Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Heat Transfer of Methanation in Fluidized Bed for Pyrolysis and Gasification Syngas of Organic Solid Waste

Methanation is an effective way to efficiently utilize product gas generated from the pyrolysis and gasification of organic solid wastes.To deeply study the heat transfer and mass transfer mechanisms in the reactor,a successful three-dimensional comprehensive model has been established.Multiphase flow behavior and heat transfer mechanisms were investigated under reference working conditions.Temperature is determined by the heat release of the reaction and the heat transfer of the gas-solid flow.The maximum temperature can reach 951 K where the catalyst gathers.In the simulation,changes in the gas inlet velocity and catalyst flow rate were made to explore their effects on CO conversion rate and temperature for optimization purposes.As the inlet gas velocity increases from 2.78 to 4.79 m/s,the CO conversion rate decreases from 81.6%to 72.4%.However,more heat is removed from the reactor,and the temperature rise increases from 78.03 to 113.49 K.When the catalyst flow rate is increased from 7.18 to 17.96 kg/(m^(2)·s),the mass of the catalyst in the reactor is increased from 0.0019 to 0.0042 kg,and the CO conversion rate is increased from 66.8%to 81.5%.However,this increases the maximum temperature in the reactor from 940.0 to 966.4 K.

Influence of temperature fluctuation on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal organic solid waste

A laboratory-scale experiment was carried out to assess the influence of temperature fluctuation on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal organic solid waste （MOSW）. Heating failure was simulated by decreasing temperature suddenly from 55 ℃ to 20 ℃ suddenly, 2 h time is needed for temperature decrease and recovery. Under the conditions of 8.0 g/（L·d） and 15 d respectively for MOSW load and retention time, following results were noted： （1） biogas production almost stopped and VFA （volatile fatty acid） accumulated rapidly, accompanied by pH decrease; （2） with low temperature （20 ℃） duration of 1, 5, 12 and 24 h, it took 3, 11, 56 and 72 h for the thermophilic anaerobic digestion system to reproduce methane after temperature fluctuation, （3） the longer the low temperature interval lasted, the more the methanogenic bacteria would decay, hydrolysis, acidification and methanogenesis were all influenced by temperature fluctuation： （4） the thermophilic microorganisms were highly resilient to temperature fluctuation.

A Solvent-Free Covalent Organic Framework Single-Ion Conductor Based on Ion-Dipole Interaction for All-Solid-State Lithium Organic Batteries

Single-ion conductors based on covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have garnered attention as a potential alternative to currently prevalent inorganic ion conductors owing to their structural uniqueness and chemical versatility.However,the sluggish Li+conduction has hindered their practical applications.Here,we present a class of solvent-free COF single-ion conductors(Li-COF@P)based on weak ion-dipole interaction as opposed to traditional strong ion-ion interaction.The ion(Li+from the COF)-dipole(oxygen from poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate embedded in the COF pores)interaction in the Li-COF@P promotes ion dissociation and Li+migration via directional ionic channels.Driven by this single-ion transport behavior,the Li-COF@P enables reversible Li plating/stripping on Li-metal electrodes and stable cycling performance(88.3%after 2000 cycles)in organic batteries(Li metal anode||5,5’-dimethyl-2,2’-bis-p-benzoquinone(Me2BBQ)cathode)under ambient operating conditions,highlighting the electrochemical viability of the Li-COF@P for all-solid-state organic batteries.

Effect of semi-continuous water washing on the combustion behaviors of agricultural organic solid waste

Combustion of agricultural organic solid waste(AOSW)was an ideal solution for their resource utilization in view of their massive annual production and great potential for reduction of fossil fuel utilization.However,high alkali and alkaline earth metals(AAEMs)content in the feedstock can arose severe fouling and slagging issues and thus prohibiting its vast utilization.In this study,a semi-continuous water washing method was proposed to preliminarily remove AAEMs from agricultural organic solid waste and its effects on the combustion behaviors of washed solid product were investigated.Results showed that the combustion index S were improved to 2.63×10-6,over 68%of the total ashes were removed from the cotton stalk,and 96.3%,89.0%and 74.7%of K,Na and Mg were effectively removed,respectively.Moreover,the softening temperature of low temperature ash from the washed sample was as high as 1450◦C,538◦C higher than the low temperature ash from the original sample;the base acid ratio and fouling index were improved from high slagging and fouling risk(1.7 and 90.8)of the original organic solid waste to low and medium risk(0.4 and 3.5),respectively.All these results signified the contributing effect of proposed semi-continuous water washing method on the combustion of agricultural organic solid waste.In a word,this study provided a promising method for fouling and slagging inhibition during the agricultural organic solid waste combustion.

