Morphological Structure and Genetic Mapping of New Leaf-Color Mutant Gene in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Leaf-color mutations are a widely-observed class of mutations, playing an important role in the study of chlorophyll biosynthesis and plant chloroplast structure, function, genetics and development. A naturally-occurring leaf-color rice mutant, Baihuaidao 7, was analyzed. Mutant plants typically exhibited a green-white-green leaf-color progression, but this phenotype was only expressed in the presence of a stress signal induced by mechanical scarification such as transplantation. Prior to the appearance of white ~eaves, mutant plant growth, leaf color, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast ultrastructure appeared to be identical to those of the wild type. After the changeover to white leaf color, an examination of the mutated leaves revealed a decrease in total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content, a reduction in the number of chloroplast grana lamella and grana, and a gradual degradation of the thylakoid lamellas. At maturity, the mutant plant was etiolated and dwarfed compared with wild-type plants. Genetic analysis indicated that the leaf mutant character is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. Genetic mapping of the mutant gene was performed using an F2 population derived from a Baihuaidao 7 ~ Jiangxi 1587 cross. The mutant gene was mapped to rice chromosome 11, positioned between InDel markers L59.2-7 and L64.8-11, which are separated by approximately 740.5 kb. The mutant gene is believed to be a new leaf-color mutant gene in rice, and is tentatively designated as gwgl.

EFFECT OF STRESS-INDUCED REACTIONS ON MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND PROCESSABILITY OF PVC DURING PAN-MILLING

The effect of pan-milling on morphological structure,processability and properties of PVC was studied throughSEM,FTIR,granulometer,GPC and mechanical properties test in the hope of gaining ease in operation,needless ofplasticizers,a clean and efficient route for improving the processability of PVC through stress-induced reactions,fulfilling the idea of“plasticizing PVC by itself”.The experimental results show that during pan-milling at ambienttemperature,within 2-3 min,the microcrystalline structure of PVC becomes indistinct,the grain size of PVC is reducedfrom 130-160 μm to 1-50 μm the molecular weight of PVC is slightly decreased,the variation of molecular weightdistribution is indistinct,the plasticizing time and torque at balance drop a great deal from 71-132 s to 31-33 s and from18.2-22.1 Nm to 14.7-18.4 Nm,respectively,the processability of PVC is markedly improved,and the mechanicalproperties get enhanced too.

EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF AMINOMETHYL POLYSTYRENE RESIN ON THE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERSUPPORTED RUTHENIUM COMPLEXES

Polymer-supported ruthenium complexes ■-Phen-Ru-①,■-Phen-Ru-②,■-Phen-Ru-③,■-Phen-Ru-④, ■-Phen-Ru-⑤,■-Phen-Ru-⑥and ■-Phen-Ru-⑦were prepared using aminomethyl polystyrenes of different morphological structures as supports.A variety of alcohols were oxidized efficiently into the corresponding ketones, carboxylic acids or aldehydes with iodosylbenzene (PhIO) catalyzed by aminomethyl polystyrene-supported ruthenium complexes under mild reaction conditions in acetonitrile.The influences of morphological structure...

SYNTHESIS AND MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF POLY (PHENYLENE SULFIDE AMIDE)

Poly(phenylene sulfide amide) (PPSA) has been synthesized by using sulfur as S source which reacts with dichlorobenzamide (DCBA) and alkali in polar organic solvent at the atmospheric pressure. The polymer structures were determined by elemental analysis, FT-IR and H-1-NMR. It is shown that the yielded polymer has linear structure and its structure unit is -p-C6H4-CONH -p-C6H4-S-. The polymer morphology was studied by X-ray diffraction and polarized microscopy. The results show that PPSA is a crystalline polymer and its spherulites are the aggregation of nontwisting lamella or micro-thread structure. Under shearing force, these crystals are dispersed to form micro-fibrillar structure. The decomposition kinetics of PPSA was also studied at different heating rates. The decomposition energy of PPSA is higher than that of PPS.

MISCIBILITY AND MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF BIODEGRADABLE BLEND OF POLY(β—HYDROXYBUTYRATE)AND POLY(D,L—LACTIDE)

The poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,1-lactide)(PHB/PLA)blend was found to be immiscible,the melting point and the phase crystallinity of PHB were independent of the blend composition.Comparing with plain PHB,the blend exhibited the crystallization change and a certain improvement of the mechanical property.

