Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element. Autoimmune thyroid diseases （AITD） are destructive inflammatory or anti-receptor autoimmune diseases characterized by reactivity to self-thyroid antigens. However, the ...Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element. Autoimmune thyroid diseases （AITD） are destructive inflammatory or anti-receptor autoimmune diseases characterized by reactivity to self-thyroid antigens. However, the effects of Se on the cytokines in AITD are still unclear. So we researched the role of Selenium （Se） and Thl/Th2 cytokine productions in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases （AITD）.展开更多
In order to investigate the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the vaginal candidiasis caused by Candida, the fungal vaginitis model was established in female ICR mice by intravaginal inoculation of suspension of ...In order to investigate the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the vaginal candidiasis caused by Candida, the fungal vaginitis model was established in female ICR mice by intravaginal inoculation of suspension of C. albicans after the animals were pretreated with estradiol. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） was used to detect the expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the vagina in the mice of different groups at different time points after the beginning of the experiment. The average expression level of IL-2 mRNA in group D （estrogen-treated mice） was significantly higher than that in groups H （estrogen-untreated mice） and I （control group） on the day 2. The average expression level of IL-4 mRNA in group D was significantly higher than that in groups I and H on the day 5. The average expression level of IL-10 mRNA in group D was significantly higher than that in groups H and I from day 7 to 11. The average expression level of TGF-β1 mRNA in group D was significantly higher than that in groups H and I at all time points. It was concludes that the high-level expression of IL-2 mRNA during early infection was associated with clearance of mucosal C. albicans, and the high-level expression of IL-10 mRNA during late stage of the infection was related to susceptibility to infection. TGF-β1 may play a predominant role when the virtual absence of changes in other Th-type cytokines during infection.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), the predominant type of primary liver cancer, is one of the most serious lifethreatening malignancies, worldwide. In majority of the cases, HCC develops after prolonged and persistent ch...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), the predominant type of primary liver cancer, is one of the most serious lifethreatening malignancies, worldwide. In majority of the cases, HCC develops after prolonged and persistent chronic liver disease. hepatitis B virus(HBV) or HCV infection is prominent etiological factors, attributing to this condition. It has been well documented that HBV, being the inducer of chronic inflammation, is the main causative agent in causing HCC, particularly in Asian countries. The HBV infection leads to a wide range of clinical symptoms from carrier state to malignancy. Cytokines being immune-modulatory molecules, are the key mediators in the defense mechanism against viral infection. In this regard, this review will detail the substantial role of key Th1: interleukin 1(IL-1), IL-2, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ; Th2: IL-4, IL-10 and non Th1/Th2: IL-6, transforming growth factor-β1 cytokines genotypes in analyzing the variability in the clinical manifestations in an HBV-afflicted individual, which might finally, culminates into HCC. Since cytokine production is regulated genetically, the cytokine promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphisms induced changes, greatly affects the cytokine production, thus resulting into differential outcome of immune balance.展开更多
In our previous study,we found that Shoutai pills could improve the embryo implantation rate as well as the levels of estrogen,progesterone and estrogen receptor in rats with stimulated ovulation.However,the mechanism...In our previous study,we found that Shoutai pills could improve the embryo implantation rate as well as the levels of estrogen,progesterone and estrogen receptor in rats with stimulated ovulation.However,the mechanism is not clear.This study was designed to investigate the effect of Shoutai pills on the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in rats with stimulated ovulation and the mechanism.The rat model of stimulated ovulation was established by combined injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin(PMSG)and human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG).Then the rats were randomly divided into model group(M),Shoutai pills group(S),progesterone group(P)and normal group(N).All the pregnant rats were treated from the first day.The S and P groups were administrated with gavage of Shoutai pills and injection of progesterone respectively,and N and M groups were given the same volume of normal saline and distilled water respectively.After treatment for 7 days,the animals were executed for serum and uterine tissues.The