Relative carcinogenicity of tacrolimus vs mycophenolate after solid organ transplantation and its implications for liver transplant care

BACKGROUND De novo malignancy is a leading cause of late morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.Cumulative immunosuppression has been shown to contribute to post-transplant malignancy(PTM)risk.There is emerging evidence on the differential carcinogenic risk profile of individual immunosuppressive drugs,independent of the net effect of immunosuppression.Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus may promote tumourigenesis,whereas mycophenolic acid(MPA),the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil,may limit tumour progression.Liver transplantation(LT)is relatively unique among solid organ transplantation in that immunosuppression monotherapy with either tacrolimus or MPA is often achievable,which makes careful consideration of the risk-benefit profile of these immunosuppression agents particularly relevant for this cohort.However,there is limited clinical data on this subject in both LT and other solid organ transplant recipients.AIM To investigate the relative carcinogenicity of tacrolimus and MPA in solid organ transplantation.METHODS A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and Embase databases using the key terms“solid organ transplantation”,“tacrolimus”,“mycophenolic acid”,and“carcinogenicity”,in order to identify relevant articles published in English between 1st January 2002 to 11th August 2022.Related terms,synonyms and explosion of MeSH terms,Boolean operators and truncations were also utilised in the search.Reference lists of retrieved articles were also reviewed to identify any additional articles.Excluding duplicates,abstracts from 1230 records were screened by a single reviewer,whereby 31 records were reviewed in detail.Full-text articles were assessed for eligibility based on pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS A total of 6 studies were included in this review.All studies were large population registries or cohort studies,which varied in transplant era,type of organ transplanted and immunosuppression protocol used.Overall,there was no clear difference demonstrated between tacrolimus and MPA in de novo PTM risk following solid organ transplantation.Furthermore,no study provided a direct comparison of carcinogenic risk between tacrolimus and MPA monotherapy in solid organ transplantation recipients.CONCLUSION The contrasting carcinogenic risk profiles of tacrolimus and MPA demonstrated in previous experimental studies,and its application in solid organ transplantation,is yet to be confirmed in clinical studies.Thus,the optimal choice of immunosuppression drug to use as maintenance monotherapy in LT recipients is not supported by a strong evidence base and remains unclear.

Vaccination for solid organ transplanted patients:Recommendations,efficacy,and safety

Solid organ transplant recipients face unique challenges in managing their im-munosuppressed status,making vaccination a critical consideration.This review aimed to comprehensively analyze current recommendations,evaluate the effi-cacy of vaccinations in this population,and assess safety concerns.We explored the latest evidence on vaccine types,timing,and potential benefits for transplant patients,highlighting the importance of individualized approaches for routinely used vaccines as well as coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines.By synthesizing avai-lable data,this review underscored the pressing need to optimize vaccination strategies,ensuring that transplant recipients can obtain the full protection against many pathogens while minimizing risks associated with their post-transplant immunosuppression.

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste,such as livestock manure,sludge,antibiotic fermentation residues,and food waste,thus attracting great attention.Aerobic composting,which is an effective,harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling,has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction.However,the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial.Thus,this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years.ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media,including soil and the atmosphere,which could widen environmental risks.However,the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste.Improved composting processes,such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting,could effectively remove ARGs,and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors.Currently,during the composting process,ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways,(Ⅰ)“Microenvironment-ARGs”;(Ⅱ)“Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”;(Ⅲ)“Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”,respectively.Response pathway Ⅱ had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs.In response pathway Ⅲ,mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs.Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future.It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.

