Design of Ka-Band Phased Array Antenna with Calibration Function

In this paper,we have proposed a novel structure of Ka-band based phased array antenna with calibration function.In the design of Kaband antenna,the active phased array system is adopted and the antenna would work in the dual polarization separation mode.We have given out the schematic diagram for the proposed Ka-band antenna,where the Kaband antenna is in the form of waveguide slot array antenna,with 96 units in azimuth and 1 unit in distance.Each group of units is driven by a singlechannel Transmitter/Receiver(T/R)component,and the whole array contains 192 T/R components in total.The size of the T/R component is 55mm(length)×50mm(width)×5.8mm(height),3 Sub-micro Sub-Miniature Push-on(SSMP)blind sockets and a 21-core low-frequency socket are designed on the two sides of the T/R component.In order to meet the technical specifications of phased array antenna,the Ka-band transceiver component is designed based on Low Temperatrue Co-fired Ceramic(LTCC)technology to achieve miniaturization and lightweight.In our approach,the feed network includes two parts:transceiver network and calibration network.The transceiver network consists of 241:8 time-delay power dividers,12 two-way power dividers and 2 six-way time-delay power dividers.The power supply required by theKaband antenna unit is provided to each active component by the power module after Ka band wavelet control distribution.Simulation and measurement results are given in the form of standing wave and scanning capability.

A Compact Ka-Band PHEMT MMIC Voltage Controlled Oscillator

A compact Ka-band monolithic microwave integrated circuit(MMIC) voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with wide tuning range and high output power,which is based on GaAs PHEMT process,is presented.A method is introduced to reduce the chip size and to increase the bandwidth of operation.The procedure to design a MMIC VCO is also described here.The measured oscillating frequency of the MMIC VCO is 36±1.2GHz and the output power is 10±1dBm.The fabricated MMIC chip size is 1.3mm×1.0mm.

A Ka-Band PHEMT MMIC 1W Power Amplifier

The performance of a microwave monolithic integrated circuit .（MMIC） amplifier with high output power in the Ka-band is presented. Using 75mm 0.25μm GaAs PHEMT technology provided by the Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute, this three-stage power amplifier, with a chip size of 19.25mm^2 （3.5mm × 5.5mm）, on 100μm GaAs substrate achieves a linear gain of more than 16dB in the 32.5-35.5GHz frequency range,with an average output power at 1dB gain compression of P1dB = 29. 8dBm and a maximum saturated output power of Psat = 31dBm.

Performance Analysis and Simulation of Higher Order Modulations for Ka-Band Fixed Satellite Communication

The performance analysis and simulation of spectrally efficient modulation schemes , MPSK and MQAM, for Ka-band fixed satellite communication system are provided. The effects of bandwidth limitation, nonlinearityity distortion and adjacent channel interference (ACI) in Ka-band satellite channel corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) are taken into account. The analytical expressions of the HER of coherent MPSK and MQAM signal are obtained and shown to be in good agreement with the simulation results.

A Ka-band Solid-state Transmitter Cloud Radar and Data Merging Algorithm for Its Measurements

This study concerns a Ka-band solid-state transmitter cloud radar, made in China, which can operate in three different work modes, with different pulse widths, and coherent and incoherent integration numbers, to meet the requirements for cloud remote sensing over the Tibetan Plateau. Specifically, the design of the three operational modes of the radar（i.e., boundary mode M1, cirrus mode M2, and precipitation mode M3） is introduced. Also, a cloud radar data merging algorithm for the three modes is proposed. Using one month＇s continuous measurements during summertime at Naqu on the Tibetan Plateau,we analyzed the consistency between the cloud radar measurements of the three modes. The number of occurrences of radar detections of hydrometeors and the percentage contributions of the different modes＇ data to the merged data were estimated.The performance of the merging algorithm was evaluated. The results indicated that the minimum detectable reflectivity for each mode was consistent with theoretical results. Merged data provided measurements with a minimum reflectivity of -35 dBZ at the height of 5 km, and obtained information above the height of 0.2 km. Measurements of radial velocity by the three operational modes agreed very well, and systematic errors in measurements of reflectivity were less than 2 dB. However,large discrepancies existed in the measurements of the linear depolarization ratio taken from the different operational modes.The percentage of radar detections of hydrometeors in mid- and high-level clouds increased by 60% through application of pulse compression techniques. In conclusion, the merged data are appropriate for cloud and precipitation studies over the Tibetan Plateau.

