A new method of cut-blasting for vertical shaft excavation and its experimental study

Based on cutting principle and technology development of vertical blasthole cutby stage and deck in vertical shaft excavation, combined with the merits of middle spacecharging and toe space charging, the reinforced cutting effect of central large-diameterblasthole and the method of cutting blast by stage and deck toe space charging for thevertical large-diameter blastholes was put forward and analyzed theoretically.This new cutblasting method is provided with the advantages of high blasthole using ratio, big cavitybulk, low rate of chunk, even lumpiness, and relatively high energy using ratio.The parameterchoices and practical effects of this cutting method were discussed after in situexperiment.It shows that the decked delay time of 75～100 ms is applicable.

Calculating the number of radial cracks around a wellbore fractured by liquid CO_(2) phase transition blasting technology

Integrating liquid CO_(2)phase transition blasting(LCPTB)technology with hydraulic fracturing(HF)methods can help reduce wellbore damage,create multiple radial fractures,and establish a complex fracture network.This approach significantly increases the recovery efficiency of low-permeability oil and gas fields.Accurately calculating the number of fractures caused by LCPTB is necessary to predict production enhancement effects and optimize subsequent HF designs.However,few studies are reported on large-scale physical model experiments in terms of a method for calculating the fracture number.This study analyzed the initiation and propagation of cracks under LCPTB,derived a calculation formula for crack propagation radius under stress waves,and then proposed a new,fast,and accurate method for calculating the fracture number using the principle of mass conservation.Through ten rock-breaking tests using LCPTB,the study confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed calculation approach and elucidated the variation rule of explosion pressure,rock-breaking scenario,and the impact of varying parameters on fracture number.The results show that the new calculation method is suitable for fracturing technologies with high pressure rates.Recommendations include enlarging the diameter of the fracturing tube and increasing the liquid CO_(2) mass in the tube to enhance fracture effectiveness.Moreover,the method can be applied to other fracturing technologies,such as explosive fracturing(EF)within HF formations,indicating its broader applicability and potential impact on optimizing unconventional resource extraction technologies.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANISM AND TECHNOLOGY OF DIRECTED CRACK BLASTING

The dynamic stress-fields and their distribution characteristics around boreholes in the directed crack blasting were measured with the dynamic photo-elastic laser holography apparatus and the ultradymamic measurement system. The directed crack mechanism and its mechanical model have been analysed and expounded. Through the 43 production experiments using slotted cartridges and the double triangle center cut-holes for directed crack blasting in underground rock drift, the results of which the rates of half-hole marks and efficiency of borehole,and the nonsmooth grades of the cut contours are 96%, 98% and 10cm respectively have been achieved.

Experimental study on stemming effect in rock blasting

Based on the blasting theory and stress wave theory, stemming mechanism and movement of stemmed material in rock blasting were analyzed and the calculation expression of stemming lengths was deduced. The blasting experiment with different stemming lengths was carried out and the results show that the theoretical stemming length, which is 0.73 ~ 0.8 time of burden, is in the range of the experiential length, which is O. 63 - O. 88 time of burden. The blasting results of field experiments with theoretical stemming length are satisfactory, which shows the theoretical derivation and analysis are correct and reliable. The results will supply rock blasting with the theoretical gist of parameters design.

Industrial Experiment on Coke Spraying With ZBS Additive in Blast Furnace

In order to improve the thermal properties of coke, an industrial experiment on the coke spraying with ZBS additive solution was carried out at coking plant and No. 6 blast furnace （2 000 m^3 ） of Kunming Iron and Steel Co Ltd. The coke reaction index （CRI） of the coke spraying with ZBS additive solution decreases by 10. 56 %, and the coke strength after reaction （CSR） increases by 7.80% in comparison with those of the un-sprayed coke. During the experiment, the average iron output increases by 66. 69 t/d, and the coke rate is reduced by 5. 21 kg per ton iron, while the fluctuation of furnace temperture is small, and sulphur content in hot metal and 100% of hot metal are acceptable.