APPLICATION OF THE SULFONATE ESTER GROUP AS A LINKER FOR SOLID PHASE ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

A use of Sulfonate ester as a linker in synthesis of (-aminoalkanols was reported. Diols were tethered onto polystyryl sulfonyl chloride resin, yielding sulfonate resins (2). After cleaved by diethyl amine, diisopropylamine and propylamine respectively, three (-aminoalkanols were obtained.

Deciphering the Origin of Abiotic Organic Compounds on Earth:Review and Future Prospects

The geologic production of abiotic organic compounds has been the subject of increasing scientific attention due to their use in the global carbon flux balance,by chemosynthetic biological communities,and for energy resources.Extensive analysis of methane(CH_(4))and other organics in diverse geologic settings,combined with thermodynamic modelings and laboratory simulations,have yielded insights into the distribution of specific abiotic organic molecules on Earth and the favorable conditions and pathways under which they form.This updated and comprehensive review summarizes published results of petrological,thermodynamic,and experimental investigations of possible pathways for the formation of particular species of abiotic simple hydrocarbon molecules such as CH_(4),and of complex hydrocarbon systems,e.g.,long-chain hydrocarbons and even solid carbonaceous matters,in various geologic processes,distinguished into three classes:(1)pre-to early planetary processes;(2)mantle and magmatic processes;and(3)the gas/water-rock reaction processes in low-pressure ultramafic rock and high-pressure subduction zone systems.We not only emphasize how organics are abiotically synthesized but also explore the role or changes of organics in evolutionary geological environments after synthesis,such as phase transitions or organic-mineral interactions.Correspondingly,there is an urgent need to explore the diversity of abiotic organic compounds prevailing on Earth.

Rod-like Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) step-scheme heterostructure with oxygen vacancies synthesized by calcining the solid solution containing organic group

To improve separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs,constructing a heterojunction is considered to be a promising strategy.However,the fabrication of heterojunction via a facile route to achieve a substantial improvement in photocatalytic performance is still challenging.In this work,a well-designed nanosheet-based rodlike step-scheme(S-scheme)heterojunction Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) with rich oxygen vacancies(OVs)(Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2)-OV)was easily synthesized by calcining BiOAc0.6Br0.2I0.2(Ac-=CH3 COO-)precursor.The as-prepared Bi4O5I2/Bi4O5Br2-OV exhibited excellent visible light photocatalytic performance towards antibiotic tetracycline(TC)and dye rhodamine B(Rh B)degradation and removal rate reached 90.2% and 97.0%within 120 min,respectively,which was higher than those of Bi4O5I2-OV(56.8% and 71.8%),Bi4O5Br2-OV(47.4%and 68.4%),solid solution BiOAc0.6Br0.2I0.2(67.0% and 84.0%)and Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/Bi_(4)O_(5)Br_(2) with poor oxygen vacancies(Bi4O5I2/Bi4O5Br2-P)(30.6%and 40.4%).Owing to the release of heat and generation of reducing carbon during calcining the precursor with Ac-,it could not only reduce the generation temperature of Bi-rich bismuth oxyhalides,which thus decreased particle size and increased surface areas,but also introduce surface OVs,which could trap photoelectrons and inhibit the recombination of carriers.In addition,the calcination of single solid solution precursor benefited to the formation of well-alloyed interfaces with larger contact areas between 2D/2D nanosheet-like materials,which facilitates charge carriers transfer at the interfaces.The Bi4O5I2/Bi4O5Br2-OV also shows the desirable removal rate for TC and Rh B in actual wastewater or in the presence of some electrolytes.This study provides an effective and simple strategy for designing OVs modified Bi-rich oxyhalides heterojunctions.

Biocompatible Blends Based on Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)and Solid Organic Waste

This work is aimed at the development of new green composite materials through the incorporation of the solid organic waste(SOW)in a thermoplastic matrix.After being ground,the organic waste was exposed to a sterilization process,though an autoclave cycle,in order to obtain a complete removal of the bacterial activity.The SOW was found to have a high amount of water,about 65-70%,which made uneconomical its further treatment to reduce the water amount.Therefore,a water soluble polymer,poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)was chosen in order to produce SOW based blends.However,in order to reduce the viscosity of the PVA/SOW slurry,further amount of water was added.The very low viscosity attained by the water suspension allowed to process the PVA/SOW blends by a pressure-free process,for the production of samples,which were afterwards subjected to physical and mechanical characterization.Flexural tests showed the promising properties of the developed blends.In particular,the relevance of porosity was assessed.Increasing the water amount involved a signification increase of porosity,due to a faster water evaporation during processing.On the other hand,compared to neat PVA,addition of SOW allowed to significantly decrease the porosity of the produced samples.Despite this,the mechanical properties of the PVA/SOW blends were shown to be lower than those of neat PVA processed analogously.

