Sedimentary Environment and Mineralization of the Black Shale Polymetallic Layer in the Early Cambrian,SW China:Constraints from in situ LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Pyrite

A polymetallic layer is usually developed at the bottom of the early Cambrian black shale in Guizhou Province.The mineral that makes up the polymetallic layer is related to the sedimentary facies.To analyze the differentiation mechanism between polymetallic deposits(Ni-Mo and V),the Zhijin Gezhongwu profile located in the outer shelf and the Sansui Haishan V deposit located in the lower slope are selected to study the in situ sulfur isotopes and trace elements of pyrite.The results show that δ^(34)S values of pyrite vary widely from−7.8‰to 28‰in the Gezhongwu profile,while the δ^(34)S values are relatively uniform(from 27.8‰to 38.4‰)in the Haishan profile.The isotopic S composition is consistent with the transition that occurs in the sedimentary phase from the shelf to the deep sea on the transgressive Yangtze platform;this indicates that the δ^(34)SO_(4)^(2−)values in seawater must be differently distributed in depositional environments.The sulfur in the Ni-Mo layer is produced after the mixing of seawater and hydrothermal fluid,while the V layer mainly originates from seawater.Overall,the Ni-Mo and V deposits have been differentiated primarily on the basis of the combined effect of continental weathering and hydrothermal fluid.

Sedimentary Environment Analysis of Ancient Sand Ridges from Zk23 Hole in the East China Sea

Abstract： Based on the analysis of core samples from the hole of Zk23 in the East China Sea Continental Shelf and by means of sedimentary stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, the authors consider that the fine-sand deposition in borehole was part of buried ancient estuary sand ridges of the Yangtze River. The deposition history of study area around the hole before and after the glacial period as well as postglacial period is made clear after our research： （1） the estuarine sublayer -undersea delta facies strata was deposited under the fast sea level rise about 15 kaB.P; （2） sand ridges mostly consisting of fine-sand, were formed when the sea level was the fluctuant range of 60 - 80 m of isoba during the deglacial period around 15 - 12 kaB.P; （3） first silty clay and clay silt strata above the sand ridges were deposited during the period when the sea level rose fast from 12 to 7 kaB.P, and then it keeps stable to the present.

Development of Sedimentary Environment in the Northeastern South China Sea Since the Last Glacial Stage

Core D （21°23′02″N, 116°47′13″E, water depth 405 m） was sampled from the upper slope from the northeastern South China Sea （SCS） and applied to analyze the sedimentary environmental change in this sea area since the last glacial stage. The results of grain size analysis, diatom analysis and detrital mineral analysis were well matched. We divided the core D into two layers. The surface sand layer （0 - 2 cm） consisted of residual sediments, which might be originally the sediment in the late Pleistocene and later suffered from being transformed in the post glacial transgression. The lower layer （2 - 130 cm） was quite different from the surface one, which might mainly result from a neritic sedimentary environment in the last glacial stage. Two sedimentary cycles could be detected in the core D： regression during Marine isotope stage （MIS） 4 to transgression during MIS 3 and regression during MIS 2 to transgression during the post glacial.

Study on the Marine Sedimentary Environment Evolution of the Southern Laizhou Bay Under the Impact of Port Projects

The southern Laizhou Bay is mainly composed of silt-sandy coasts with diverse landforms, and its marine hydrodynamic environment is sensitive to human activities. Marine hydrodynamic and sedimentary environments of the study area have changed under the influence of large-scale port projects in recent years. In this paper, the evolution of hydrodynamic environment, deposition rate, and geochemical characteristics were studied based on sediment grain size, element analysis and ^(210)Pb dating of two cores, in order to analyze the influence of Weifang Port on marine environmental evolution, and provide theoretical and practical basis for protecting marine environment in developing marine resources reasonably. Results showed that sediments of the two cores were relatively coarser and mainly composed of silty sand. Sediments above 230 cm in core WF1 and 218 cm in core WF2 were deposited since 1855 when the Yellow River appeared to deposit its sediments within the modern active delta, and the average deposition rate was between 0.3 and 0.5 cm a^(-1). Implement of Weifang Port projects in 1997 and 2007 created great influence on the sedimentary environment evolution in the surrounding waters, and the deposition rate was significantly increased. The average annual deposition rates were 5.1 cm and 3.5 cm in WF1 and WF2 respectively between 1997 and 2007. Content of heavy metals in sediments showed no obvious change in the vertical, indicating that the heavy metals were less affected by human activity and there was no significant accumulation of such metals in the study area.