Effect of Cryopreservation on DNA Integrity and Morphological Structure of Boar Sperm

The paper was to explore the effect of cryopreservation on DNA integrity and morphological structure of boar sperm, and to explore the protective effect of trehalose and lactose on frozen boar sperm. The morphology, ultrastructure and DNA integrity of sperms were observed by phase contract microscope, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and acridine orange （AO） staining, respectively. The results showed that the normal morphological rate and DNA integrity rate of fro- zen sperms were significantly lower than that of fresh sperms （95.5% and 94.7%, respectively）, and the difference between two frozen groups was also significant （P 〈 0.05 ）. The normal morphological rates in trehalose group and lactose group were 74.7% and 67.6%, while DNA integrity rates in trehalose group and lactose group were 66.4% and 63.2%, respectively. The common deformations of frozen sperms under SEM were partial or complete fracture between head and neck, swollen neck_ dama=ed aemsome stnJetn~.

Advances in Research of Relationship between Morphological Structure and Yield of Castor

Castor is a cash crop with very wide adaptability in China,and its yield is closely related with its morphological structure.With reference to the research on the relationship between the morphological structure and yield of main cash crops such as rice,wheat and maize,this paper made a review of advances in the research of the relationship between castor variety characteristics,habitat conditions,dry matter distribution,cultivation measures.Finally,it present the research direction,content and route of the relationship between the morphological structure and yield of the castor in the future.

Inheritance of the Anatomy--Morphological Structure of the Stalk by Interspecific Hybrids of the Glycine L.

The research focuses on the study of anatomical and morphological stalk structure ofsoya interspecific hybrids of the third generation （F3） between （Glycine max （L.） Merr.） and G. soja Sieb. et Zucc. in comparison with parent plant species. The parent plant species and interspecific hybrids were sowed and grew under similar conditions. The similarity of the anatomic structure of stalks of cultivated plants and Glycine soja （wild soya） proves the hypothesis the studied species have the same origin. However, the obtained results show the considerable degree of phylogenetic dissociation between the studied soya species. Interspecific hybrids inherit from G. soja the ability to high intensive growth. The G. soja use in practical selective breeding is of great interest.

Review on modification routes for SnO_(x)-based anodes for Li storage:morphological structure tuning and phase structure design

Fascinating with high specific capacity and moderate lithiation potential,SnO_(x)-based materials have been intensively investigated as one of the most promising anodes for lithium-ion batteries.However,due to poor cycling stability,sluggish reaction kinetics,and limited electrochemical reaction reversibility,the development of SnO_(x)-based anodes has been hindered.And the current preparation and modification routes for SnO_(x)-based anodes lack direct and specific illustration.Herein,modification routes for SnO_(x)-based anodes have been emphasized.Firstly,to provide more direct instructions,the tuning routes of morphological structure for SnO_(x)-based electrodes(including slurry-based and self-supported)have been thoroughly discussed from the preparation perspective.Secondly,according to the properties of SnO_(x)-based anodes,the phase structure design ideas have also been properly classified and organized for addressing chemical reaction kinetics or thermodynamic issues.Finally,for future-oriented studies,new insights into the development and commercialization prospects of SnO_(x)-based anodes are also provided.This review,with comprehensive information on SnO_(x)-based anodes,aims to bring more specific guidance and valuable inspiration for peer researchers who are promoting the application of SnO_(x)-based materials for energy conversion and storage devices.

Research on Material and Morphological Structure of Venus Flytrap Trigger Hair

Venus flytrap can sense the very small insects that touch its tactile receptors,known as trigger hairs,and thus capture prey to maintain its nutrient demand.However,there are few studies on the trigger hair and its morphological structure and material properties are not fully understood.In this study,the trigger hair is systematically characterized with the help of diff erent instruments.Results show that trigger hair is a special cantilever beam structure and it has a large longitudinal diameter ratio.Besides,it is composed of a hair lever and a basal podium,and there is a notch near the hair base.The crosssection of the trigger hair is approximately a honeycomb structure,which is composed of many holes.Methods to measure mechanical properties of trigger hair are introduced in this paper.Based on the mechanical tests,trigger hair proved to be a variable stiff ness structure and shows a high sensitivity to the external force.These features can provide supports for the understanding of the high-sensitivity sensing mechanism of trigger hairs from the perspective of structure and material,and off er inspirations for the development of high-performance tactile sensors.

A Morphologically Structured Model for Mycelial Growth and Secondary Metabolite Formation

A morphologically structured model is proposed to describe the batch fermentation of lovastatin according to the growth kinetics of filamentous microorganisms. Three kinds of hyphae are considered in the model: actively growing hyphae, non-growing hyphae and deactivated hyphae. Furthermore, actively growing hyphae consist of three morphological compartments: apical compartment which gives rise to hyphal tip extension; subapical compartment which is related to hyphal branching; and hyphal compartment which is only responsible for secondary metabolite formation. The kinetics of mycelial growth mechanism is summarized and applied in modeling lovastatin fermentation. A Michaelis-Menten kinetic model with substrate inhibition is proposed for product formation. As expected, the model simulations fit well with experimental data obtained either from a laboratory scale 10L fer-menter or from a pilot-plant scale fermenter.