Blast wave characteristics of multi-layer composite charge:Theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and experimental validation

This article investigates the characteristics of shock wave overpressure generated by multi-layer composite charge under different detonation modes.Combining dimensional analysis and the explosion mechanism of the charge,a peak overpressure prediction model for the composite charge under singlepoint detonation and simultaneous detonation was established.The effects of the charge structure and initiation method on the overpressure field characteristics were investigated in AUTODYN simulation.The accuracy of the prediction model and the reliability of the numerical simulation method were subsequently verified in a series of static explosion experiments.The results reveal that the mass of the inner charge was the key factor determining the peak overpressure of the composite charge under single-point detonation.The peak overpressure in the radial direction improved apparently with an increase in the aspect ratio of the charge.The overpressure curves in the axial direction exhibited a multi-peak phenomenon,and the secondary peak overpressure even exceeded the primary peak at distances of 30D and 40D(where D is the charge diameter).The difference in peak overpressure among azimuth angles of 0-90°gradually decreased with an increase in the propagation distance of the shock wave.The coupled effect of the detonation energy of the inner and outer charge under simultaneous detonation improved the overpressure in both radial and axial directions.The difference in peak overpressure obtained from model prediction and experimental measurements was less than 16.4%.

STRESS AND ENERGY TRANSFER OF WATER COUPLING BLASTING

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Study on Smooth Blasting Results in Jointed and Fractured Rock

Factors that affect blasting results may be grouped into those factors that can be controlled and those that cannot be controlled. The controllable factors include explosive properties, initiation timing, and blast geometry. The uncontrollable factors comprise the rock’s natural structures, such as joints and fractures, and the properties, such as elastic constants, density and strength. Among these, the influence of rock structural planes often contributes a high degree of variability to blasting results. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of rock structural plane influences on smooth blasting results based on elasticity and stress wave propagation theory with an emphasis on smooth blasting techniques. Two types of simulated experiments in lab (using strain and acoustic emission measurements) are used to verify the theoretical analysis. The results show that it is difficult to achieve smooth blasting results when the angle between the natural rock structural planes and the blast induced fracture planes ranges from 10° to 60°. Among these angles, 30° is the least desirable angle to produce a smooth wall. For angles less than 10° and greater than 60°, the influence of rock structural planes on blasting results can be ignored.

防隔水煤柱定向爆破应力转移机理及参数优化设计

目的针对内部存在断层的防隔水煤柱在采动影响下应力场持续变化对其稳定性和工作面安全开采造成极大威胁的问题,方法以鹤壁中泰矿业有限公司3309工作面为工程地质背景,采用理论分析、正交试验和FLAC3D数值模拟试验,研究定向爆破应力转移保护防隔水煤柱的影响因素以及不同切顶深度和切顶角度下防隔水煤柱内部应力分布特征。结果结果表明:随着切顶角度和切顶深度增加,垂直应力集中区逐渐向深部转移,但当切顶深度和切顶角度达到一定数值后,继续增加切顶角度或切顶深度对应力集中区位置及垂直应力峰值影响不再明显,对比不同方案防隔水煤柱内部测线数据可知,当切顶深度为15 m、切顶角度为15°时,应力集中区距回风巷距离最远,最远距离为19.76 m,应力峰值最小,最小值为15.65 MPa。结论采用定向爆破技术可以实现切顶卸压应力转移,能够阻断回风巷上覆岩层与防隔水煤柱周边岩层的联系,将防隔水煤柱靠近回风巷一侧应力向深部转移,以减少采动对防隔水煤柱的影响;现场工业性试验结果验证了选定方案切顶深度15 m、切顶角度15°的合理性,防隔水煤柱内部实现了应力转移,选定方案的成功应用有效提高了防隔水煤柱的稳定性,能够满足安全生产要求。研究结果可为类似地质条件下内部存在断层的防隔水煤柱的应力转移保护提供参考依据。