Consideration and development of anaerobic fermentation equipment on solid organic rejectamenta

This article, based on investigation and analysis, existed anaerobic fermentation equipment, with a view to the production of high-latitude area, pointed out the thought of exploiting efficient anaerobic fermentation equipment, including： the settting independent equipment of acidogenic phase and methanogenic phase; the applying conbination of AF and UASB in methanogenic phase; adopting efficient sludge inverse flowing equipment and the technique of flora enrichment, and efficient method of saving energy and thermal retardation; adopting autocontrol which could make the equipment run efficiently and stably.

Women’s health issues in solid organ transplantation:Breast and gynecologic cancers in the post-transplant population

The success of solid organ transplant has steadily improved which has led to a unique set of post-transplant issues.The rates of de novo cancer in the solid organ transplant recipient population are higher than those in the general population.There is growing evidence that breast and gynecologic cancers may have a higher mortality rate in post-transplant patients.Cervical and vulvovaginal cancers specifically have a significantly higher mortality in this population.Despite this increased mortality risk,there is currently no consistent standard in screening and identifying these cancers in post-transplant patients.Breast,ovarian and endometrial cancers do not appear to have significantly increased incidence.However,the data on these cancers remains limited.Further studies are needed to determine if more aggressive screening strategies would be of benefit for these cancers.Here we review the cancer incidence,mortality risk and current screening methods associated with breast and gynecologic cancers in the post-solid organ transplant population.

Meningeal cryptococcosis in a pancreas transplant recipient requiring grafectomy: A case report

BACKGROUND Through continuous improvement in transplantation medicine,a wider range of solid organ transplant(SOT)recipients is considered suitable for complex procedures.Despite advances in modern transplantation practice,transpiring invasive fungal infections pose a substantial threat for SOT recipients.To our knowledge,cryptococcal infection confined amidst sole pancreas SOT recipients has not been described to date.Enforcement of a multidisciplinary transplant team approach in the management of pancreas SOT recipients presenting with complex cryptococcal complications is fundamental in improving patient outcomes.CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a female pancreas transplant recipient,with confirmed meningeal cryptococcosis,referred to our institution for further evaluation and treatment from the Regional Center for Infectious Diseases.On admission,the patient was weaned from the protocolized immunosuppression therapy for two consecutive weeks,in addition to tapering systemic corticosteroid remedial treatment.Our novel multidisciplinary transplant team approach embodied exhaustive discussions of possible complex and diverse multiple organ system physiologic and pathologic challenges associated with distinct management strategies in pancreas transplant recipients.Owing to the potentially devastating impact of invasive cryptococcosis in terms of morbidity and mortality,a definitive surgical intervention of pancreas transplant grafectomy was reinforced,as a pathway towards secure access to early meaningful expertise care.The patient was discharged to the Regional Center for Infectious Diseases 2 mo after the admittance further advancing to a clinical improvement.CONCLUSION The precision transplantation approach by tailoring complex medical interventions to individual needs proved indispensable in improving our patient’s outcomes.

Impact of COVID-19 on liver transplant recipients: A nationwide cohort study evaluating hospitalization, transplant rejection, and inpatient mortality