Microphysical characteristics of precipitating cumulus cloud based on airborne Ka-band cloud radar and droplet measurements

Based on cloud-probe data and airborne Ka-band cloud radar data collected in Baoding on 5 August 2018,the microphysical structural characteristics of cumulus(Cu)cloud at the precipitation stage were investigated.The cloud droplets in the Cu cloud were found to be significantly larger than those in stratiform(STF)cloud.In the Cu cloud,most cloud particles were between 7 and 10μm in diameter,while in the STF cloud the majority of cloud particles grew no larger than 2μm.The sensitivity of cloud properties to aerosols varied with height.The cloud droplet effective radius showed a negative relationship with the aerosol number concentration(Na)in the cloud planetary boundary layer(PBL)and upper layer above the PBL.However,the cloud droplet concentration(Nc)varied little with decreased Na in the high liquid water content region above 1500 m.High Na values of between 300 and 1853 cm-3 were found in the PBL,and the maximum Na was sampled near the surface in August in the Hebei region,which was lower than that in autumn and winter.High radar reflectivity corresponded to large FCDP(fast cloud droplet probe)particle concentrations and small aerosol particle concentrations,and vice versa for low radar reflectivity.Strong updrafts in the Cu cloud increased the peak radius and Nc,and broadened cloud droplet spectrum;lower air temperature was favorable for particle condensational growth and produced larger droplets.

AN ADAPTIVE FEC SCHEME FOR Ka-BAND SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

Rain attenuation is the major problem for Ka-band satellite communications, and the fading due to rain can be well described by a lognormally distributed, first-order auto regressive model. Forward Error-control Coding (FEC) techniques can be used to reduce the effect of the rain attenuation, but the use of FEC causes a reduction in the bandwidth efficiency.In order to increase the bandwidth efficiency as well as maintain high link availability, an Adaptive Forward Error-control Coding (AFEC) scheme with rain fading prediction is proposed and analyzed in this paper. The results show that AFEC offers a good trade-off between link availability and bandwidth efficiency.

三个传输零点的三阶LTCC Ka-band窄带滤波器

本文介绍了一种基于LTCC(低温共烧陶瓷)技术的Ka波段三阶窄带滤波器,中心频率35.78GHz,带宽0.8GHz(2.24%),带内插损小于0.1dB(未考虑介质和金属损耗)。并且在输入输出端口、各枝节之间引入交调耦合分量,在带外形成三个传输零点,带外抑制EM仿真结果为:>20dB@f>36.9GHz,>30dB@f<34.9GHz。此滤波器可用于毫米波收发组件中,对镜频信号和杂波进行抑制。

Ka频段车载遥感站天线伺服控制系统设计

针对Ka频段7.3 m车载遥感站天线高精度标校、窄波束跟踪等应用需求,提出一种多数据源融合的跟踪控制方法。该方法采用双GPS/北斗定北和太阳标校相结合的角度校准方法,提高了天线捕获概率,解决了车载站天线难捕获以及车载站转场后伺服高精度角度标校的问题;综合利用天线系统中的接收机跟踪误差数据、程序跟踪点位数据、外部引导角度数据和天线实时角度测量数据,通过自适应加权最小二乘方法进行数据融合跟踪,提高了车载站天线伺服控制系统跟踪精度和跟踪性能。测试结果表明,组合标校方法实现天线外场角度标校精度优于0.02°;多源融合跟踪与单一数据源跟踪相比,伺服控制系统跟踪误差减小了30%以上,跟踪精度优于1/15个波束宽度。验证了组合标校和多源融合跟踪方法的有效性,可用于指导大口径高频段遥感接收天线伺服控制系统设计。

Ka频段卫通收发共口径多波束相控阵封装天线设计

为满足卫星通信中双频共口径、高集成、多波束等要求,提出了一种基于封装天线(Antenna in Package, AIP)架构的Ka频段收发共口径多波束相控阵天线。天线以双频堆叠微带单元的形式实现了收发共口径,并通过天线集成滤波器保证了收发通道的隔离度优于44 dB。在±60°范围内,64元接收阵增益优于17.4 dB,128元发射阵增益优于20.2 dB,具有良好的波束扫描性能。为获得收发多波束一片式集成,在收发(Transmitter/Receiver, T/R)组件中使用晶圆级三维系统集成封装(Three Dimensions System in Package, 3D-SIP)并结合微凸点的制备技术,保证了系统级芯片(System-on-Chip, SOC)的高密度二次集成。高低频混压技术同样被应用于阵面、收发网络、控制供电链路的多层板集成。所提多波束的相控阵天线新架构具有高密度集成TR组件、多波束一体化、高效散热等特点,在卫星通信和数据链等方面具有广阔的应用前景。