A Population Morphologically Structured Model for Microscopic Growth of Filamentous Microorganism

The growth of filamentous microorganism is contributed by tip extension and branching. The microscopic growth of filamentous microorganism means the growth process from one or a few spores. In order to describe the microscopic process, a population morphologically structured model is proposed, in which three morphological compartment and their interactions were considered, and the heterogeneity of hyphal growth was included. The model was applied to describe the microscopic growth of Streptomyces tendae and Geotrichum candidum with good agreement. From model prediction, it is concluded that if the number of hyphae is large enough (macroscopic growth), the specific growth rate of filamentous microorganism and the ratio of morphological forms in hyphae will become constant.

Structural,Morphological and Electrical Properties of In-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanostructure Thin Films Grown on p-Type Gallium Nitride by Simultaneous Radio-Frequency Direct-Current Magnetron Co-Sputtering

Zinc oxide （ZnO） is one of the most promising and frequently used semiconductor materials. In-doped nanos- tructure ZnO thin films are grown on p-type gallium nitride substrates by employing the simultaneous rf and dc magnetron co-sputtering technique. The effect of In-doping on structural, morphological and electrical properties is studied. The different dopant concentrations are accomplished by varying the direct current power of the In target while keeping the fixed radio frequency power of the ZnO target through the co-sputtering deposition technique by using argon as the sputtering gas at ambient temperature. The structural analysis confirms that all the grown thin films preferentially orientate along the c-axis with the wurtzite hexagonal crystal structure without having any kind of In oxide phases. The presenting Zn, 0 and In elements＇ chemical compositions are identified with EDX mapping analysis of the deposited thin films and the calculated M ratio has been found to decrease with the increasing In power. The surface topographies of the grown thin films are examined with the atomic force microscope technique. The obtained results reveal that the grown film roughness increases with the In power. The Hall measurements ascertain that all the grown films have n-type conductivity and also the other electrical parameters such as resistivity,mobility and carrier concentration are analyzed.

Optimization and Characterization of Combined Degumming Process of Typha angustata L. Stem Fibers

Plant derived natural fibers have been widely investigated as alternatives to synthetic fibers in reinforcing polymers.Researchers over the years have explored many plant fibers using different extraction processes to study their physical,chemical,and mechanical properties.In this context,the present study relates to the extraction,characterization,and optimization of Typha angustata L.stem fibers.For this purpose,desirability functions and response surface methodology were applied to simultaneously optimize the diameter(D),linear density(LD);yield(Y),lignin fraction(L),and tenacity(T)of Typha stem fibers.Typha stems have been subjected to both alkali(NaOH)and enzymatic(pectinex ultra-SPL)treatments.Three levels of process variables including enzyme concentration(10,15,and 20 ml/L)and treatment duration(10,15,and 20 days)were used to design the experiments according to the factorial design.Experimental results were examined by analysis of variance and fitted to second order polynomial model using multiple regression analysis.The Derringer’s desirability function released that the values of process variables generating optimized diameter,linear density,yield,lignin ratio and tenacity are 20 ml/L and 20 days for concentration of pectinex ultra-SPL enzyme and treatment duration,respectively.Confirmation was performed and high degree of correlation was found between the experimental and statistical values.Moreover,the morphological structure has been investigated by the scanning electron microscope,showing a crenelated structure of ultimate fiber bundles of cellulose composing the Typha fiber.Compared to Typha stem non-treated fibers(TSNTF),Typha stem combined treated fibers(TSCTF),brings to improve mechanical properties.This change in mechanical properties is affected by modifying the fiber structure showing alpha cellulose of(66.86%)and lignin ratio of(10.83%)with a crystallinity index of(58.47%).

Fabrication and characterization of multi-scale coated boron powders with improved combustion performance:A brief review

Boron has high mass and volume calorific values,but it is difficult to ignite and has low combustion efficiency.This literature review summarizes the strategies that are used to solve the above-mentioned problems,which include coatings of boron by using fluoride compounds,energetic composites,metal fuels,and metal oxides.Coating techniques include recrystallization,dual-solvent,phase transfer,electrospinning,etc.As one of the effective coating agents,the fluorine compounds can react with the oxide shell of boron powder.In comparison,the energetic composites can effectively improve the flame temperature of boron powder and enhance the evaporation efficiency of oxide film as a condensed product.Metals and metal oxides would react with boron powder to form metal borides with a lower ignition point,which could reduce its ignition temperature.