孔内多分段掏槽爆破数值模拟及实验研究

针对传统煤矿巷道掏槽爆破成本高、炮孔利用率低等问题,提出了一种孔内多分段掏槽爆破技术。通过采用ANSYS/AUTODYN数值模拟软件建立直眼掏槽、楔形掏槽和孔内多分段掏槽3组仿真模型,结合SPH算法进行仿真计算,对比分析了不同掏槽爆破模型的进尺效果,并针对孔内多分段掏槽爆破方法进行了现场缩比实验。研究表明:孔内多分段掏槽爆破模型理论上具有改善掘进面掏槽区自由面形态、破除岩石夹制力、增强爆破作用力等多种优点;仿真结果显示孔内多分段掏槽模型炮孔利用率可达97%,高于直眼掏槽和楔形掏槽;现场缩比实验结果表明,孔内多分段掏槽爆破进尺效果良好,最高可达100%,充分证明了孔内多分段掏槽爆破技术的优越性。

露天煤矿爆破参数对爆破块煤率及个别飞散物控制的试验研究

为了提升露天煤矿爆破效率与安全性,控制爆破块煤率及减少个别飞散物危害,本文系统介绍了露天煤矿概况及爆破参数优化试验设计,包括炸药单耗、孔距与排距对爆破块度的影响,以及爆破个别飞散物的控制措施。通过详细分析试验结果,揭示了各参数对爆破效果的具体影响,并提出了优化建议。研究结果表明,合理调整炸药单耗与孔排距参数能显著提升合格块煤率,并有效控制爆破飞散物距离,为露天煤矿高效、安全生产提供了科学依据。

A rapid approach for isolating a single fungal spore from rice blast diseased leaves

Single spore isolation is a fundamental approach in plant pathology and mycology to isolate and identify plant fungal pathogens from diseased samples.However,routine single spore isolation procedure is time-consuming and has a high risk of contamination by other microorganisms.In this study,we developed a rapid approach for isolating a single spore of the fungal pathogen,Pyricularia oryzae,from rice blast diseased leaves in the paddy field with low potential of contamination.First,rice blast leaves with single lesions were selected in the paddy field,and a single lesion was cut out and pressed and dragged gently across the surface of water agar.Next,a germinated single spore with a barely visible piece of agar was cut out of water agar with a dissecting needle under a stereomicroscope at approximately 120-fold magnification.Last,the germinated single spore with water agar was transferred onto oatmeal tomato agar for growth and preservation.Based on our experience,a skilled technician or student can successfully isolate single spore from over 150 independent diseased samples with nearly no contaminations in a single working day.This approach is also suitable for isolating single spore from other fungal disease samples that produce abundant aerial conidia.

从新冠病毒起源到BLAST工具的正确实践

基本局部比对搜索工具(basic local alignment search tool,BLAST)是核酸或蛋白质序列相似性分析最常用的工具之一。因为程序涉及参数较多,一些学生和研究者有时不根据实际情况也不阅读说明书就直接选择默认参数,可能会得出错误结论。BLAST可以进行核酸、蛋白质序列及其相互间的比对,一些低年级学生会有困惑,不知如何进行程序的选择等问题。鉴于这些情况,笔者尝试用2020年初网络的热议话题"新冠病毒极有可能源于实验室"作为引子吸引学生注意力,通过复现并从理论上初步分析其错误,以及产生错误的原因来达到让本科生快速熟悉BLAST的使用及易错点,达到BLAST理论教学的目的。在实验课中,虚构恐龙基因,即一个小组在基因中插入"密码",由另一小组解开"密码",通过小组间利用BLAST工具进行加密与解密的趣味活动,从而加深对程序正确选择的理解,同时巩固了理论教学内容。此教学设计利用当下新冠病毒起源的热点话题不仅提高了学生的学习兴趣,同时也帮助他们利用该工具解决实际问题,培养了学生利用专业知识进行言论分辨的能力。希望此文能对BLAST工具的正确使用和新医科背景下生物医学教学有所启发和帮助。