Study of the ability of SWOT to detect sea surface height changes caused by internal solitary waves

Surface Water and Ocean Topography(SWOT)is a next-generation radar altimeter that offers high resolution,wide swath,imaging capabilities.It has provided free public data worldwide since December 2023.This paper aims to preliminarily analyze the detection capabilities of the Ka-band radar interferometer(KaRIn)and Nadir altimeter(NALT),which are carried out by SWOT for internal solitary waves(ISWs),and to gather other remote sensing images to validate SWOT observations.KaRIn effectively detects ISW surface features and generates surface height variation maps reflecting the modulations induced by ISWs.However,its swath width does not completely cover the entire wave packet,and the resolution of L2/L3 level products(about 2 km)cannot be used to identify ISWs with smaller wavelengths.Additionally,significant wave height(SWH)images exhibit blocky structures that are not suitable for ISW studies;sea surface height anomaly(SSHA)images display systematic leftright banding.We optimize this imbalance using detrending methods;however,more precise treatment should commence with L1-level data.Quantitative analysis based on L3-level SSHA data indicates that the average SSHA variation induced by ISWs ranges from 10 cm to 20 cm.NALTs disturbed by ISWs record unusually elevated SWH and SSHA values,rendering the data unsuitable for analysis and necessitating targeted corrections in future retracking algorithms.For the normalized radar cross section,Ku-band and four-parameter maximum likelihood estimation retracking demonstrated greater sensitivity to minor changes in the sea surface,making them more suitable for ISW detection.In conclusion,SWOT demonstrates outstanding capabilities in ISW detection,significantly advancing research on the modulation of the sea surface by ISWs and remote sensing imaging mechanisms.

Ka频段全机动综合测控系统无人机标校设计与应用

任务前的系统标校和跟踪验证是Ka频段全机动综合测控系统需要完成的重要工作。Ka频段全机动综合测控系统机动性强,同时支持陆地机动测控和海上测控需求。系统布站位置灵活,布站地无标校塔,无法采用传统固定标校塔方法进行系统标校和跟踪验证。无人机平台机动灵活,搭载Ka频段信标机和校零变频器设备后,不仅可用于完成Ka频段全机动综合测控系统静态情况下的校相、距离校零和跟踪验证工作,还可满足系统机动测控情况下的跟踪验证需求。本文设计了无人机测试标校系统,满足Ka频段全机动综合测控系统在任意布站位置展开标校和跟踪验证工作,并进行了机动情况下的测控跟踪验证。经实测,“动中测”的测量精度满足要求,为机动型测控系统提供了一种新的跟踪验证手段,具有良好的应用前景。

Ka波段连续波9 W GaN功率放大器

本文研制了一款采用0.15μm碳化硅基氮化镓功率MMIC工艺的Ka波段连续波功率放大器芯片。功率放大器采用了3级共源级联结构。输出级采用了16个晶体管进行功率合成,有效地分散了热分布,输出匹配网络采用低损耗拓扑架构,保证了输出功率与附加效率。级间匹配采用了最大增益匹配,同时兼顾了小信号增益平坦度。在28 GHz~30 GHz内,小信号增益为25 dB,28 V偏置电压下连续波输出功率大于39 dBm,功率增益为17 dB,附加效率大于25%,热阻为1.41℃/W。输出功率为35 dBm时,IMD 3小于-25 dBc,芯片面积为3.0 mm×3.1 mm。

Ka波段双模螺旋线行波管的研制

本文介绍了一种Ka波段双模螺旋线行波管的研制情况,其工作频率范围为32~38GHz,工作电压为9.5kV,低模工作比为70%,峰值输出功率为150~200W;高模工作比为10%,峰值输出功率为300~400W。该Ka波段双模螺旋线行波管具有工作电压低、快速启动、可无环控工作的特点,适用于航外有源诱饵弹等多种应用场景。

一种毫米波全频段正交模耦合器研究

为满足超宽带收发信机应用需求,提出了一种基于十字转门结构的改进型Ka全频段正交模耦合器。首先,为了提升宽带性能同时减小结构复杂度,设计了一种三阶E面弯波导以及一种阶梯型E面波导功分器,以实现对称的全E面结构设计。其次,提出了一种连接波导长度设计准则,保证了两种正交模式的相位一致性。该设计避免了切割十字转门结构,且剖分装配块的总数不超过四,大幅降低了加工容差、装配精度要求。实测结果表明,在26 GHz~40 GHz(42%)范围内,该正交模耦合器回波损耗优于20 dB,正交隔离度优于50 dB,插入损耗低于0.4 dB,两种模式传输路径相位差低于5°。实测性能与全波仿真结果具有良好的一致性。