Shale Lithofacies and Sedimentary Environment of the Third Member,Shahejie Formation,Zhanhua Sag,Eastern China

Researches into shale lithofacies,their sedimentary environments and relationship benefit understanding both of sedimentary cycle division and unconventional hydrocarbon exploration in lacustrine basins.Based on a 100~300-m-thick dark shale,mudstone and limestone encountered in the lower third member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation(Es3l member)in Zhanhua Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China,routine core analysis,thin sectioning,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),mineralogical and geochemical measurements were used to understand detailed facies characterization and paleoclimate in the member.This Es3l shale sediment includes three sedimentary cycles(C3,C2 and C1),from bottom to top,with complex sedimentary characters and spatial distribution.In terms of the composition,texture,bedding and thickness,six lithofacies are recognized in this succession.Some geochemical parameters,such as trace elements(Sr/Ba,Na/Al,V/Ni,V/(V+Ni),U/Th),carbon and oxygen isotopes(δ^(18)O,δ^(13)C),and total organic carbon content(TOC)indicate that the shales were deposited in a deep to semi-deep lake,with the water column being salty,stratified,enclosed and reductive.During cycles C3 and C2 of the middle-lower sections,the climate was arid,and the water was salty and stratified.Laminated and laminar mudstone-limestone was deposited with moderate organic matter(average TOC 1.8%)and good reservoir quality(average porosity 6.5%),which can be regarded as favorable reservoir.During the C1 cycle,a large amount of organic matter was input from outside the basin and this led to high productivity with a more humid climate.Massive calcareous mudstone was deposited,and this is characterized by high TOC(average 3.6%)and moderate porosity(average 4%),and provides favorable source rocks.

Grain-size features of aeolian sand on the east coast of Hainan Island and the revealed evolutionary processes of the sedimentary environment

The Mudui stratigraphic section represents the typical records of sedimentation processes of sand dunes and interdune depressions on the east coast of Hainan Island.Based on high-density sampling and optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) dating of the strata of the section,the grain-size composition,grain-size parameters,cumulative distribution probability curve,and grain-size-sensitivity indexes(SC/D) were analyzed.The analyzed results show that the grain-size features of aeolian sand,weakly developed sandy paleosol,two-facies(aeolian and aqueous) deposits,and lagoon deposits are all different.This indicates four evolutionary phases of the sedimentary environment of the east coast of Hainan Island since 38 ka B.P.Phase I:38-22 ka B.P.;phase II:22-17 ka B.P.;phase III:17-10 ka B.P.;phase IV:10 ka B.P.-present.The climate experienced the hot-wet/hot-dry,hot-wet/hot-dry,and warm-wet/hot-wet fluctuations,and the sedimentary environment also underwent lagoon deposition,dune and interdune depression deposition,dune stabilization and soil development,shifting sand deposition,and evolutionary processes.

Geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environment of the Middle Devonian organic-rich shales in the Northwest of Guizhong Depression, Southwest China

In order to figure out the redox conditions and paleo-sedimentary environment of the Middle Devonian shales in the northwest of Guizhong Depression,the trace element analysis was conducted on the Middle Devonian cores(320.35–938.50 m)of the typical shale gas investigation well(GY-1)at a 1.50 m sampling interval through X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(XRF)and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).According to the test result,the average values of V/(V+Ni),V/Cr and Ni/Co in Nabiao formation(Fm.)are larger than 0.67,4.65 and 7.71 respectively,and Nabiao Fm.is rich in biological assemblages such as tabasheer,ammonite,etc.These evidences indicate the rising sea level rose relatively in the sedimentation period of Nabiao Fm.and a deepwater shelf environment,which was favorable for the preservation of organic matters.The V/(V+Ni),V/Cr and Ni/Co in Luofu Fm.and Tangting Fm.are 0.38–0.65,0.73–4.10 and 3.70–6.72 respectively,indicating that the sea level dropped relatively in their sedimentation period,during which the water bodies became shallow,and the sedimentary environment was a weak oxidizing shallow water shelf environment.In addition,the variation of TOC has a high correlation with the enrichment degree of Ba element,indicating the favorable conditions for the enrichment and preservation of organic matters under an oxygen-deficient environment.Moreover,according to the identification of trace element indexes,the northwest of Guizhong Depression experienced the sedimentary cycle of relative rise to relative fall of sea level from bottom to top in the Middle Devonian sedimentation period.The relative sea level rose to the highest in the sedimentation period of Nabiao Fm.,in which the organic-rich shales with stable thickness and high organic content were deposited.Hence,the Nabiao Fm.could be regarded as the favorable exploration target interval in this area.

Comparison of the Macrozoobenthic Community and Sedimentary Environment with and Without Horseshoe Crab Presence in the Crocodile Island Intertidal Zone,Xiamen,China

In order to compare the macrozoobenthic community and sedimentary environment with and without the presence of horseshoe crabs,the benthic macrofauna,sediment grain size,chromium(Cr),cobalt(Co),nickel(Ni),polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAHs),organic carbon and nitrogen were seasonally investigated at site A(with horseshoe crab presence),sites B and C(without horseshoe crab presence)in the Crocodile Island intertidal zone in Xiamen from June 2018 to July 2019.The results showed that most of the community parameters of benthic macrofauna,population parameters of common benthic macrofauna and environmental parameters were significantly different at the sites with horseshoe crab versus non-horseshoe crab sites.A two-way ANOVA test showed that the densities of Ceratonereis erythraeensis and Sigambra hanaokai had significant site variation.Cluster and nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling(NMDS)analysis showed the community composition of benthic macrofauna was significantly different among the three sampling sites over four seasons.The mean sand content at site A(64.32%)was higher than those at site B(36.01%)and site C(18.86%).Conversely,the mean contents of silt,clay,Cr,Co,Ni,organic carbon,organic nitrogen,phenanthrene,and pyrene at site A were lower than those at site B and site C.These observations are consistent with the expected preferences of horseshoe crabs to live in areas with 60%sand content,which is associated with abundant and edible clamworms in the Crocodile Island intertidal zone,Xiamen.

Classifying the sedimentary environments of the Xincun Lagoon,Hainan Island,by system cluster and principal component analyses

An understanding of the sedimentary environment in relation to its controlling factors is of great importance in coastal geomorphology,ecology,tourism and aquaculture studies.We attempt to deal with this issue,using a case study from the Xincun Lagoon,Hainan Island in southern China.For the study,surficial sediment samples were collected,together with hydrodynamic and bathymetric surveys,during August 2013.Numerical simulation was carried out to obtain high-spatial resolution tidal current data.The sediment samples were analyzed to derive mean grain size,sorting coefficient,skewness and kurtosis,together with the sand,silt and clay contents.The modern sedimentary environments were classified using system cluster and principal component analyses.Grain size analysis reveals that the sediments are characterized by extremely slightly sandy silty mud（ESSSM） and slightly silty sand（SSS）,which are distributed in the central lagoon and near-shore shallow water areas,respectively.Mean grain size varies from 0 to 8.0Ф,with an average of 4.6Ф.The silt content is the highest,i.e.,52% on average,with the average contents of sand and clay being 43% and 5%,respectively.There exists a significant correlation between mean size and water depth,suggesting that the surficial sediments become finer with increasing water depth.Cluster analyses reveals two groups of samples.The first group is characterized by mean grain size of more than 5.5Ф,whilst the second group has mean grain size of below 3.5Ф.Further,these groups also have different correlations between mean grain size and the other grain size parameters.In terms of the tidal current,the average values of the root mean square velocity（RMSV） are 7.5 cm/s and 6.9 cm/s on springs and neaps,respectively.For the RMSVs that are higher than 4 cm/s,a significant positive correlation is found between the content of the 63–125 μm fraction and the RMSV,suggesting that the RMSV determines the variability of the very fine sand fraction.Based on system cluster and principal component analyses（PCA）,the modern sedimentary environments are classified into three types according to the grain size parameters,RMSVs and water depth data.The results suggest the importance of grain size parameters and high-spatial resolution hydrodynamic data in differentiating the coastal sedimentary environments.