ELISA method was adopted to detect the contents of Thl cytokines[interferon-γ(INF-γ),interleukin-2(IL-2)]and Th2 cytokines(IL-4,IL-6,IL-10).The expression of leukemia inhibitory factor(L1F)and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor(LIFR)was detected by Western blotting and real-time PCR.As compared with N group,the expression levels of IFN-y and IL-2 in M group were significantly increased,and those of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10.LIF and LIFR were significantly decreased(P<0.05).As compared with M group,the levels of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,LIF and LIFR in S group were significantly increased(P<0.05),and those of IFN-γand IL-2 were significantly decreased(P<0.05).It was suggested that Shoutai pills can increase the levels of IL-4.1L-6,IL-10,LIF and LIFR as well as reduce the levels of INF-γand IL-2 in rats with stimulated ovulation.The Shoutai pills may improve endometrial receptivity and promote embryo implantation by maintaining the balanee of Th1/Th2 cytokines.展开更多
The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1（Th1）/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and to characterize the moderating eff...The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1（Th1）/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and to characterize the moderating effects of the polysaccharide nucleic acid of Bacillus Calmette Guerin （BCG-PSN） on the mammary gland. In the control group, the levels of IL-2 and INF-7 mRNA expression increased, whereas IL-4 mRNA expression decreased after LPS challenge. As a consequence, the INF-γ/IL-4 mRNA ratio was significantly higher at 3, 6, and 9 h post-infusion （PI） compared to the control value （0 h; P〈0.01）. BCG-PSN increased mRNA expression of both INF-γ and IL-4 before infusion of LPS. LPS challenge significantly the reduced Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio due to Thl cytokine IFN-γ suppression and Th2 cytokine IL-4 upregulation compared with the control group. A significant reduction of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase （NAGase） was observed at 24 h PI in the BCG-PSN treatment group compared to the control group （P〈 0.05）. Thus, it was demonstrated that level of BCG-PSN might change the Th1/Th2 ratio mainly by enhancing the Th2 immune response. This is the first report of a Th1/Th2 change induced by coliform mastitis and characterization of the effect of BCG-PSN on mammary gland inflammation. This study makes a better understanding of the mechanisms of coliform mastitis and provides a putative novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.展开更多
Objective: This study analyzed the T lymphocytes and Th1/Th2 type cytokine profile shift in the peripheral blood ofpatients with recurrent genital herpes (RGH). Methods: Immunofluorescent staining or cell surface anti...Objective: This study analyzed the T lymphocytes and Th1/Th2 type cytokine profile shift in the peripheral blood ofpatients with recurrent genital herpes (RGH). Methods: Immunofluorescent staining or cell surface antigenand intracellular cytokines(IL-2、IL-4、IL-12、IFN-r)inperipheral blood from 20 RGH patients and 10 controls wereanalyzed using flow cytometric techniques. Results: RGH patients had signiflcantly lower levels ofCD3^+T cells, CD4^+T cells and CD4^+ T/ CD8^+ T cells ratiocompared to control levels (P<0.001), and IL-2-producing,IFN-r-producing and IL-12-producing T cells were increasedin RGH patients (CD4^+T: P<0.001, CD8^+T: P<0.05respectively), whereas IL-4-producing T cells were increased inRGH patients compared to controls (CD4^+T: P<0.05; CD8^+T:P<0.001 respectively). Conclusions: RGH patients have T lymphocyte subsetvariations and Th1/Th2 cytokine changes. The increase in Th2cells Th1/Th2 imbalance may have important implications forRGH pathogenesis.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on Th1/Th2 cytokines and immune function in patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy. Methods: In our hospital from July 2016 to July 2017 undergoing...Objective: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on Th1/Th2 cytokines and immune function in patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy. Methods: In our hospital from July 2016 to July 2017 undergoing radical mastectomy for breast cancer were studied in 79 patients, were randomly divided into observation group and control group. Two groups of patients with routine preoperative preparation, monitoring blood pressure, electrocardiogram, heart rate, pulse, oxygen saturation, establish vein channel, using propofol, remifentanil, vecuronium induced anesthesia, observation group before induction of anesthesia, dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg, 10 min after infusion, followed by 0.5 μg/kg/h continuous infusion to the end of the operation, the control group with normal saline continuous infusion till the end of the operation. Two groups of patients before induction of anesthesia (T0), at the end of operation (T1), 6 h after operation (T2), 24 h after operation (T3), 72 h after operation (T4) from peripheral venous blood determination of interleukin-2 by ELISA method (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), calculated IFN-γ/IL-4 in T0, T2, T3, T4from peripheral blood. