Human Rights-based Argumentation in Climate Change Lawsuits

Climate change lawsuits represented by strategic litigation have become a new force to promote global climate governance. Among them, using the norms and theories of human rights law to present litigation claims, conduct legal reasoning, and form human rights-based argumentation has been one of the most successful strategies for climate change lawsuits. The Paris Agreement marked a major watershed for human rights-based argumentation in climate change lawsuits: Before the signing of the Agreement, human rights-based argumentation in climate change lawsuits remained in its trial stage;since the signing of the Paris Agreement, as a litigation strategy, it has become more flexible and diversified, as its relationship with climate governance is becoming increasingly complicated. The uncertainty of climate legal obligation and the process of legalization of climate targets have fostered new dimensions for human rights-based argumentation: Shifting from an accountability logic to a litigation strategy, from international law to domestic law, from holding governments accountable to holding enterprises accountable. There are micro, medium, and macro paths to clarify the human rights-based argumentation, all leading to truly integrating human rights perspectives and ideas into a nation’s specific process of climate governance and valuing and leveraging the value of human rights-based argumentation as a tool, so as to achieve the goal of climate governance.

The Effects of Schema Instruction on Reading Comprehension of English Argumentation

Based on the perspective of the schema theory and modern education technology,In this paper,the method of ran dom experimnet is used to measure how two types of schema instruction‘video clip’and‘multimedia courseware’influence Chinese college students’reading comprehension of English argumentation.The results illustrate the schema instruction can not only develop the students’sensibility of English argumentation structure,but also activate the schema in students’memory.Mul timedia courseware instruction is superior to video clip instruction.The paper proposes its viewpoints concerned.

After the ＂Oligarchs＂： Argumentation Strategies in the Parliamentary Elections Campaigns

During the period of time starting from 9th Saeima Latvian political scene changed significantly. Emergency parliamentary elections in autumn 2011 completely changed Latvian Republic＇s political scene. So-called ＂oligarchs＂ parties disappeared from the scene and since the elections government leader is liberal-conservative, center-right party. Changes in political discourse were expected also viewing parties election programs. Whether the discourse changed not only theoretically, but practically？ Communication with electorate provides citizens information to be able to vote for the appropriate candidate. Argumentation and speakers interaction are important aspects in the context of political discourse. Unlike more empirical discourse analysis, argumentation theory and its descriptive and evaluative elements intend critical dimension. In the study presented argumentation analysis of media materials is made according to Walton＇s argument classification model. Conclusions about political culture in Latvia are made based on the arguments used by political actors. In the big picture results of the study are related to democratic state order.

Comparative Semantics of Fuzzy Argumentation under the Łukasiewicz t-Norm

Dung’s theory of argumentation frameworks (AF) has been applied in many fields of artificial intelligence. The arguments and attack relation are generally partly believed due to the uncertainty in the process of mining them. Fuzzy AFs catch uncertainty in AFs by associating fuzzy degrees with the arguments or the attacks. Among the various semantics of fuzzy AFs, the comparative semantics develops and defines Dung’s extensions in the form of fuzzy sets. However, the comparative semantic system only puts forward some basic concepts, and has not been deeply studied in terms of algorithms and properties. This paper studies the comparative semantics of fuzzy AFs based on the Łukasiewicz t-norm in a more in-depth and comprehensive manner. This work is not only a supplement and improvement to comparative semantic in theory, but also beneficial to the calculation and fast identification of its various extensions (based on the Łukasiewicz t-norm).

Argument,Argumentation and Critical Thinking in Academic Writing

Academic writing has been emphasized for years among English major students,and PhD students who need to pub lish their work in English,but few of these people could produce essays academically. The key problem that they are faced with is argument,argumentation and critical thinking in academic writing. These three notions are reviewed and the followed teaching preliminary suggestions are presented in this essay.

Changes in Argumentation Performance:Effects of Teacher-Student Collaborative Assessment

This paper compares the effectiveness of one-semester-long instruction of teacher-student collaborative assessment(TSCA)and trained peer review assessment(TPRA).Dependent variables include occurrence of structural elements of the simplified Toulmin model,and improvement of argumentation substance which refers to the quality of reasoning reflected in Toulmin structural elements.Eighty-one sophomore English majors from TSCA group(n=41)and TPRA group(n=40)were asked to construct two argumentative essays at both the beginning and the end of the semester.The results reveal that the TSCA group produced significantly more counterargument claims and rebuttal data.Additionally,the TSCA group significantly outperformed TPRA group in constructing stronger counterargument claim,rebuttal claim and rebuttal data.