长脉宽爆炸波与圆柱壳作用的波系演化与载荷分布特征

长脉宽爆炸波与结构作用的波传播及其载荷分布规律是大型爆炸防护设计与安全评估的重要基础。为了掌握长脉宽爆炸波与圆柱壳的相互作用机制及其作用下圆柱壳表面的载荷分布规律,开展了100 ms级冲击波圆柱绕流的激波管试验,并采用大涡模拟方法和高阶WENO-TCD(weighted essentially non-oscillatory-tuned centered difference)混合格式进一步对150 ms长脉宽冲击波与圆柱作用过程的波系演化与压力分布进行了数值分析。结果表明:数值仿真与压力实测结果吻合较好,长脉宽作用下圆柱壳载荷分布呈现出明显的角度和高度相关性,背面压力高于侧面甚至与迎爆面相当,具有不同于传统短脉宽冲击波传播中的压力衰减模式。流场的压力云纹和波系三维结构演化揭示了侧端面的突然扩张是压力初期震荡及相比于正面和背面压力更低的主要原因;系列绕射激波在壳体背面碰撞与反射,以及序列减速激波在135°相位附近的驻定与叠加作用,是引起背面压力呈现出载荷整体提升的主要机制。此外,背风面上尾涡结构的形成与演化过程受边界效应的影响是导致长脉宽圆柱壳载荷分布沿高度方向出现差异的关键因素。

武钢一号高炉工业遗产的文旅体验设计策略及实践研究

武钢工业建设史是新中国工业现代化建设历程的重要组成部分,一号高炉现在作为武钢代表性的红色工业遗产,蕴涵着丰富的资源及价值。通过实地调研分析一号高炉的现状,梳理场景载体、用户旅程来分析用户痛点,洞察用户在体验过程中产生的需求,引入用户体验五层次理论,围绕工业遗产场景在文旅体验中具体应用的侧重点,提出功能型产品与信息型产品的设计策略。继而从用户旅程的数字触点出发,设计“悟钢”数字小程序,依托场景以及现有资源来增强用户的情境感知与互动体验,为传承武钢红色工业文化以及如何利用红色工业遗产资源提供了新的思考方式和实践方法。

基于知识与数据相结合的高炉炉温融合预测

针对复杂高炉冶炼过程具有大滞后等特点,为提高高炉炉温预测精度,提出一种经验知识与数据相结合的炉温融合预测方法。首先,根据高炉经验知识,分析各变量在高炉内的滞后关系,以及在滞后时间内停留在高炉内部形成的累积关系,累积量对当前炉温造成的影响。通过累积量进行相关性分析,合理地确定输入变量。然后,将铁水温度与铁水硅含量融合来更好地表征炉温。最后,通过神经网络利用累积量作为输入建立经验知识与数据相结合的高炉炉温融合预测模型。实验中使用某钢厂高炉生产数据进行仿真,结果表明累积量模型具有良好的性能,可为高炉炉温预测提供新思路。

水下爆炸冲击下箱型隧道结构破坏试验及数值模拟

针对水下爆炸荷载作用下混凝土隧道结构的动态响应、损伤演化及其破坏问题,本文采取室内模型试验与数值计算相结合的方法,根据东湖水下隧道设计了比尺为40∶1的试件,开展了水下箱型混凝土隧道缩比模型的爆炸试验,通过监测应变信号,比较了不同乳化炸药当量下混凝土隧道试件的动态响应规律,通过测量破坏范围的大小、裂缝扩展的长度,调查了箱型隧道缩比模型试件在水下爆破荷载作用下的破坏形式;采用ANSYS/LSDYNA中S-ALE算法对试验进行了1∶1建模仿真分析,对照试验数据及破坏形态,发现模拟结果与试验结果基本一致,同时对仿真结果进一步分析得到了水下爆炸冲击波的传播完整过程和试件结构的变形规律,通过对测点应变、位移数据的统计分析,揭示了箱型隧道试件在爆炸荷载下的动态响应机理。结果表明:箱型混凝土隧道结构在横向上的应变远大于纵向上应变;隧道破坏位置主要集中在爆源附近区域以及结构转角位置,验证了S-ALE算法能够较为准确的模拟出水下爆炸下结构的动态响应及损伤演化。