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK cells were determined by flow cytometry and CD4+/CD8+ were calculated. Results: Two groups of IL-2 and IFN- in T1, T2, T3gamma, T4is higher than T0, IL-10 less than T0, and the observation group IFN-γ/IL-4 is higher than T0, the control group was lower than that of T0when compared with T0significant difference, 2 in group IL-4 had no obvious changes were observed in group IL-2;IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4 in T1, T2, T3, T4higher than the control group, IL-10 was lower than the control group, significant difference between the 2 groups. CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, NK cells in T2group was lower than that of T0, T3, and CD8+ had no obvious change, compared with T0significant difference;the observation group CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, T2, T3in NK cells was higher than the control group, significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine can inhibit the stress response during the perioperative period of radical mastectomy, correct the balance disorder of Th1/Th2, improve the level of T lymphocyte subsets, and exert better immune protection function.展开更多
To the Editor:Burkitt’s lymphoma(BL)is the most common subtype of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL),accounting for nearly 40%of cases.[1,2]The 5-year overall survival(OS)rate is nearly 90%owing to the use of existi...To the Editor:Burkitt’s lymphoma(BL)is the most common subtype of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL),accounting for nearly 40%of cases.[1,2]The 5-year overall survival(OS)rate is nearly 90%owing to the use of existing standard chemotherapy regimens in conjunction with rituximab.[2]Approximately 25%patients with pediatric BL present with central nervous system(CNS)disease and a poor prognosis.[1]The significance of the expressions of T helper 1/T helper 2(Th1/Th2)cytokines and lymphocyte subsets in the occurrence,development,and prognosis of adult malignant lymphoma has been reported in the literature,but data on pediatric BL are limited.This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of cytokines and lymphocyte subset expression in patients with pediatric BL,identify the differences between the CNS-positive and CNS-negative groups,and determine the risk factors in the CNS-positive group.展开更多
Background The induction of immune tolerance and suppression of allograft rejection has become the focus in the study of liver transplantation. The effect of immune therapy with anti-CD40L mAb alone or in combination ...Background The induction of immune tolerance and suppression of allograft rejection has become the focus in the study of liver transplantation. The effect of immune therapy with anti-CD40L mAb alone or in combination with cyclosporine A （CsA） on the recipient survival and Th1/Th2 cytokine profile was studied to elucidate its immunological mechanism and role in rat orthotopic liver transplantation.Methods The model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation was established by modified Kamada＇s technique. Recipients were divided into group A （control group）： SD→SD; group B （group of rejection）： SD→Wistar without any treatment; group C： SD→Wistar with CsA monotherapy from day 1 to day 5; and group D： SD→Wistar with CsA from day 1 to day 5 and anti-CD40L mAb on day 0 and day 2. The survival of the recipients in all groups was observed and ELISA technique was used to detect the level of cytokines in peripheral blood on post-transplant day 7.Results The survival period of recipients in groups A （〉60 days） and D （〉60 days） was significantly longer than that in group B （13.8±2.4 days）. The serum levels of interleukin 2 （IL-2） and interferon y in group B were significantly higher than those in other groups; the level of tumor necrosis factor a was higher but not statistically significant. In contrast, the serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in group D were elevated more significantly than those in group B （P〈0.05）.Conclusions Combined immune therapy can prolong the survival of al log rafts. Increased expression of Th2 cytokines, which is closely related to the induction of tolerance and suppression of rejection, is beneficial to the long-term survival of recipients and allografts.展开更多
基金supported by three programs from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (The experimental study on the effect of trace elements iodine and selenium on the autoimmune thyroid disease (No.30571564)The cross-sectional investigation on hypothyroidism induced by excess iodine intake and the experimental research on pathogenesy (No.30972465)The change of thyroid pathology and the levels of T3,T4 in SePP1,GPX3 knock out mice (No.30810103004)
文摘Selenium （Se） is an essential trace element. Autoimmune thyroid diseases （AITD） are destructive inflammatory or anti-receptor autoimmune diseases characterized by reactivity to self-thyroid antigens. However, the effects of Se on the cytokines in AITD are still unclear. So we researched the role of Selenium （Se） and Thl/Th2 cytokine productions in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases （AITD）.