The Argumentation for Contemporary Peacemaking Efforts According to Jewish Tradition

Peace is a key concept in the Jewish tradition; it has a long history. It is also an extremely broad concept. The present article takes on the subject of contemporary peace between Israel and her neighbors, addressing the issue from the vantage point of Judaism. While opinions on many issues are divided in Judaism today, all streams within the Jewish tradition uphold the concept of peace. Even so, each stream supports a somewhat different version of this ideal, subject to different limitations or reservations. One of the most serious challenges which Judaism today faces in connection with the State of Israel is the issue of exchanging territories for peace. The goal of the present paper is to show that while most approaches rooted in traditional Judaism have opposed such an exchange, Israel＇s religious political parties have endorsed it, advancing different arguments in support of their view. The method followed in the present paper is to study the arguments which have been used in support of peace agreements based on return or exchange of land. In light of the arguments put forth in the paper, to be counted among the accomplishments is a greater degree of openness--even on the part of the religious sector in Israel--toward the effort to achieve peace between Israel and her neighbors.

The intertextuality of argumentation:a semiotic approach to academic writing in higher education

The importance of argumentation in academic writing,while historically recognised,has arguably lost prominence alongside the rapid expansion of higher education since the early 1990s in the UK.This has been exacerbated by an increasingly prevalent technological intervention in teaching and learning processes.With this as a background,this article presents a semiotic analysis of student dissertation extracts to illustrate the role of intertextuality in governing interpretative,evaluative,and concluding propositions in argumentation.Each proposition is perceived as indexed to syntactical compositionality by which a previous proposition elicits a present one that awaits a future one,thus forming a line of argument.The analysis teases out what is at stake concerning the interdependence of signifying codes in textual relations and functions.This brings into view a network of sign actions that lends itself to instances of signification in mediating and coordinating propositions in argumentation.The article concludes with reflection on the medium of English as a lingua franca for studies in higher education,highlighting a semiotic understanding of the intertextuality of argumentation in academic writing.

Intelligent Diagnosis Method for Typical Co-frequency Vibration Faults of Rotating Machinery Based on SAE and Ensembled ResNet-SVM

Intelligent fault diagnosis is an important method in rotating machinery fault diagnosis and equipment health management.To deal with co-frequency vibration faults,a type of typical fault in rotating machinery,this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method based on the stacked autoencoder(SAE)and ensembled ResNet-SVM.Furthermore,the time-and frequency-domain features of several co-frequency vibration faults are summarized based on the mechanism analysis and calculated using actual vibration data.To realize and validate the high-precision diagnosis method of rotating equipment with co-frequency faults proposed in this study,the following three criteria are required:First,to improve the effectiveness and robustness of the ensembled model and the sliding window using data augmentation,adding noise,autoencoder(AE)and SAE methods are analyzed in terms of principle and practical effects.Second,ResNet is used as the feature extractor for the ensembled ResNet-SVM model.Feature extraction is carried out twice,and the extracted co-frequency fault features are more comprehensive.Finally,the data augmentation method and ensemble ResNet-SVM are combined for fault diagnosis and compared with other methods.The experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed method can exceed 99.9%.

A Set of Almost Automorphic Functions and Applications

For a set S of real numbers, we introduce the concept of S-almost automorphic functions valued in a Banach space. It generalizes in particular the space of Z-almost automorphic functions. Considering the space of S-almost automorphic functions, we give sufficient conditions of the existence and uniqueness of almost automorphic solutions of a differential equation with a piecewise constant argument of generalized type. This is done using the Banach fixed point theorem.

How to Break Through the“Third Wall”of Cosmetics Science Communication?

Stepping into 2024,with the increase of“knowledge density”of Chinese consumers,the“marketing discourse”of beauty brands has shifted from a perceptual“word game”to a serious“scientific argument”.Perhaps some brands will shout“good times are coming”.But the reality is that communication turns out to be the weakest part between brand technology and consumers.Under the condition of technological“involution”and fragmented media ecology,the trust cost of brand communication is being pushed to a new high,and the efficiency of communication is rapidly decreasing.Many enterprises are trapped in the dilemma of content that is difficult to be expressed and communicated.

Argumentation in disjunctive logic programming

Argumentation (abduction) is widely applied in artificial intelligence (AI) and law reasoning. However, the problem of how to perform argumentation in disjunctive logic programming (DLP) is still open.In addition, a unifying semantic framework is required for incorporating various semantics for DLP. An argumentation-theoretic framework for DLP by taking the disjuncts of negative literals as abducibles is presented. This semantics not only is a simple and intuitive framework for performing argumentation and abduction in DLP, but also provides a unifying framework for many key semantics of disjunctive logic programs. In particular, it is shown that the EGCWA, well-founded model and disjunctive stable models can all be embedded into this semantics.

