An Approach to the Development of Resilient City from the City Governance

The climate change brought disaster impact to a city. Cities are complex and interdependent systems, extremely vulnerable to threats from both natural hazards and terrorism. A city resilience is the capacity of a city to function, so that citizens survive and thrive no matter what stresses or shocks they encounter. The cities need to be built for greater resilience and developed strategies for coping with the future shocks and stresses associated with climate change. This study explores that, from the concepts of city governance, the balanced scorecard correlates with city development in the process of city resilience development and constructs city resilience indicators to evaluate and the balanced scorecard raise the management performance. During the process of building the balanced scorecard, each problem can be faced and solved. To run the balanced scorecard is a continuous job and to become a resilient city coping with good city governance must adjust the balanced scorecard to meet its goals and vision to achieve sustainable development of the city.

Hallmark of a Resilient City: Adoption of Green Infrastructure in African Cities

Dynamic urbanization of African cities has created development trajectories that face systemic challenges in the provision of sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. The specific challenges include extensive unregulated growth with informal settlements reflecting poor service levels and high poverty indices, inadequacy in provision of basic services in health, water, housing, transport and communication infrastructure, high reliance on biomass fuels, exposure to environmental stress and implausible climate change coping and mitigation mechanisms among others. Review of extensive literature and synthesis of existing bodies of knowledge on the ecological and management perspectives of urban environments revealed many gaps and understanding of urban transformation processes. The purpose of this review was to contextualize credible pathways for optimization of both ecosystem goods and services from green urban landscapes (Green infrastructure) and non-green infrastructure to ensure sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. Attempts were made to rationalize and validate through discussions the benefits of managed urban ecosystems for African cities. On the basis of the evidence from the literature, it is concluded that urban development trajectories that do not embrace multifaceted approaches that deliberately retain and maintain green infrastructure in the urban environment may not be cost-effective. It is recommended that systematic integration of urban forestry concepts in urban planning that involves communities, local and national governments, business entrepreneurs and public and private research institutions provides tenable frameworks for addressing current and future challenges of urbanization in Africa.

Planning and construction of Xiong’an New Area(city of over 5 million people):Contributions of China’s geologists and urban geology

China established Xiong’an New Area in Hebei Province in 2017,which is planned to accommodate about 5 million people,aiming to relieve Beijing City of the functions non-essential to its role as China’s capital and to expedite the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.From 2017 to 2021,the China Geological Survey(CGS)took the lead in multi-factor urban geological surveys involving space,resources,environments,and disasters according to the general requirements of“global vision,international standards,distinctive Chinese features,and future-oriented goals”in Xiong’an New Area,identifying the engineering geologic conditions and geologic environmental challenges of this area.The achievements also include a 3D engineering geological structure model for the whole area,along with“one city proper and five clusters”,insights into the ecology and the background endowment of natural resources like land,geothermal resources,groundwater,and wetland of the area before engineering construction,a comprehensive monitoring network of resources and environments in the area,and the“Transparent Xiong’an”geological information platform that is open,shared,dynamically updated,and three-dimensionally visualized.China’s geologists and urban geology have played a significant role in the urban planning and construction of Xiong’an New Area,providing whole-process geological solutions for urban planning,construction,operation and management.The future urban construction of Xiong’an New Area will necessitate the theoretical and technical support of earth system science(ESS)from various aspects,and the purpose is to enhance the resilience of the new type of city and to provide support for the green,low-carbon,and sustainable development of this area.

From Comprehensive Defense to Resilient City: Strategic Conception of Shanghai's City Security in the New Normal

The trend of climate warming and deeper globalization is adding new content to urban risks in Shanghai, resulting in the adaption of traditional comprehensive defense planning to the new environment. Based on the resilient city theory, this paper proposes a transition for Shanghai from an original comprehensive defense to a resilient city vision through strategic framework and approaches from the three aspects of engineering technology, spatial defense, and social governance in the New Normal age. Meanwhile, it suggests that Shanghai should use information technology to enhance the level of risk monitoring and to improve engineering design standards; strengthen the resilience from the scales of "life circle-urban circle-municipal administrative area"; and innovate as well as improve the social safety governance.