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has posed a major public health concern worldwide.Patients with comorbid conditions are at risk of adverse outcomes following COVID-19.Solid organ transplant recipients with concurrent immunosuppression and comorbidities are more susceptible to a severe COVID-19 infection.It could lead to higher rates of inpatient complications and mortality in this patient population.However,studies on COVID-19 outcomes in liver transplant(LT)recipients have yielded inconsistent findings.AIM To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital-related outcomes among LT recipients in the United States.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the 2019–2020 National Inpatient Sample database.Patients with primary LT hospitalizations and a secondary COVID-19 diagnosis were identified using the International Classi-fication of Diseases,Tenth Revision coding system.The primary outcomes included trends in LT hospitalizations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Secondary outcomes included comparative trends in inpatient mortality and transplant rejection in LT recipients.RESULTS A total of 15720 hospitalized LT recipients were included.Approximately 0.8% of patients had a secondary diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.In both cohorts,the median admission age was 57 years.The linear trends for LT hospitalizations did not differ significantly before and during the pandemic(P=0.84).The frequency of in-hospital mortality for LT recipients increased from 1.7% to 4.4% between January 2019 and December 2020.Compared to the pre-pandemic period,a higher association was noted between LT recipients and in-hospital mortality during the pandemic,with an odds ratio(OR)of 1.69[95% confidence interval(CI):1.55-1.84),P<0.001].The frequency of transplant rejections among hospitalized LT recipients increased from 0.2%to 3.6% between January 2019 and December 2020.LT hospitalizations during the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher association with transplant rejection than before the pandemic[OR:1.53(95%CI:1.26-1.85),P<0.001].CONCLUSION The hospitalization rates for LT recipients were comparable before and during the pandemic.Inpatient mortality and transplant rejection rates for hospitalized LT recipients were increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Tacrolimus-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome following liver transplantation

In this editorial,we talk about a compelling case focusing on posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome(PRES)as a complication in patients undergoing liver transplantation and treated with Tacrolimus.Tacrolimus(FK 506),derived from Streptomyces tsukubaensis,is a potent immunosuppressive macrolide.It inhibits Tcell transcription by binding to FK-binding protein,and is able to amplify glucocorticoid and progesterone effects.Tacrolimus effectively prevents allograft rejection in transplant patients but has adverse effects such as Tacrolimus-related PRES.PRES presents with various neurological symptoms alongside elevated blood pressure,and is primarily characterized by vasogenic edema on neuroimaging.While computed tomography detects initial lesions,magnetic resonance imaging,especially the Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery sequence,is superior for diagnosing cortical and subcortical edema.Our discussion centers on the incidence of PRES in solid organ transplant recipients,which ranges between 0.5 to 5+ACU-,with varying presentations,from seizures to visual disturbances.The case of a 66-year-old male status post liver transplantation highlights the diagnostic and management challenges associated with Tacrolimus-related PRES.Radiographically evident in the parietal and occipital lobes,PRES underlines the need for heightened vigilance among healthcare providers.This editorial emphasizes the importance of early recognition,accurate diagnosis,and effective management of PRES to optimize outcomes in liver transplant patients.The case further explores the balance between the efficacy of immunosuppression with Tacrolimus and its potential neurological risks,underlining the necessity for careful monitoring and intervention strategies in this patient population.

Impact of immunosuppression on incidence of post-transplant diabetes mellitus in solid organ transplant recipients:Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving intervention for end-stage organ disease.Post-transplant diabetes mellitus(PTDM)is a common complication in solid organ transplant recipients,and significantly compromises long-term survival beyond a year.AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate incidence of PTDM and compare the effects of the 3 major immunosuppressants on incidence of PTDM.METHODS Two hundred and six eligible studies identified 75595 patients on Tacrolimus,51242 on Cyclosporine and 3020 on Sirolimus.Random effects meta-analyses was used to calculate incidence.RESULTS Network meta-analysis estimated the overall risk of developing PTDM was higher with tacrolimus(OR=1.495%CI:1.0–2.0)and sirolimus(OR=1.8;95%CI:1.5–2.2)than with Cyclosporine.The overall incidence of PTDM at years 2-3 was 17%for kidney,19%for liver and 22%for heart.The risk factors for PTDM most frequently identified in the primary studies were age,body mass index,hepatitis C,and African American descent.CONCLUSION Tacrolimus tends to exhibit higher diabetogenicity in the short-term(2-3 years post-transplant),whereas sirolimus exhibits higher diabetogenicity in the longterm(5-10 years post-transplant).This study will aid clinicians in recognition of risk factors for PTDM and encourage careful evaluation of the risk/benefit of different immunosuppressant regimens in transplant recipients.