基金grants from the science Research Foundation of Health Department of Hubei Province,China (No. JXIB048)the Janssen Research Foundation
文摘In order to investigate the expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the vaginal candidiasis caused by Candida, the fungal vaginitis model was established in female ICR mice by intravaginal inoculation of suspension of C. albicans after the animals were pretreated with estradiol. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） was used to detect the expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β1 in the vagina in the mice of different groups at different time points after the beginning of the experiment. The average expression level of IL-2 mRNA in group D （estrogen-treated mice） was significantly higher than that in groups H （estrogen-untreated mice） and I （control group） on the day 2. The average expression level of IL-4 mRNA in group D was significantly higher than that in groups I and H on the day 5. The average expression level of IL-10 mRNA in group D was significantly higher than that in groups H and I from day 7 to 11. The average expression level of TGF-β1 mRNA in group D was significantly higher than that in groups H and I at all time points. It was concludes that the high-level expression of IL-2 mRNA during early infection was associated with clearance of mucosal C. albicans, and the high-level expression of IL-10 mRNA during late stage of the infection was related to susceptibility to infection. TGF-β1 may play a predominant role when the virtual absence of changes in other Th-type cytokines during infection.
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), the predominant type of primary liver cancer, is one of the most serious lifethreatening malignancies, worldwide. In majority of the cases, HCC develops after prolonged and persistent chronic liver disease. hepatitis B virus(HBV) or HCV infection is prominent etiological factors, attributing to this condition. It has been well documented that HBV, being the inducer of chronic inflammation, is the main causative agent in causing HCC, particularly in Asian countries. The HBV infection leads to a wide range of clinical symptoms from carrier state to malignancy. Cytokines being immune-modulatory molecules, are the key mediators in the defense mechanism against viral infection. In this regard, this review will detail the substantial role of key Th1: interleukin 1(IL-1), IL-2, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ; Th2: IL-4, IL-10 and non Th1/Th2: IL-6, transforming growth factor-β1 cytokines genotypes in analyzing the variability in the clinical manifestations in an HBV-afflicted individual, which might finally, culminates into HCC. Since cytokine production is regulated genetically, the cytokine promoter region single-nucleotide polymorphisms induced changes, greatly affects the cytokine production, thus resulting into differential outcome of immune balance.