Characteristics of Rearranged Hopanes of Hydrocarbon Source Rocks in Saline Sedimentary Environment： A Case Study of the Songliao Basin

The Songliao Basin, one of the biggest continental petroliferous basins in eastern China, is a Mesozoic- Cenozoic fault-depressed and fault-subsided basin developed on the Hercynian fold basement. Generally, rearranged hopanes are considered to be formed by clay- mediated acidic catalysis under oxic or suboxic environment, whereas high abundance of rearranged hopanes were found in hydrocarbon source rocks and crude oils that are derived from salty environment in the Songliao Basin. This phenomenon rarely happens all over the world.

New Discoveries of the Influence of Sedimentary Environment on Rearranged Hopanes in Source Rocks

Objective The distribution of rearranged hopanes in hydrocarbon source rocks is influenced by thermal maturity and original source input, and is also controlled by depositional conditions. Through comparison of lacustrine and coal-bearing source rocks, this work attempted to analyze the composition and origin of rearranged hopanes in hydrocarbon source rocks. Taken the source rocks from the Songliao Basin, Ordos Basin and Kuqa Depression as examples, we aimed to investigate the effect of the redox conditions, water salinity and oxygen content of the source-rock depositional environment on the formation of rearranged hopanes to provide theoretical basis for the genesis of rearranged hopanes.

The magnetic properties of sediment and sedimentary environment in the Huanghe Delta area after the last glacial maximum

On the basis of measuring the magnetic parameters of sediment in Core YDZ1, combined with a grain size analysis and Carbon-14 dating, the magnetic properties of sediment and sedimentary environment in the Huanghe（Yellow River） Delta area after the last glacial maximum have been studied. The results show that the ferrimagnetic minerals of a pseudo single domain and multi domain particles dominate the magnetic properties of sediment in Core YDZ1. The imperfect anti ferrimagnetic minerals have more contribution on sediment in a depth of 24.0–22.1 m, and more stable-single domain and pseudo single domain particles exist. The susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization and the ratio of the susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization to saturation isothermal remanent magnetization show a decrease trend below depth of 24 m, a marked increase trend in a depth of 24.0–13.5 m, and a rapid decrease at depth of 13.5 m, then a fluctuation trend upward. The above two magnetic parameters and the ratio of the susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization to the mass susceptibility can be regarded as the proxy indicators for the content of clay（〈4 μm）and the fine-grained size（〈32 μm）. The sedimentary environment after the last glacial maximum in the Huanghe Delta area has experienced the fluvial facies, the tidal flat facies, the neritic facies, the pro delta facies, the delta front facies and the floodplain facies. Thickness of the Holocene transgression layer is 10.5 m and the depth of substrate is about 24 m according to the YDZ1 core. The sedimentary dynamic has a variation trend with strongweak-strong, which has been proved by the Flemming triangular schema.