Current status of glucocorticoid usage in solid organ transplantation

Glucocorticoids(GCs)have been the mainstay of immunosuppressive therapy in solid organ transplantation(SOT)for decades,due to their potent effects on innate immunity and tissue protective effects.However,some SOT centers are reluctant to administer GCs long-term because of the various related side effects.This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of GCs in SOT.PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from 2011 to April 2021 using search syntaxes covering“transplantation”and“glucocorticoids”.GCs are used in transplant recipients,transplant donors,and organ perfusate solution to improve transplant outcomes.In SOT recipients,GCs are administered as induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapy.GCs are also the cornerstone to treat acute antibody-and T-cell-mediated rejections.Addition of GCs to organ perfusate solution and pretreatment of transplant donors with GCs are recommended by some guidelines and protocols,to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury peri-transplant.GCs with low bioavailability and high potency for GC receptors,such as budesonide,nanoparticle-mediated targeted delivery of GCs to specific organs,and combination use of dexamethasone with inducers of immuneregulatory cells,are new methods of GC application in SOT patients to reduce side effects or induce immune-tolerance instead of immunosuppression.Various side effects involving different non-targeted organs/tissues,such as bone,cardiovascular,neuromuscular,skin and gastrointestinal tract,have been noted for GCs.There are also potential drug-drug interactions for GCs in SOT patients.

Hepatitis E in solid organ transplant recipients:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus(HEV)infection is underdiagnosed due to the use of serological assays with low sensitivity.Although most patients with HEV recover completely,HEV infection among patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and organ-transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy can result in decompensated liver disease and death.AIM To demonstrate the prevalence of HEV infection in solid organ transplant(SOT)recipients.METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE,EMBASE,and the Cochrane Library for eligible articles through October 2020.The inclusion criteria consisted of adult patients with history of SOT.HEV infection is confirmed by either HEV-immunoglobulin G,HEV-immunoglobulin M,or HEV RNA assay.RESULTS Of 563 citations,a total of 22 studies(n=4557)were included in this metaanalysis.The pooled estimated prevalence of HEV infection in SOT patients was 20.2%[95%confidence interval(CI):14.9-26.8].The pooled estimated prevalence of HEV infection for each organ transplant was as follows:liver(27.2%;95%CI:20.0-35.8),kidney(12.8%;95%CI:9.3-17.3),heart(12.8%;95%CI:9.3-17.3),and lung(5.6%;95%CI:1.6-17.9).Comparison across organ transplants demonstrated statistical significance(Q=16.721,P=0.002).The subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of HEV infection among SOT recipients was significantly higher in middle-income countries compared to high-income countries.The pooled estimated prevalence of de novo HEV infection was 5.1%(95%CI:2.6-9.6)and the pooled estimated prevalence of acute HEV infection was 4.3%(95%CI:1.9-9.4).CONCLUSION HEV infection is common in SOT recipients,particularly in middle-income countries.The prevalence of HEV infection in lung transplant recipients is considerably less common than other organ transplants.More studies examining the clinical impacts of HEV infection in SOT recipients,such as graft failure,rejection,and mortality are warranted.

Kidney disease in non-kidney solid organ transplantation

Kidney disease after non-kidney solid organ transplantation(NKSOT)is a common post-transplant complication associated with deleterious outcomes.Kidney disease,both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease(CKD)alike,emanates from multifactorial,summative pre-,peri-and post-transplant events.Several factors leading to kidney disease are shared amongst solid organ transplantation in addition to distinct mechanisms unique to individual transplant types.The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature describing kidney disease in NKSOT.We conducted a narrative review of pertinent studies on the subject,limiting our search to full text studies in the English language.Kidney disease after NKSOT is prevalent,particularly in intestinal and lung transplantation.Management strategies in the peri-operative and post-transplant periods including proteinuria management,calcineurin-inhibitor minimization/sparing approaches,and nephrology referral can counteract CKD progression and/or aid in subsequent kidney after solid organ transplantation.Kidney disease after NKSOT is an important consideration in organ allocation practices,ethics of transplantation.Kidney disease after SOT is an incipient condition demanding further inquiry.While some truths have been revealed about this chronic disease,as we have aimed to describe in this review,continued multidisciplinary efforts are needed more than ever to combat this threat to patient and allograft survival.