Research on Renewal and Renovation of Old Urban Districts under the Concept of Resilience: A Case Study of Old Urban Districts of Wu'an City

City resilience is a hot topic in the field of urban planning,and it is a solution and urban renewal and renovation approach for the problems of modern cities.Taking the old urban districts of Wu’an City,Hebei Province for example,this paper applied analysis methods such as space syntax and facility diversity to analyze the current problems of the study areas from the perspectives of road traffic,supporting facilities,proposed urban design renewal and renovation strategies for old urban districts,which would be significant for defining the timing sequence of urban renewal,improving the locals’ life quality and promoting resilience of old urban districts.

Conceptualizing and Measuring Economic Resilience of Resource-based Cities： Case Study of Northeast China

This paper develops a conceptual model and an indicator system for measuring economic resilience of resource-based cities based on the theory of evolutionary resilience and the related concepts of persistence, adaptation, and transformation. Nineteen resource-based cities in Northeast China were analyzed using the indicator system. The results showed that Liaoning and Jilin provinces had higher economic resilience than Heilongjiang Province. Panjin, Benxi, and Anshan in Liaoning Province were the top three cities, while Shuangyashan and other coal-based cities in Heilongjiang Province ranked last. Metals-and petroleum-based cities had significantly higher resilience than coal-based cities. The differences in persistence, adaptability, transformation, and resilience among resource-based cities decreased since the introduction of the Northeast Revitalization Strategy in 2003. Forestry-based cities improved the most in terms of resilience, followed by metals-based and multiple-resource cities; however, resilience dropped for coal-based cities, and petroleum-based cities falling the most. The findings illustrate the importance and the way to develop a differentiated approach to improve resilience among resource-based cities.

Analyzing Industrial Structure Evolution of Old Industrial Cities Using Evolutionary Resilience Theory：A Case Study in Shenyang of China

The recession and revitalization of old industrial cities concerns urban industrial evolution and its characteristics. Based on the theory of evolutionary resilience, we developed an analytical framework for the industrial structure evolution of old industrial cities, and applied the framework to a case study in Shenyang. The following conclusions are drawn. First, since 1978, Shenyang's industrial growth capacity has shown fluctuation between ‘contraction-expansion'. As the secondary industry has a much stronger expansionary and contractionary capacity for growth, this results in lacking stability leading to industrial structure transformation. Second, since 1999, the orientation towards a high-end manufacturing industry in Shenyang has weakened, and the evolution of the new and old growth path is characterized by low-end orientation. Third, since 2007, Shenyang's industrial innovation output capacity has dropped sharply which has been significantly affected by scientific and technological personnel and enterprise-owed science and technology institutions and to a less extent by R&D expenditure. We applied the resilience theory to study the industrial evolution of an old industrial city, explored new study perspectives on industrial evolution and verified the applicability of the resilience theory. This paper provides a scientific reference for understanding the recent deceleration in economic growth in the Northeast old industrial base, and for exploring new paths toward revitalization.

Sustainable flood management strategies for resilient cities

The world is suffering more and more serious climate change events this summer[1]:temperature records broken constantly,ocean waters as warm as hot tubs,floods are raging around the world.It has been confirmed that the July 2023 was the hottest month in recorded history and the average global temperature was 1.54ºC above the preindustrial average for July[2].The world seems to be entering the tipping points of climate change beyond which climate change will occur more dramatic and quickly,become self-perpetuating and difficult or impossible to undo[3].

From risk control to resilience: developments and trends of urban roads designed as surface flood passages to cope with extreme storms

Urban roads can be designated as surface flood passages to transport excess runoff during extreme storms, thereby preventing local flooding, which is known as the major drainage system. However, this practice poses significant risks, including human loss and property damage, due to the high flow rate and velocity carried by roads. Moreover, urban roads with low flood-resilience may significantly hamper the transportation function during severe storms, leading to dysfunction of the city. Therefore, there is an urgent need to transform risk-oriented flood passages into resilient urban road-based flood passages. This paper presents a systematic review of existing methodologies in designing a road network-based flood passage system, along with the discussion of new technologies to enhance system resilience. The study also addresses current knowledge gaps and future directions. The results indicate that flood management measures based on the urban road network should integrate accessibility assessment, lifeline and emergency planning to ensure human well-being outcomes. Furthermore, the special needs and features of vulnerable groups must be taken into serious consideration during the planning stage. In addition, a data-driven approach is recommended to facilitate real-time management and evaluate future works.

