐药基因(mdr1)的表达产物P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)、多药耐药相关蛋白(multidrugresistance-associatedprotein,MRP)、肺耐药蛋白(lung-relatedprotein,LRP)及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathioneS-transferase,GST)的表达;逆转录PCR半定量检测4种MDR基因mRNA表达量。结果:与HepG2细胞比较,HepG2/Adm细胞倍增时间延长30.01h,S期细胞减少(5.6±0.03)%,G1、G2期细胞增多犤(4.2±0.09)%,(1.5±0.08)%犦。该细胞对多种抗肿瘤药物耐药,HepG2/Adm对阿霉素的耐药指数是亲本细胞的26倍,细胞表面多药耐药蛋白P-gp、MRP及GST的表达显著增加,LRP表达有一定的增加;上述四种耐药蛋白基因的表达均明显增加。结论:HepG2/Adm细胞具有多药耐药特性,其耐药性与P-gp、MRP及GST的过表达有关。

血管内皮生长因子对肝癌细胞侵袭能力和同质性粘附作用影响

目的 观察血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VascularEndothelialGrowthFactorVEGF)诱导肝癌HepG2 细胞转移及其对细胞同质性粘附作用的影响。方法 采用3 H -TdR掺入及鼠尾胶粘附试验测定VEGF对肝癌HepG2 细胞同质性粘附作用以及Bodyen -Chamber观察VEGF诱导肝癌细胞转移作用。 结果 1ng/ml、5ng/mlVEGF诱导HepG2 细胞 6 0min、90min、12 0min3 H -TdR掺入实验 (dpm/min)分别为 175 8.6 7± 2 89.4 6、1380 .0 3± 32 8.5 5、2 6 5 7.4 3± 310 .31和 312 4 .3± 2 2 6 2 .14、2 2 4 5 .6±2 73.2 4、2 0 91.5 2± 2 13.84 ,10ng/mlVEGF诱导HepG2 细胞 6 0min、90min、12 0min ,3 H -TdR掺入实验 (dpm/min)分别为12 32 .32± 2 0 1.0 4、2 337.5± 333.0 4、2 2 36 .99± 2 37.0 7,显著低于对照组 6 0、90、12 0min的 2 184 .4 9± 336 .0 3、35 6 0± 2 5 5 .17、4 337.4± 377.35 ,(P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1) ;用VEGF 1ng/ml、5ng/ml、10ng/ml培养肝癌细胞 2h ,下室浸润的肝癌细胞数分别为5 .75± 1.0 0、17.17± 2 .38、10 .33± 0 .88× 10 4/ml,分别高于对照组 1.5 8± 0 .38× 10 4/ml,(P <0 .0 5或 0 .0 1)。结论 VEGF可以促进肝癌HepG2 细胞转移 ,与VEGF降低肝癌细胞的同质性粘附作用有关。