Sedimentary Environment and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation at Khaviz Anticline, Zagros Mountains, Southwest Iran

The Oligocene-Miocene Asmari Formation is a thick sequence of shallow water carbonates of the Zagros Basin. Khaviz Anticline outcrop [near Behbahan city/Iran] was studied in this research in order to interpret the facies, depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation succession. In this study, twelve different microfacies types have been recognized, which can be grouped into five (micro) facies associations: peritidal, lagoon, shoal, semi restricted marine and open marine. The Asmari Formation represents sedimentation on a carbonate ramp. According to the fauna data, the Asmari Formation is Oligocene (Rupelian/Chattian) to Early Miocene (Burdigalian) in age at the study area. Eight third-order depositional sequences are identified on the basis of deepening and shallowing patterns in the microfacies. The depositional sequences 0 and 1 (Rupelian-Chattian), 2, 3 and 4 (Chattian) were referred to the lower while sequences 5 and 6 (Aquitanian) were referred to the middle and sequence 7 (Burdigalian) was referred to the upper Asmari Formation. The relative sea-level curve of the Asmari basin and its matching with the global sea-level curves documented that Global eustatic phenomena affected this basin.

Facies, Sedimentary Environment and Sequence Stratigraphy of Dalan Formation in South Fars, Iran —(Qatar-South Fars Arch) Well ASL-A

Dalan Formation is one of the most important gas reservoirs of south and southwest Iran which it belongs to Dehram Group and its age is Middle to Late Permian. The Dalan formation is interpreted as reflecting a major tectono-eustatic event related to the onset of rapid thermal subsidence of the early Neo-Tethys passive margin in Arabia and Iran, and the drowning of its rift shoulders. The Dalan formation consists mainly of medium to thick-bedded oolitic to micritic shallow-marine carbonate, with intercalations of evaporates. This formation overlies the Faraghan formation and extends up into the Lower Triassic kangan formation. The current paper is focused on the facies, sedimentary environment and sequence Stratigraphy study of the Middle to Upper Permian Dalan formation in the West Assaluyeh gas field the subsurface section of well ASL-A. Based on microfacies analysis and significant founa and flora, nineteen major facies in five facies associations including Tidal flat (A), Lagoon (B), Shoal (C), Open marine (D) and Mid ramp (E) were recognized in the Dalan formation. Facies analysis and those comparisons with modern and ancient environments indicated that the Dalan formation was deposited inner to mid parts of a homoclinal ramp. The sequence stratigraphy studies on the Dalan formation in this gas field led to assessment of seven main sedimentary sequences of the third-order in the Assaluyeh field, well ASL-A. The boundary between the third-order sequences with the Faraghan formation and between the Nar and Upper Dalan members are Subaerial Unconformity (SU) and the boundaries between the third-order sequences with each other and also with the Kangan formation are Correlative Conformity (CC). The main diagenetic processes in this formation are dolomitization, dissolution, anhydritization, cementation and compaction which played a significant role in improving reservoir quality. The shoal ooid grainstone facies with intergranular and oomoldic porosity comprise the main reservoir facies of the Dalan formation.

Application of Grain Size Analysis to Study Sedimentary Environment of Sand Dune in the Vicinity of Tumen River

The average size of the sand of dune in the vicinity of Tumen River is 0.12～0.30 mm, its standard deviation is 0.45～0.99 φ and the frequency cumulative distribution curve is divided into the single peak and the double peak. The Ski of the single peak is negative and the double peak is positive. There are two different areas in the plot of the Ski versus σi* It is shown that the sedimentary environment of the dunes is neritic deposit by the expressions of the grain-size parameters. All of the characters show that the sand dunes in Estuary of Tumen River may be the dunes of sea facies which were changed again by weathering and fluvialaction.