Credulous argumentation with the disjunctive stable semantics

The relationship between the disjunctive stable semantics and argumentation is rarely explored. In particular, the problem of how to perform argumentation with disjunctive logic programs by the disjunctive stable semantics is still open. This paper attempts to address this problem and a satisfied solution is provided, in which a disjunctive logic program is naturally transformed into an argument framework and the credulous argumentation is characterized as the maximal members of all acceptable hypotheses. In this semantic framework, some interesting results are obtained. In particular, it is shown that the formalism of credulous argumentation can be implemented through the disjunctive stable models. As a result, the work provides not only a new way of performing argumentation (abduction) in disjunctive deductive databases, but also a natural and complete extension for the disjunctive stable semantics.

What can we learn from the history of aging research?

There is currently a massive movement advocating for the enhancement of biomedical research on aging,sometimes referred to as“longevity advocacy”or“longevity activism”[1].The principal argument of the longevity advocacy movement is that the therapies developed by biomedical research of aging should enable us to directly intervene in the aging process and thus prevent multiple aging-related diseases,thereby extending healthy longevity.

Impact of Mandatory Provisions on the Validity of Juristic Acts: A Path for Legal Policy Analysis

Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.

ASYMPTOTICAL STABILITY OF NEUTRAL REACTION-DIFFUSION EQUATIONS WITH PCAS AND THEIR FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

This paper focuses on the analytical and numerical asymptotical stability of neutral reaction-diffusion equations with piecewise continuous arguments.First,for the analytical solutions of the equations,we derive their expressions and asymptotical stability criteria.Second,for the semi-discrete and one-parameter fully-discrete finite element methods solving the above equations,we work out the sufficient conditions for assuring that the finite element solutions are asymptotically stable.Finally,with a typical example with numerical experiments,we illustrate the applicability of the obtained theoretical results.

Locke’s Tolerance Theory and the Workmanship Argument

John Locke’s tolerance theory involves the core issue of the relationship between reason and belief in the philosophy of religion.However,there is always controversy over whether the scope of adaptation of this theory is within a religion,between religions,or in a broader field.Considering that the overall moral approach of Locke’s philosophy requires the workmanship argument as a defense,and examining it from this point of view,it can be found that Locke’s efforts to transcend Creationism with this argument have resulted in a successful breakthrough,which makes tolerance not only a religion topic,but also a social principle.

Oscillation of Systems of Parabolic Differential Equations with Deviating Arguments

To study a class of boundary value problems of parabolic differential equations with deviating arguments, averaging technique, Green’s formula and symbol function sign(·) are used. The multi dimensional problem was reduced to a one dimensional oscillation problem for ordinary differential equations or inequalities. Two oscillatory criteria of solutions for systems of parabolic differential equations with deviating arguments are obtained.

A brief review on wind turbine aerodynamics

This article briefly reviews wind turbine aerodynamics, which follows an explanation of the aerodynamic complexity. The aerodynamic models including blade momentum theory, vortex wake model, dynamic stall and rotational effect, and their applications in wind turbine aerodynamic performance prediction are discussed and documented. Recent progress in computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine is addressed. Wind turbine aerodynamic experimental studies are also selectively introduced.

Corpus Augmentation for Improving Neural Machine Translation

The translation quality of neural machine translation(NMT)systems depends largely on the quality of large-scale bilingual parallel corpora available.Research shows that under the condition of limited resources,the performance of NMT is greatly reduced,and a large amount of high-quality bilingual parallel data is needed to train a competitive translation model.However,not all languages have large-scale and high-quality bilingual corpus resources available.In these cases,improving the quality of the corpora has become the main focus to increase the accuracy of the NMT results.This paper proposes a new method to improve the quality of data by using data cleaning,data expansion,and other measures to expand the data at the word and sentence-level,thus improving the richness of the bilingual data.The long short-term memory(LSTM)language model is also used to ensure the smoothness of sentence construction in the process of sentence construction.At the same time,it uses a variety of processing methods to improve the quality of the bilingual data.Experiments using three standard test sets are conducted to validate the proposed method;the most advanced fairseq-transformer NMT system is used in the training.The results show that the proposed method has worked well on improving the translation results.Compared with the state-of-the-art methods,the BLEU value of our method is increased by 2.34 compared with that of the baseline.