掏槽爆破成腔空孔效应数值模拟研究与分析

掏槽爆破是巷道掘进单自由面爆破的关键。为探究空孔对掏槽爆破效果的影响,基于空孔作用理论,利用有限元-粒子流耦合方法,建立单空孔掏槽爆破三维数值模型,并结合现场掏槽爆破试验结果,分析多段掏槽爆破空孔附近岩石应力分布特征,岩石破碎、抛掷及槽腔成形过程对空孔响应规律。研究结果表明:空孔对近场岩石应力场的分布具有导向作用,并在空孔周围形成明显的应力集中效应,增加应力高峰值区范围,进而为后续爆破提供有利条件;岩石抛掷效果以及槽腔大小与空孔之间表现出强相关性,单空孔掏槽爆破与无空孔相比,抛掷速度提升34.7%,抛掷效率提高了10.2%,现场试验中腔体体积增加17.1%,掏槽深度增加了16.3%,但槽腔整体形状变化不明显;研究结果对实际掏槽爆破参数设计和优化提供了部分理论依据。

大断面超浅埋偏压铁路隧道爆破施工控制与振动传播规律研究

针对山岭隧道洞身浅埋段地形偏压、围岩风化严重、爆破施工风险高等问题。首先,通过岩石力学性能试验获取砂泥岩互层区岩石的物理和力学参数;其次,对超浅埋偏压隧道开展爆破全过程仿真分析,研究适用于超浅埋偏压隧道爆破施工的参数优化方法;在此基础上,提出超浅埋偏压隧道安全施工综合减振措施并对其减振效果进行分析;最后,对采用综合减振措施施工的超浅埋偏压隧道开展爆破振动试验与现场监测,并研究在砂泥岩互层区的爆破振动传播规律。结果表明:采用优化段间延时爆破、改变楔形掏槽孔形式以及调整楔形掏槽孔布设位置的综合减振措施后,超浅埋偏压段峰值振速得到控制,平均减振率近30.00%;现场试验结果与数值模拟结果中爆破主频频率主要集中在10~50 Hz,且各测点振速均在安全允许质点振速内;现场爆破试验后试验掌子面破岩效果良好,围岩未出现超欠挖情况,岩壁稳定;测点距离爆源越近,受地形影响越小,数值模拟数据与实测数据的拟合率就越高,最高拟合率达98.82%;基于量纲原理建立的考虑岩性、高程差和坡度的爆破振速预测公式与现场爆破振动试验数据拟合精度更高,其相关性高达0.92。研究成果可用于指导超浅埋偏压隧道爆破振动响应的控制,同时也为该类工程的顺利开展提供一定的科学借鉴。

砂浆试块在动静荷载下的裂纹扩展试验及数值分析

为研究深埋隧道在钻爆法开挖时的岩体裂纹扩展规律,建立了2个由多个水泥砂浆试块组成的可模拟节理分布和施加不同应力的组合模型,分别命名为模型1和模型2,模型尺寸为180 cm×80 cm×25 cm(长×宽×高),其中,母体尺寸为60 cm×80 cm×25 cm,母体两侧分别为单条节理和多条节理块体,通过施加不同静应力,分析了9次累计爆破产生的动荷载对砂浆试块母体沿静加载方向裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:当静应力从0.5 MPa增加到5 MPa时,两个模型上表面都产生了沿静应力加载方向的裂纹,其主裂纹扩展方向与静应力加载方向之间形成了夹角,且裂纹长度大于60 cm,在模型1底部形成了爆破漏斗轮廓,直径约30 cm,未脱落,而模型2底部形成了直径约52 cm、深10 cm的漏斗,且漏斗已脱落。数值分析验证了不同静应力对爆破裂纹扩展方向有导向作用,与模型试验结果完全一致,所不同的是数值计算的主裂纹长度小于模型试验的裂纹长度,分析了造成这种偏差的原因。