一种Ka频段圆极化宽波束天线设计

文章针对常规频段越来越拥挤的频谱问题,突破思维定式,超越常规频段,设计了一种Ka频段圆极化宽波束天线。该天线主体辐射结构为单馈点圆极化方形贴片微带天线,并通过金属腔体扩展辐射波束。对天线的电性能进行了仿真分析,仿真结果表明:天线在29.5CHz~30.5CHz范围内电压驻波比小于2,在典型频点值30GHz下辐射右旋圆极化波,可以提高天线的抗干扰能力和接收信号的能力,天线的3dB波束宽度大于等于130°,是常规天线3dB波束宽度的两倍,可以在极广空域内辐射接收能量。

一种Ka频段双通道遥测设备的无杆标校方法研究

Ka频段双通道遥测设备的和、差通道存在相位差,并且随环境变化而变化,需要在基带终端通过校相才能实现相位差的校正,最终完成对目标的自主跟踪。在靶场中,以往都是通过架设标校杆进行基带校相,这种方法可以实现相位标校的目的,但是随着遥测设备作战领域已经向深海、高原等区域拓展,受到这些特殊位置环境等对架设标校杆的种种限制。本文重点研究了在高原环境下,不架设标杆校,通过偏馈天线发射信号,实现和、差通道相位零值标定的目的。本文给出了基于偏馈天线的无杆标校原理和方法,并通过实验验证了本文方法的有效性。

一次层状云弱降水过程的机载Ka波段云雷达探测特征分析

利用2019年11月17日一次层状云系弱降水过程中获取的机载Ka波段云雷达(Ka-band precipitation cloud radar,KPR)和云粒子测量系统(droplet measurement technologies,DMT)资料,将利用云粒子谱正演得到的雷达反射率因子(Z_(c))与KPR探测值(Z_(m))进行对比,并对影响两者偏差的成因进行探讨分析。结果发现:(1)在层状云内部,Z_(c)与Z_(m)有很好的一致性,两者之间的偏差和均方根偏差分别为4.1 dBZ和4.3 dBZ。(2)在KPR径向速度变化和速度谱宽较大的区域,或在云层比较薄的区域,Z_(c)与Z_(m)之间的偏差和均方根偏差变大,但在雷达反射率因子的变化趋势上有较好的一致性。(3)云粒子数浓度(N_(c))、云粒子有效直径和云中液态水含量的变化均对Z_(c)与Z_(m)之间的偏差有一定的影响,但偏差总体控制在±10 dBZ范围内。随着N_(c)的增大,两者之间的偏差变小,当N_(c)>200 cm^(-3)时,偏差大于10 dBZ的时次极少。当有效直径在50~230μm、液态水含量在0.15~0.50 g·m^(-3)范围内时,Z_(c)<Z_(m);当有效直径大于230μm、液态水含量大于0.50 g·m^(-3)时,Z_(c)>Z_(m)。

基于TSV技术的Ka频段硅基天线设计

TSV(Through-Silicon Via硅通孔)技术是现代集成电路设计的新型工艺。基于此工艺,针对射频通信系统小型化、高集成度的要求分别设计了工作于Ka频段的硅基多端口天线和单端口集成天线。整体结构采用CPW(Co-Planar Waveguide共面波导)和TSV结合的方式实现了对天线的馈电。在此基础上,分别设计了中心频率为35GHz的2X2四端口天线阵和中心频率为35.5GHz的单端口集成天线。仿真结果表明,天线阵列的相对带宽分别为2.88%和6.56%,增益约为4.57dBi和4.06dBi。

A Ka-band wide locking range frequency divider with high injection sensitivity

This paper proposes a direct injection-locked frequency divider（ILFD） with a wide locking range in the Ka-band. A complementary cross-coupled architecture is used to enhance the overdriving voltage of the switch transistor so that the divider locking range is extended efficiently. New insights into the locking range and output power are proposed. A new method to analyze and optimize the injection sensitivity is presented and a layout technique to reduce the parasitics of the cross-coupled transistors is applied to decrease the frequency shift and the locking range degradation. The circuit is designed in a standard 90-nm CMOS process. The total locking range of the ILFD is 43.8% at 34.5 GHz with an incident power of –3.5 dBm. The divider IC consumes 3.6 mW of power at the supply voltage of 1.2 V. The chip area including the pads is 0.50.5 mm2.