Form Follows Water: A Study on Stormwater Resilient Urban Design

Rapid urbanization and global warming cause a sharp increase of frequency and intensity of stormwater disaster. Urban design, depending on the methodology of urban form and the creation of the spatial environment to promote stormwater resilience, has broken through the traditional design mode and become an efficient path leading to addressing urban stormwater disaster. Firstly, this paper discusses the concept and connotation of stormwater resilient urban design based on the resilient city theory in order to set up the theoretical framework of the design method. Then combining with the specific cases and focusing on four key problems of urban design, the practical urban design methods in favor of stormwater resilience are analyzed, including the optimization of land use, the organization of urban structure, the creation of multi-functional space, and the integration of urban systems. In the end, the paper further analyzes the challenges in practical application. Stormwater resilient urban design expands the boundary of traditional urban design and provides a new choice for performance-based e co-city design.

A systematic review of urban terrorism literature:Root causes,thematic trends,and future directions

Urban terrorism is a significant global concern,prompting extensive scholarly inquiry into its underlying causes and effects.However,a comprehensive literature review summarizing this body of knowledge is notably absent.Thus,this study seeks to address this gap by conducting a thorough examination of existing literature on terrorism,particularly focusing on urban contexts,to identify key patterns and recurring themes.The study identified 515 research articles using the keywords"urban"and"terrorism"through the Web of Science and Scopus databases.A bibliometric review was conducted,which included a historical background,author keywords,country and institution,citation,and co-citation analyses.The findings revealed an increase in the number of studies on urban terrorism following the 9/11 attacks in the United States,which accounted for the highest number of publications in the country.Most studies were conducted in government law,international relations,and urban studies.Keyword analysis revealed that counterterrorism,security,and disasters were more closely linked to terrorism.Thematic analysis identified six main themes related to urban spaces and terrorism:tourism,governance,resilience,public health,economy,security,and counterterrorism.This study emphasizes the importance of involving the public in counterterrorism efforts in addition to traditional approaches to addressing urban terrorism.

韧性城市理论与评价方法综述

As global risks and disasters increase,resilience is needed to cope with risks and uncertainties.Cities are the subject of a large amount of resilience research.Hence resilient urban development covers many areas.Theoretical resilience research either focuses on a special field or extends over the context of a single analysis and evaluation system.There is a lack of multi-perspective comprehensive analysis and evaluation methods in the existing research.This paper reviews different theoretical frameworks of resilience through an induction method,and analyzes the resilience evaluation methods by means of literature-based measurement and visual expression methods.Based on the theoretical frameworks,this paper develops a model integrating different resilience analysis types and extends it to four interrelated dimensions in order to visualize the correspondence between the analysis frameworks and the evaluation methods.Finally,the paper develops a comprehensive approach to resilience analysis and evaluation,which is of great significance for understanding how resilient cities operate.

Multiscale simulation of the urban wind environment under typhoon weather conditions

Accurate simulations of planetary boundary layer(PBL)winds in urban areas require combining meteorological knowledge and fine-grained geometrical information.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)is widely used to assess pedestrian wind comfort and wind disasters in planning resilient cities.However,the CFD-predicted PBL is highly affected by the inflow boundaries.Wind profiles under extreme weather conditions,such as tropical cyclones,can hardly be determined,and associated uniform logarithmic or power law expressions have not been obtained.In this study,urban wind flow over mountainous terrain was simulated using a one-way nested simulation approach between mesoscale and microscale models.The inflow wind speed,turbulence scalars,and potential temperature in the CFD code are sustained by the numerical weather prediction(NWP)model.Methodologies considering typhoon weather conditions were examined to improve the numerical accuracy in determining mesoscale typhoon structures and pedestrian-level wind conditions.The numerical errors were quantified in mesoscale and microscale formulations.A new tendency assimilation was proposed by incorporating local-scale observations into the CFD domain.This approach entailed empirical mode decomposition to quantify the mean wind speed differences between the observations and NWP results,which were then extrapolated to NWP-CFD nested interfaces via multiplication by the spatial correlation coefficient.The numerical performance was validated against both on-site observations for meteorological purposes and wind profiles retrieved from the experimental LiDAR of the landfalling typhoon Haima.The simulated wind field exhibited an increased accuracy in the local urban area.More specifically,the index of agreement in wind speeds was improved from 0.28 to 0.72,and the mean absolute errors were reduced from 5.46 m/s to 1.89 m/s.