A Fresh Look at the Geobiology & Sedimentary Environments of the Hypersaline Great Salt Lake,USA

1 Introduction The Great Salt Lake(GSL)is the defining hydrological feature of the Great Basin,North America’s largest desert--and it is the largest waterbody in the western USA.Despite the early(Eardley,1938)recognition of"bioherms,"algal layers,and mats covering hundreds of square km of lake area,these features have not been the

Sedimentary Environments, Geometry and Characteristics of the Sand Layers within the Basin of El Ma Labiod （Algero-Tunisian Borders）

The authors＇ work concerns the study of sedimentary environments, the geometry and the characteristics of the silicon-clastic deposits within the basin of EI Ma Labiod at the Algero-Tunisian confines. The sedimentological analysis has proved a Miocene age of the sediments with varied environments： marine, fluvial-deltaic and lake. The geological aspect of the sediment, in particular sandy, is of the movable type or very slightly consolidated. The size of the industrial sand layers can be very diverse, however to feed from the industrial consumers having a certain perenniality, our prospection was directed towards layers with very important reserves. It is about a sedimentary basin with dimensions exceeding very largely the conditions of operating for such projects, which are at least one to two million tons. With the exception of a thin quaternary soil horizon, the basin is almost of an exploitation with open sky. The mineralogical determination has revealed siliceous to extra-siliceous sands, which are absolutely usable in the industry of glass, foundry and also in other functions like the abrasives of sanding and the clothing industry of the sandpapers. Concerning the economic aspect, the materials are very close and this is why the area has known the installation of a glassmaking factory and a cement factory using at the same time the Maastrichtian limestone, the sandy material and the clays of the Western zone of the basin.

Geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environment significance of carbonate rocks in Nanfen Formation of Qingbaikou System in Tonghua,Jilin Province

In order to reveal the sedimentary environment of carbonate rocks in Nanfen Formation of Qingbaikou System in Tonghua,Jilin Province,the mineral composition and petrochemistry of carbonate rocks in Nanfen Formation were analyzed.The mineral compositions of five carbonate rock samples in Nanfen Formation mainly consist of calcite,with minor clay minerals and quartz,and the rock type is siliceous marlite.The Mn/Sr va-lues range from 1.52 to 4.08,with an average of 2.64,indicating that the carbonate rocks experienced weak diagenesis;the Sr/Ba values range from 1.26 to 2.51,with an average of 1.93,indicating marine environment;the ratio of Mg/Al ranges from 35.33 to 86.34,with an average of 62.95,indicating the seawater environment,which is consistent with the result from Sr/Ba;the MgO/CaO values range from 0.01 to 0.04,with an average of 0.02,indicating humid environment;the values of V/(V+Ni)range from 0.63 to 0.73,with an average of 0.70,indicating anoxic environment.In summary,geochemical analyses show that the Nanfen Formation carbonate rocks are marine deposits,in a warm,humid,anoxic environment with poor flow of seawater,and subsequently underwent weak diagenetic alteration.

Petrographic Features and Sedimentary Environments of the Middle-Upper Ordovician at Shetai Town of Urad Front Banner, Inner Mongolia

Most of the hinterland of the North China platform is devoid of Late Ordovician strata. The BaiyanhuaMountain section at Shetai Town is a standard section of the Upper Ordovician newly established in recentyears at the northernmost margin of the platform. This establishment directly involved the determination of thenorth boundary of the platform and the understanding of its evolutionary Listory. The area is quite differentfrom the binterland of the platform in Middle Ordovician rock types and sedimentary environments, with theformer characterized by frequent slope deposits and the latter consisting almost entirely of platform deposits.The present paper focuses on the petrographic features and sedimentary ervironments of the Middle-UpperOrdovician strata in the area, providing further theoretical support to the establishment of the section and fil-ling the gap in this respect.

Sedimentary environment of Late Carboniferous Tangjiatun Formation in Acheng of Heilongjiang

According to the lithological assemblages and elemental geochemistry of the measured profile,the authors studied the sedimentary and tectonic environment of the Late Carboniferous Tangjiatun Formation in Acheng. The results show that the trace elements of mudstone samples from Tangjiatun Formation have the characteristics of high Th,V and Cu,but low Ba,Nb and Sr. The rare earth elements are characterized by significantly light and heavy rare earth elements differentiation,relative enrichment of light rare earth elements,and a negative anomaly of δEu. The Tangjiatun Formation belongs to a marine and delta sedimentary environment,and its tectonic setting is considered as a continental island arc environment.