文摘In our previous study,we found that Shoutai pills could improve the embryo implantation rate as well as the levels of estrogen,progesterone and estrogen receptor in rats with stimulated ovulation.However,the mechanism is not clear.This study was designed to investigate the effect of Shoutai pills on the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in rats with stimulated ovulation and the mechanism.The rat model of stimulated ovulation was established by combined injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin(PMSG)and human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG).Then the rats were randomly divided into model group(M),Shoutai pills group(S),progesterone group(P)and normal group(N).All the pregnant rats were treated from the first day.The S and P groups were administrated with gavage of Shoutai pills and injection of progesterone respectively,and N and M groups were given the same volume of normal saline and distilled water respectively.After treatment for 7 days,the animals were executed for serum and uterine tissues.The ELISA method was adopted to detect the contents of Thl cytokines[interferon-γ(INF-γ),interleukin-2(IL-2)]and Th2 cytokines(IL-4,IL-6,IL-10).The expression of leukemia inhibitory factor(L1F)and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor(LIFR)was detected by Western blotting and real-time PCR.As compared with N group,the expression levels of IFN-y and IL-2 in M group were significantly increased,and those of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10.LIF and LIFR were significantly decreased(P<0.05).As compared with M group,the levels of IL-4,IL-6,IL-10,LIF and LIFR in S group were significantly increased(P<0.05),and those of IFN-γand IL-2 were significantly decreased(P<0.05).It was suggested that Shoutai pills can increase the levels of IL-4.1L-6,IL-10,LIF and LIFR as well as reduce the levels of INF-γand IL-2 in rats with stimulated ovulation.The Shoutai pills may improve endometrial receptivity and promote embryo implantation by maintaining the balanee of Th1/Th2 cytokines.
基金sponsored by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30371049,30671533)the Scientific Research Innovation Foundation of Graduate Students of Jiangsu Province,China(CX07B-195Z)
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1（Th1）/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and to characterize the moderating effects of the polysaccharide nucleic acid of Bacillus Calmette Guerin （BCG-PSN） on the mammary gland. In the control group, the levels of IL-2 and INF-7 mRNA expression increased, whereas IL-4 mRNA expression decreased after LPS challenge. As a consequence, the INF-γ/IL-4 mRNA ratio was significantly higher at 3, 6, and 9 h post-infusion （PI） compared to the control value （0 h; P〈0.01）. BCG-PSN increased mRNA expression of both INF-γ and IL-4 before infusion of LPS. LPS challenge significantly the reduced Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio due to Thl cytokine IFN-γ suppression and Th2 cytokine IL-4 upregulation compared with the control group. A significant reduction of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase （NAGase） was observed at 24 h PI in the BCG-PSN treatment group compared to the control group （P〈 0.05）. Thus, it was demonstrated that level of BCG-PSN might change the Th1/Th2 ratio mainly by enhancing the Th2 immune response. This is the first report of a Th1/Th2 change induced by coliform mastitis and characterization of the effect of BCG-PSN on mammary gland inflammation. This study makes a better understanding of the mechanisms of coliform mastitis and provides a putative novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.
文摘Objective: This study analyzed the T lymphocytes and Th1/Th2 type cytokine profile shift in the peripheral blood ofpatients with recurrent genital herpes (RGH). Methods: Immunofluorescent staining or cell surface antigenand intracellular cytokines(IL-2、IL-4、IL-12、IFN-r)inperipheral blood from 20 RGH patients and 10 controls wereanalyzed using flow cytometric techniques. Results: RGH patients had signiflcantly lower levels ofCD3^+T cells, CD4^+T cells and CD4^+ T/ CD8^+ T cells ratiocompared to control levels (P<0.001), and IL-2-producing,IFN-r-producing and IL-12-producing T cells were increasedin RGH patients (CD4^+T: P<0.001, CD8^+T: P<0.05respectively), whereas IL-4-producing T cells were increased inRGH patients compared to controls (CD4^+T: P<0.05; CD8^+T:P<0.001 respectively). Conclusions: RGH patients have T lymphocyte subsetvariations and Th1/Th2 cytokine changes. The increase in Th2cells Th1/Th2 imbalance may have important implications forRGH pathogenesis.