Morphological Characterization of Brazil Nut Tree (Bertholletia excelsa) Fruit Pericarp

This article presents the overall morphological structure of the Brazil nut tree(Bertholletia excelsa)fruit pericarp,from macro to nano scale.The acquired knowledge would be used for the development of new applications,like using the materials as fillers for biocomposites,or as a hierarchical architecture model for biomimetics.This research was performed using stereo and light microscopy and conventional and force field emission scanning electron microscopy.The pericarp presents three layers:the exocarp,a dark gray,brittle and fragile outer layer;the mesocarp,a beige,dry,rigid,impermeable and fibrous intermediate layer;and the endocarp,an inner layer with similar characteristic as the exocarp,but formed next to the seeds.Morphologically,the exocarp and the endocarp presented minor regions of sclereids,fibers and vascular cell bundles,inside major regions of parenchyma cells.The mesocarp presents a structure of fiber cells regions alternating with sclereids and vascular cells regions,arranged in a composite like arrangement,with the fibers cells bundles acting as randomly oriented disperse phases in a sclereid cells matrix.This arrangement was associated with the mesocarp relative superior proprieties,indicating a great material for using as fillers for biocomposites or in biomimetics applications.

Studies on the Crystallization Properties and Morphology Structure of the Cationic Dyeable Polypropylene Fibers

The crystallization properties and morphology structure of the cationic dyeable polypropylene fibers which were produced by the blending spinning method were studied by making use of X-ray and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It comes to the conclusions that the larger the crystallite size in the fibers is , the better the dyeable properties of the fibers are and there is a little compatibility between the dyeable agent and polypropylene resin. And the dye-uptake of the fibers may be up to 90% because the dyeable agent can uniformly be scattered in polypropylene.

Research on the Structure and Properties of Mulberry Fiber

The chemical ingredients, morphological structure and properties of mulberry fiber have been researched. The results show that the mulberry fiber is cellulose fiber. The crystal structure of mulberry fiber is cellulose I and the crystal cell belongs to the monoelinic system. The mulberry fiber crystal degree is 62.9% and orientation degree is 43.7%, the fineness of mulberry fiber is 2.3- 3.9 dtex, the length of the single fiber is 28 - 47 mm, the breaking strength of mulberry fiber is about 2.93 cN/dtex, and the initial modulus is about 76.82 cN/dtex.

Regional Effect of APS-sEPS on Intestinal Structure and Mucosal Immunity in Mice

[Objectives]The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of APS-sEPS(a polysaccharide compound of Astragalus polysaccharides and sulfated Epimedium polysaccharide)on intestinal mucosal immunity and structural morphology.[Methods]Firstly,the diarrhea model was established using the optimal dose of magnesium sulfate in mice.Then,the diarrhea mice were randomly divided into three groups and given either physiological saline(diarrhea model group)or injected with APS-sEPS or APS.The normal mice were selected as a control group.After administration,the duodenum,jejunum and ileum were processed microtome section,and observed for describing the small intestine morphology,villus height and crypt depth.The tissue homogenates of the duodenum,jejunum and ileum were gathered to detect the changes of sIgA,IL-4 and IL-10.[Results]The results indicated that APS-sEPS could effectively relieve diarrhea in mice.In the APS-sEPS group,the villus heights of duodenum,jejunum and ileum were increased and the depth of crypt was reduced.The contents of IL-4,IL-10 and sIgA in jejunum and ileum in APS-sEPS group were significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).[Conclusions]These results indicated that APS-sEPS promoted the recovery of intestinal morphological structure and enhanced the mucosa immunity of the small intestine.

INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES FOR POLYMER SYSTEMS BASED ON DYNAMIC RHEOLOGICAL APPROACHES

The dynamic rheological measurements have been a preferred approach to the characterization of the structure and properties for multi-component or multi-phase polymer systems,due to its sensitive response to changes of structure for these heterogeneous polymers.In the present article,recent progresses in the studies on dynamic rheology for heterogeneous polymer systems including polymeric composites filled with inorganic particles,thermo-oxidized polyolefins,phase- separated polymeric blends and functional polymers with the scaling and percolation behavior are reviewed,mainly depending on the results by the authors' group.By means of rheological measurements,not only some new fingerprints responsible for the evolution of morphology and structure concerning these polymer systems are obtained,the corresponding results are also significant for the design and preparation of novel polymer-based composites and functional materials.