文摘Objective: To investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine on Th1/Th2 cytokines and immune function in patients with breast cancer after radical mastectomy. Methods: In our hospital from July 2016 to July 2017 undergoing radical mastectomy for breast cancer were studied in 79 patients, were randomly divided into observation group and control group. Two groups of patients with routine preoperative preparation, monitoring blood pressure, electrocardiogram, heart rate, pulse, oxygen saturation, establish vein channel, using propofol, remifentanil, vecuronium induced anesthesia, observation group before induction of anesthesia, dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg, 10 min after infusion, followed by 0.5 μg/kg/h continuous infusion to the end of the operation, the control group with normal saline continuous infusion till the end of the operation. Two groups of patients before induction of anesthesia (T0), at the end of operation (T1), 6 h after operation (T2), 24 h after operation (T3), 72 h after operation (T4) from peripheral venous blood determination of interleukin-2 by ELISA method (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), calculated IFN-γ/IL-4 in T0, T2, T3, T4from peripheral blood. CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK cells were determined by flow cytometry and CD4+/CD8+ were calculated. Results: Two groups of IL-2 and IFN- in T1, T2, T3gamma, T4is higher than T0, IL-10 less than T0, and the observation group IFN-γ/IL-4 is higher than T0, the control group was lower than that of T0when compared with T0significant difference, 2 in group IL-4 had no obvious changes were observed in group IL-2;IFN-γ, IFN-γ/IL-4 in T1, T2, T3, T4higher than the control group, IL-10 was lower than the control group, significant difference between the 2 groups. CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, NK cells in T2group was lower than that of T0, T3, and CD8+ had no obvious change, compared with T0significant difference;the observation group CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, T2, T3in NK cells was higher than the control group, significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine can inhibit the stress response during the perioperative period of radical mastectomy, correct the balance disorder of Th1/Th2, improve the level of T lymphocyte subsets, and exert better immune protection function.
基金supported by the Special Fund of the Pediatric Medical Coordinated Development Center of the Beijing Children’s Hospital(No.XTZD20180204)
文摘To the Editor:Burkitt’s lymphoma(BL)is the most common subtype of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma(NHL),accounting for nearly 40%of cases.[1,2]The 5-year overall survival(OS)rate is nearly 90%owing to the use of existing standard chemotherapy regimens in conjunction with rituximab.[2]Approximately 25%patients with pediatric BL present with central nervous system(CNS)disease and a poor prognosis.[1]The significance of the expressions of T helper 1/T helper 2(Th1/Th2)cytokines and lymphocyte subsets in the occurrence,development,and prognosis of adult malignant lymphoma has been reported in the literature,but data on pediatric BL are limited.This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of cytokines and lymphocyte subset expression in patients with pediatric BL,identify the differences between the CNS-positive and CNS-negative groups,and determine the risk factors in the CNS-positive group.
文摘Background The induction of immune tolerance and suppression of allograft rejection has become the focus in the study of liver transplantation. The effect of immune therapy with anti-CD40L mAb alone or in combination with cyclosporine A （CsA） on the recipient survival and Th1/Th2 cytokine profile was studied to elucidate its immunological mechanism and role in rat orthotopic liver transplantation.Methods The model of rat orthotopic liver transplantation was established by modified Kamada＇s technique. Recipients were divided into group A （control group）： SD→SD; group B （group of rejection）： SD→Wistar without any treatment; group C： SD→Wistar with CsA monotherapy from day 1 to day 5; and group D： SD→Wistar with CsA from day 1 to day 5 and anti-CD40L mAb on day 0 and day 2. The survival of the recipients in all groups was observed and ELISA technique was used to detect the level of cytokines in peripheral blood on post-transplant day 7.Results The survival period of recipients in groups A （〉60 days） and D （〉60 days） was significantly longer than that in group B （13.8±2.4 days）. The serum levels of interleukin 2 （IL-2） and interferon y in group B were significantly higher than those in other groups; the level of tumor necrosis factor a was higher but not statistically significant. In contrast, the serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in group D were elevated more significantly than those in group B （P〈0.05）.Conclusions Combined immune therapy can prolong the survival of al log rafts. Increased expression of Th2 cytokines, which is closely related to the induction of tolerance and suppression of rejection, is beneficial to the long-term survival of recipients and allografts.
